AL-Mostansiriyah journal for arabic and international studies

The Iraqi economy has been suffering for a long time from structural imbalances in all its sectors, especially “after 2003 due to the political conditions in the Iraqi arena, which were directly reflected in the low levels of development, which prompted successive and controlling governments to take over the necessity of extricating the Iraqi economy from deterioration from During the issuance of legislation and laws that facilitate and allow foreign companies to invest in Iraq, however, they were not at the level of effectiveness to achieve this due to the weak security and political stability that Iraq suffers from, which has become an obstacle "to any attempt to enter investments to contribute to the development of development in Iraq .
Keywords: investment, reality, ambition

The dynamic development of scientific and technological progress, the
complexity and diversity of social and economic relations, and global
uncertainty constitute a reality of the modern world that is unique in its
complexity and diversity. Under these conditions of development of
modern civilization, the concept of sustainable development of the world
is becoming increasingly important. Sustainable development means
continuous growth in the well-being of people in a good environment. The
factors of sustainable development are classified into three domains: the
natural environment, the economy and society. The principles of
sustainable development were developed by the United Nations
Commission in 1987. Within the framework of achieving sustainable
development, the importance of ensuring a high quality of life for present
and future generations is emphasized. Thus, the transition to sustainable
development poses serious challenges to all components of the social and
economic structure of society, and human investment and its management
appear here as a major issue for sustainable development. As due to the
increasing rate of human activity and rapid population growth, the 21st
century witnessed unprecedented environmental change. These changes
are having an unprecedented impact on the climate and life-sustaining
systems on Earth. Future generations are being harmed greatly by the way
humans exploit the Earth's environmental resources. There is a call among
environmental ethicists to review the ethical relationship of man with the
environment to achieve sustainable development for current and future
generations. In this research we point out the importance of the role of
humans for a new and more respectful relationship with the natural
environment in others to achieve sustainable development. We will explain
what sustainable development is and why it is important. We will look at
how these practices aim to improve the environment, economy and society
for a better future. Next, we will cover the Sustainable Development Goals,
and the important role that human investment will play in the transition to
a sustainable future .
Key words: sustainable development; human investment; social
capitalism; employment; inequality.

Companies strive to work in a way that achieves their main
objectives, of which maximizing their value is one of the most important
of these objectives because it reflects a good image of the company’s
performance and its proper management, and reflects the extent of the
company’s management’s ability to make the correct decisions that
achieve this, because all of this is in the interest of the relevant parties. The
relationship with it, and among the most important parties are the
shareholders because they are the owners of the company, and as a result,
maximizing the company’s value will be reflected in maximizing their
wealth. Accordingly, the issue of the company’s value is one of the
important topics that has received the attention of researchers, analysts,
investors, and other relevant parties, as joint-stock companies are among
the most common types of companies. It is common and widespread in the
world and controls many important areas in the economies of many countries, and since the capital of these companies consists of a large group
of shares, which leads to the fact that the holders of these shares constitute
many individuals, companies, or any other entities such as the government
and others, which is what It is known as the ownership structure, and
therefore the number of shares owned plays an important role in controlling
decisions within the company, such as voting on important decisions,
electing the board of directors, choosing management, etc. Therefore, the
combination of the ownership structure can have a prominent role in how
management is directed and monitored and achieves efficiency in terms of
making investment decisions efficiently. This is in the interest of
shareholders, because making investment decisions efficiently will result
in enhancing the company’s value.
Investment decisions are also considered one of the most important
strategic decisions taken by the company's management, which can involve
high risk due to the size of the amounts required by these investments, in
addition to the fact that the return achieved from these investments is
related to the future and is fraught with uncertainty. Therefore, these
decisions need extensive study to prevent Without making decisions that
may lead to disastrous consequences for the company, and as a result, this
will be reflected in the evaluation of management’s performance and the
associated continuity and retention of managers in their positions, the
continuation of their incentives, etc.
The importance of the research stems from the importance of the
efficiency of investment decisions, which are among the important and
long-term strategic decisions in the company, and this helps in providing a
clear picture to investors in a way that ensures achieving the maximum
benefit from the resources available in the company and exploiting them in
efficient investments as well as maximizing the value of the company. The
research problem is centered around to avoid the problems that have arisen
that affect the performance of companies, since the decisions of senior
management are reflected negatively or positively in achieving the
efficiency of investment decisions that depend on the optimal exploitation
of the company’s available resources. The research reached a set of
conclusions, the most important of which was that investment decisions are
considered long-term strategic decisions, and their efficiency in the
company is affected by a group of factors, including the quality of
accounting information, the amount of reliance on international financial
reporting standards, and the quality of profits. The company’s value can be
maximized by adopting and developing a set of Indicators include
competitive advantage, market share, brand, and economic value added.
45

ةيونسلا ةيملعلا ةودنلا . ...
قارعلا يف رامثتسلاا لبقتسم "دئاوعو تايدحت"


46
لا مسقل ةيونسلا ةيملعلا ةودنلا ةيداصتقلاا تاسارد

ددعلا 8
One of the most important recommendations of the research is to focus and
pay attention to a group of factors that result in the efficiency of investment
decisions. All company managements must constantly analyze the
investment decisions that are made.
The research included four axes, the first axis dealt with the research
methodology, the second axis dealt with the conceptual framework, the
third axis dealt with the practical aspect of the research sample, and the
fourth axis dealt with the most important conclusions and
recommendations.
Keywords: investment decisions, company value, investors, shareholders’

Local investment in the Iraqi economy is suffering from a clear deterioration with the loss of the appropriate investment environment after 2003. Economic and political turmoil have played a major role in reducing the volume of investment in general. Investment in Iraq faces many challenges, some of which are related to local financing and others related to institutional organization, as it increases. External interference with the lack of political and security stability, as well as the spread of administrative and financial corruption, which led to high costs for most investment projects, especially vital ones, in addition to the weakness of local financing, whether from banks or capital markets. Which constituted an obstacle to the expansion of these investments, and the result was the sustainability of structural imbalances in the economic sectors with weak economic diversification and the consolidation of the rentier characteristic in the Iraqi economy.
Domestic investment is one of the important sectors in addition to the government, foreign, and family sectors. Therefore, it contributes a major role in developing the national economy to reach the targeted growth rate. One of the features of investment spending in Iraq is its heavy reliance on financial resources coming from oil revenues and the export of crude oil, in addition to Grants and foreign aid, which requires finding solutions and adopting comprehensive economic reforms that will help stimulate the real investment sector in an effective and tangible manner. Keywords: determinants, investment, requirements, reform.

This research aims to provide a critical and analytical study of intellectual
capital, its components, divisions, methods of measuring it, and the
foundations adopted in the measurement process. It is also a serious
attempt to criticize these methods and determine their advantages and
disadvantages for the purpose of determining the most objective and practical approach or method for measuring intellectual capital in business
organizations and addressing the situation. Change over time, as business
organizations face great challenges as they operate in a complex and
rapidly changing environment characterized by strong competition, and
with the importance of information and communication technology and the
growing role of human knowledge and the ability to innovate and create,
intellectual capital comes at the forefront of these contemporary changes.
The issue of intellectual capital has grown beyond the intellectual
capabilities possessed by a group of individuals to include structural and
client capital and what is reflected in the environment of organizations
internally and externally, as it is considered one of the intangible assets or
the sum of knowledge present in the organization and the ability to generate
it in the future. Therefore, organizations must strive to do Great efforts are
made in activating their intellectual capital and manufacturing it through
training and development efforts in which organizations invest huge sums
because of the great importance of these intellectual returns. This
accumulated and increasing knowledge is what creates value. Therefore, it
is the true wealth of organizations and the important source in the
competitive market as a result of the effective role that it plays. It plays a
role in growth and development to support the sustainable competitive
capabilities of organizations.
Keywords: intellectual capital, investment, sustainable development,
business organizations

The research aims to study the role of the central pattern of distributing entertainment services in achieving sustainable development: economic, social and environmental within the special design of the modern investment cities announced by the National Investment Authority, which number five cities in the governorates of: Baghdad, Babylon, Karbala, Anbar and Nineveh, and which the central government has confirmed its support for the investment sector. And to provide the requirements for its success at the level of major strategic projects. The research focused on the city of (Al-Jawahiri as a model) in Baghdad Governorate - Abu Ghraib District, Al-Nasr and Al-Salam District, Tariq Camp (formerly), with an area of (7121) dunams.
The central style was adopted in the process of distributing entertainment services, which is the most common among the planning patterns for entertainment services, and aims to take advantage of all available energies within the new cities in order to achieve the best benefit from recreational and tourism activities in the shortest possible period of time and at a preprepared annual growth rate .
The research used the descriptive method supported by quantitative expressions by adopting data and statistics derived from several official bodies related to the government sector, in addition to information derived from official bulletins of the relevant bodies, as well as conducting personal interviews and field visits to the site where the study was conducted. The researchers arrived at a set of The most prominent conclusions were that if the concerned authorities in planning modern cities take the central pattern as a criterion for distributing recreational and tourism services, the dimensions of sustainable development will be achieved as a result .
Keywords: central style, investment cities, economic dimension, social . dimension, environmental dimension

Iraq has worked to provide a peaceful investment environment within the
framework of its continuous quest to open up to the countries of the world,
especially the neighboring regional countries, and its desire to achieve
economic cooperation and attract foreign investments to its country, by
providing a safe and stable economic, political and social environment, and
appropriate legal, organizational, administrative and financial legislation
capable of addressing economic imbalances, overcoming all investment
obstacles and obstacles on the one hand, and working to create highly
qualified human resources, and providing a database of data. And
investment information to keep pace with economic developments in the global commercial markets on the other hand. This resulted in the
establishment of the so-called Iraqi-Saudi Coordination Council in 2017,
which is a turning point in the nature of economic relations between Iraq
and Saudi Arabia, as it contributed to the return of economic activities,
increasing trade exchanges and diversifying investments in multiple fields,
and concluding several agreements to establish many projects that are of
common economic benefit to both countries.
Keywords: Investment climate, Economic investment, Coordinating
Council, Saudi Arabia, Iraq.

Foreign direct investment is one of the factors influencing the
development and growth of countries and one of the indicators of the
openness of the economy and its ability to deal and adapt to global
developments in light of privatization policies, the increasing shift towards
the market mechanism, the control of multinational companies over the
movement of goods and services, the openness of markets, and the increase
in the volume of financial flows between various countries. This type of
investment contributes to raising the efficiency of the economy through its
repercussions In developing the capabilities of individuals and enhancing
financial assets in the host country, in addition to its contribution to
increasing production factors, transferring technology, and raising the
efficiency and skills of the workforce through training and qualification, it
also works to increase administrative and organizational expertise for
managing projects and introducing various production programs that may
not be available for local investments.
Keywords: investment, economy, production, distribution, capital

Abstract The issue of financing in contemporary economies is the vital issue in achieving and sustaining economic growth by ensuring increasing rates of effective investment, and here commercial banks come to fill the void left by the lack of resources, weak production, and low levels of economic surplus in emerging and young developing economies, and for the purpose of identifying the role of these banks. We decided to study their financing strategies in terms of goals, incentives, and mechanisms, so that the economy has an acceptable pattern of interaction between the real and symbolic economies, so that the monetary cycle, in turn, becomes an effective mechanism for generating economic surplus and ensuring its productive investment. Our study started from the hypothesis that commercial banks are the most efficient source capable of providing various sources of financing for investment operations that guarantee the sustainability of economic growth. We divided the study of this topic into
three sections:
First: Emerging economies: features and mechanisms of development.
Second: The role of investment in sustaining economic growth in emerging economies.
Third: Investment financing between motives and objectives and the effectiveness of motivating roles in the Iraqi economy.
Keyword: commercial banks, investment sustainability and growth, emerging countries.

The study aimed to measure the role of administrative creativity in the
relationship between strategic management and organizational excellence
in private companies in the sugar sector company’s’ in Sudan. The problem
of the study was represented in the following main question: What is the
relationship between strategic management and organizational excellence,
the administrative creativity as a mediating role and from which different
sub-questions branched out. The main hypothesis of the study is there is a
positive relationship between dimensions of strategic management,
organizational excellence and administrative creativity. The study used the
descriptive analytical approach, where (120) questionnaires were
distributed to a random sample, and (117) were recovered, with a recovery
rate of (97.5%), then the data was statistically processed through the
(SPSS) program for the study variables in order to ensure correctiveness
and validity. The main result of the study is that tere a flexibility in the
company’s strategic plans. Based on the results of the study, the following
recommendations were made: The company should practice the strategic
management process in all its operations and activities in an organized
scientific manner. They must rely on modern technological means in the
procedures for providing services. Alternative strategic plans must be
developed to be used when any changes occur in the external environment.
The senior management must rely on SWOT analysis to identify
weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats in the internal and external
environment. They need to carry out a continuous review of plans in all its
stages to make adjustments if necessary.The senior management of
petroleum companies should provide the necessary resources to implement
creative ideas and provide attractive incentives to innovators through the
creative Emplyee’s Fund.Spreading the culture of Organizational excellence and its elements within companies, through training employees,
holding workshops, seminars and introductory meetings.
Keywords: administrative creativity, strategy, and institutional excellence

The research aims to identify the types of investment in Iraq, both in the government and private sectors, and to show the proportions of investment spending compared to operational spending in the budget, and also to identify investment in the private sector, which is relied upon in measuring the country’s real situation, its approach and its path. The study population was the Ministry of Finance Department. Accounting based on statistical data for the years from 2004 to 2022, in addition to other data that enhanced the practical aspect, obtained from the Central Bank of Iraq. The descriptive approach and analytical description were followed, and the research concluded that investment in the private sector is, in the end, an inefficient investment despite the gradual increase during The study period was limited for various reasons, including (financing, approvals, fraud, Administrative and financial corruption etc.), and that the total investment spending in the budget is weak compared to operational spending, and that investment in general in the private sector, both domestic and foreign, is directed towards consumer investment.
Keywords: investment, government sector, private sector, investment
obstacles.

The research aims to develop a strategy to work on determining which investment channel is the most effective and can be spent on in light of the multiple options available to the government to achieve agricultural development. For the purpose of achieving this goal, this required the use of the deductive approach, the implications of which were taken from economic theory to reach applied foundations on the Iraqi economy. Using the descriptive analytical approach to analyze data on government spending and investment spending on its various sectoral channels, while analyzing data on the economic sectors’ contribution to the gross domestic product for the period (2022-2014), A checklist was also used and a selected sample of 50 people was taken for the purpose of arriving at the most useful option among the multiple options before the government. The research found a weakness in directing government spending towards productive sectors that generate productivity and stimulate investment towards the industrial and agricultural sectors. Therefore, we see the necessity of directing government expenditures towards investment in productive sector channels in order to correct the imbalance in the structure of government spending.
key words: strategic direction, Government spending, Investment channels, Strategic options.