JOURNAL OF AL-QALAM UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

Wars and armed conflicts, especially in Eastern Europe, have a significant impact on the humanitarian and economic landscapes worldwide. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict is a prominent example of how a local conflict can have profound effects on the entire international system. The war has displaced more than 10 million people internally and externally, putting significant pressure on neighboring countries such as Poland and other EU countries. The refugee situation has been exacerbated by a lack of funding and humanitarian aid. Ukraine used to be a major source of wheat and grains globally. Production has been disrupted by the fighting, leading to food crises in many developing countries such as Egypt, Yemen and sub-Saharan Africa. Hospitals and schools have been destroyed, deteriorating healthcare and education for millions of people. In addition, there have been increasing reports of war crimes, including the targeting of civilians and critical infrastructure. Women and children have been t, with increased rates of human trafficking and sexual exploitation.
As for the economic impacts, Russia is one of the largest suppliers of oil and gas to Europe. oil and natural gas, leading to record inflation in major urban and developing economies. The armed conflicts in Eastern Europe have shown how a local conflict can change the global humanitarian and economic order. As the world struggles to address the crises they have caused, peace and stability remain the most important factor in protecting people and economies from catastrophic consequences.

The principle of separation of powers is the constitutional instrument and the political organization to ward off tyranny or absolute power and a guarantee of rights and freedoms. This important constitutional and political principle in managing the affairs of the modern state is to assign public authorities that perform the duties of the state to independent bodies of each other so that power is not concentrated in the hands of one side one to prevent its arbitrariness and its dominance and to preserve public rights and freedoms, and with the stability of modern constitutional and political systems of states on this principle, according to the different form and political system of states, the relationship between its multiple powers represented by the legislative, executive and judicial powers has remained, and it is organized according to the political systems used for states, they differ from the system One politician to another.
Iraq has embarked on major political transformations after the fall of its defunct regime in 2003 and adopted in its new constitution in 2005 the new form and system of the state, as Iraq has become a federal state and adopted the parliamentary system in government and approved the principle of separation between its legislative, executive and judicial powers based on cooperation and balance between These powers

Sports competitions have become one of the most important social and economic phenomena due to the income they generate for their organizers in the modern era. As the practice of sports activities in various games has become an arena for achieving different goals and objectives, it has become a source of livelihood and an investment of millions of dollars, which prompted the legislator to pay attention to organizing this aspect of sports activities and supporting them in order to achieve stable relations between their parties. Due to the development that has resulted in this field of sports activities and the entry of supporting companies, there are rights for athletes when practicing them, and these companies have become the sponsors in broadcasting matches from the media side, as well as raising or placing company logos carried by players. As competition between clubs has become in order to achieve advanced results in sports competitions, it has prompted these clubs to contract with players in various sports activities in order to achieve the desired results All this made sports competitions go from entertainment to investment that serves all parties, and this consequently led to the emergence of many disputes between clubs or sports institutions or players or technical trainers, and for this reason sports arbitration, including the Center for Settlement and Sports Arbitration in Iraq, is one of the reasons for their emergence, because the violations in sports fall within the jurisdiction of a body specialized in sports affairs, because these violations, whether financial or administrative, do not fall within the jurisdiction of ordinary courts.

This study examines the legal framework that promotes the concept of judicial oversight of the assessment of evidence in criminal proceedings, focusing on the need to achieve a balance between protecting individual rights and combating crime to ensure the application of justice. The study begins with a comprehensive overview of the legal foundations underlying the process of assessing evidence in courts. The researcher emphasizes the importance of the judiciary\\'s commitment to both the provisions of the law and Sharia law, reflecting the dual nature of the legal system, which seeks to achieve security and preserve human rights.
The study indicates that the assessment of evidence is not a purely technical process, but rather intertwines with social, political, and ethical factors that influence judicial decision-making, necessitating careful oversight by the distinguished court. The study also examines some of the obstacles that may prevent judges from freely exercising their powers, such as pressures resulting from external interference and rigid legal frameworks that may hinder development and flexibility in handling evidence.
The researcher explains the difference between the role of the judge as an authority assessing evidence and their role as the authority responsible for drafting the final judgment, explaining that distinguishing between these two roles is essential to ensuring the integrity of judicial procedures. It also emphasizes the need to update laws to keep pace with scientific and technological developments, particularly with regard to forensic medicine and modern technology used in collecting and analyzing evidence. This contributes to enhancing the fairness and accuracy of judgments.
In another section, the study emphasizes the importance of judicial independence and impartiality from social or political demands. Judicial independence is the cornerstone of building a fair judicial system that guarantees individual rights and protects the public interest.
The study concludes by emphasizing that ongoing legislative reforms and the development of evidence evaluation methods are the path to achieving true justice in a balanced and transparent legal system, enhancing confidence in the judiciary and ensuring the protection of society from legal abuses.

This study was based on constitutional and legal texts, agreements, political positions and analyses, in addition to presenting a set of questions related to obstacles, issues of its formation and powers, and its relations with other institutions, which may help formulate a possible model for the new council. In Lebanon, the Senate was established as the second chamber of parliament, according to the Lebanese Constitution issued on May 23, 1926, and was abolished according to the Constitutional Law issued on October 17, 1927, and its members were added to the House of Representatives. This was followed by the proposal of several projects calling for its re-establishment. After the Taif Agreement, it saw the light constitutionally with the issuance of Constitutional Law No. 18 dated September 21, 1990 according to Article 22. Therefore, this study came to identify the legislative authority in the Iraqi and Lebanese systems.

It is an established fact that punitive systems are in constant development, and their evolution progresses proportionally with human advancement, aligning with human progress, culture, and civilization. The rapid development of criminal law philosophy no longer views the offender as a corrupt member of society that must be removed, but rather as a patient who requires treatment and reintegration into the community to become a productive citizen. Consequently, most legal theories have presented various definitions of disciplinary penalties to keep pace with and align with this development.
Since disciplinary penalties are governed by the fundamental principle of criminal law, "No crime and no punishment without a law," legislation generally requires lawmakers to define an exclusive list of penalties that disciplinary authorities are entitled to impose on an employee who is proven to have committed a disciplinary violation. Public service regulations typically enumerate such disciplinary penalties exhaustively to prevent administrative abuse in their imposition, thereby ensuring adherence to the principle of legality.
Accordingly, it is essential for both administrative authorities and public employees to have a clear understanding of legal boundaries, emphasizing that the ultimate purpose of discipline is to ensure the smooth operation and regularity of public services, not merely to punish the errant employee. This understanding is crucial to identify the risks posed by covert punitive measures that administrative bodies might adopt and to safeguard employees through the legal procedures available to protect them from veiled disciplinary penalties that many public employees may not be fully aware of.

Administrative law is the cornerstone of building distinguished government institutions. It is the legal framework that regulates the work of these institutions, defines their powers and duties, and defines the rights and duties of individuals in their dealings with them. Therefore, administrative law plays a pivotal role in achieving institutional excellence. In short, administrative law is an essential tool for building distinguished government institutions capable of achieving the desired goals of sustainable development. It provides the necessary legal framework to ensure transparency, justice and efficiency in government work, which contributes to enhancing trust between citizens and the government. Administrative law is a branch of law that deals specifically with government organization and administration, and its primary goal is to ensure the safety and success of government work. Administrative law plays a vital role in achieving institutional excellence by establishing a legal framework that defines the powers, duties and rights of government institutions as well as the private sector, and by effectively applying administrative law. It can be said that administrative law plays a vital role in achieving institutional excellence by directing and organizing the activities of the institution and ensuring that it meets legal and ethical standards.

The constitutional judiciary is of great importance in protecting the constitution, respecting its texts, and preventing the authorities from encroaching upon it or the authorities from encroaching upon the powers of others, going beyond the limits drawn by the constitution. Perhaps the most important function of the constitutional judiciary is to monitor the constitutionality of the laws enacted by the House of Representatives, as well as monitoring the instructions and regulations issued by the government. The constitutional judiciary is the one that interprets what needs interpretation from the texts of the constitution, and it is the one that settles disputes that occur over powers between the executive and legislative authorities, or disputes that occur between the government and the regions or with the governorates. The constitutional judiciary is the protector of the principle of separation of powers. Each authority knows its powers and has no right to encroach upon the powers of others. The constitutional judiciary is the one that prosecutes the president, the prime minister, or the speaker of parliament in the event that they commit a crime that requires prosecution. The research also dealt with the Iraqi experience in the field of constitutional judiciary from the royal era until 2003, as well as the post-2003 period under the constitution issued in 2005.

The art of Arabic calligraphy is rich in solid scientific rules that can be used to build a curriculum for teaching the foundations of letter design, starting with the measuring point with a rhombus shape as a unit of drawing. Analysis of letters and calligraphic formations shows that they contain a focus on basic shapes such as the square, triangle, and circle. Calligraphy has appeared on stone and ceramic inscriptions, precious stones, metals, paper, leather, and manuscript books (Abu Haqq, Amal, 2021 AD). (And from here the researcher started after reviewing many of the logos of Iraqi universities. It became clear to him that many of them lack the use of the characteristics and connotations of Arabic calligraphy or contemporary letter design. Since Arabic calligraphy is one of the most important elements of logo design due to its connection to civilization and the Arab cultural heritage, the researcher believes that it is necessary Studying and analyzing samples of logos of government institutions, and examining how to develop them by employing Arabic calligraphy in their compositions. From here, the researcher defined his problem with the following question: (What are the functional and semantic values of calligraphic compositions in the designs of logos of Iraqi universities).
The importance of the research: The importance of the research and the need for it lies in the following: -
1- It can contribute to developing the applied aspect in scientific departments concerned with teaching the arts of Arabic calligraphy in colleges and technical institutes.
1- This research included the research problem in the first section, and the importance of research as it can contribute to developing the applied aspect in scientific departments concerned with teaching the arts of Arabic calligraphy in colleges and technical institutes. As well as the research objectives: The current research aims to study - reveal About the diversity of calligraphic formations in the design of logos of Iraqi government institutions, and the limits of the research and its terminology. The second section included the theoretical framework and was organized into several axes, including the basic elements of designing a logo for successful government institutions, the influence of Arabic calligraphy in expressing cultural identity, and the semantic role of calligraphic formations in culture. The third section included the research methodology: the researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach, and included the research community. Government logos of all kinds in all Iraqi public universities. The research community within these universities reached (30) logos, and the research sample was selected according to the method of intentional selection. As for the fourth section, it included analyzing the samples and presenting their results, including: 1- The formative values of the logos achieved a cultural character by mixing and interfering with the fonts used, strengthening this with the design form of the calligraphic composition as in sample (1). Conclusions: 1- They are considered The textual structure and general form of logos are among the best expressive and functional perceptions that the recipient perceives. Recommendations: 1- The need for the designer to be familiar with the technical aspects of calligraphic formations and the foundations and rules of Arabic calligraphy in order to make it easier for him to implement them. Suggestions: 1- Conduct a study concerned with the formal development of the linear composition and its integration with the design idea.

The administrative decision is considered one of the most important legal means through which the administration can express its will. These decisions vary into many forms. Just as the administrative decision may be explicit, it can be implicit. The administrative decision may be positive or negative, with the administration remaining silent regarding a particular position. Originally, the administration expressed its will in the form of written decisions in which it expressed its desire to create a certain legal effect. However, it sometimes remains silent regarding a specific position even though it is obligated according to the law to take a specific action. This silence or silence may lead to harm to stakeholders, and thus these decisions become the subject of a lawsuit for cancellation and stopping the implementation of negative administrative decisions through the competent judiciary.

This paper argues that there is a contradiction between dominated international law and anti dominate international law. The future of international law and the Middle East are intricately complexed in respect of activation of international rules and regulations in the earato anti domination. In order to achieve this goal, it very important for the United Nations to put new strategies developed that are consistent with the behavior of permenant States in Security Council in third world countries. For example by establishing stricter international rules for respecting human rights and development in middle East, which need to be seriously reconsidered. This article also provides a critical analysis of the domination nature of States speeches on human rights and development in contemporary international law.

This topic is of great importance, and analogy is considered a tool for interpreting texts and expanding them to include undeclared issues in addition to declared issues. Analogy combines suspicions and analogues under a general legal rule. Naturally, no legislation in the world can cover all incidents, details and subsidiary issues, but is usually limited to mentioning general principles, controls and general conditions, and leaving the application of these principles to judges, rulers and jurists. These are the ones who strive to issue rulings related to criminal and civil matters, and seek to attach the ruling to what is stipulated, by relying on analogy and the rules that branch off from it, whether this is in the context of legal consideration of cases and incidents, or in interpreting and applying legal texts, as they realize the importance of analogy and the rules that branch off from it for interpreting legal and legal texts.

This research deals with the subject of information exchange in the field of combating terrorism, as an important means of international cooperation in the mentioned field. This research reviews the concept of information exchange in terms of stating its definition, and its importance in the field of international cooperation, and also shows the legal basis from which the issue of information exchange is based, whether in international instruments related to combating terrorism, or national laws. This research reviews the means through which the information exchange process is carried out. It also sheds light on the obstacles that may limit the importance of this process. It shows the most important ways to overcome these obstacles, whether administrative, organizational, or legal.

The women\'s quota is a system that sets a certain percentage of seats in parliament or other bodies for women. This system was introduced in Iraq after the fall of the previous regime in 2003. The aim is to strengthen the representation of women in political and legislative life. According to the Iraqi constitution, voted on in 2005, women must hold at least 25% of the seats in the Iraqi parliament. This is done by allocating seats on electoral lists selected by political parties and alliances. The women\'s quota is considered a transitional measure aimed at achieving gender balance in governance and counteracting gender bias in politics. This system must be implemented in accordance with relevant Iraqi laws by strengthening women\'s participation in the political process. The quota can help improve gender equality and strengthen the representation of women in decision-making processes. However, this system faces ongoing challenges and debates regarding its effectiveness and impact on democracy and women\'s representation in politics.

When the rules of international humanitarian law - which protect civilians during wars and armed conflicts - are gravely violated, international responsibility must be triggered against the state that violated these rules, as well as the possibility of triggering international criminal responsibility for individuals belonging to it, for violating these rules or ordering them to commit them, otherwise the rules of international humanitarian law become useless and worthless, and become mere ink on paper.
This was clearly manifested in the Israeli war on the Gaza Strip, on October 7, 2023, and the crimes committed in it, which are reprehensible to humanity, subjecting the international legal system to a real test, after which it cannot rise if it fails, especially in the consciences of free peoples who believe in the values of justice and respect for human rights.

Suspension of an administrative lawsuit as a temporary interlocutory measure is an exceptional judicial procedure aimed at temporarily suspending the proceedings to protect the rights of the parties from the serious harm that could result from the continuation of the judicial proceedings. This procedure is an important tool for achieving a balance between the administration's interest in implementing its decisions and the rights of individuals to obtain effective judicial protection.

The renewable energy contract is a modern type of contract that requires specific provisions regarding its conclusion, execution, termination, and the applicable law. This is due to the complex nature of renewable energy contracts, which involve a main contract and subsequent contracts referred to as implementation and execution contracts. There has been a dispute in both legal theory and jurisprudence regarding the legal nature of renewable energy contracts, which affects the determination of the applicable law based on the nature of these contracts. On one hand, there is a disagreement about the applicable law for the implementation and execution contracts that follow the renewable energy contract. Should the applicable law for the main contract apply to these subsequent contracts, or should another law be sought to govern them in case there is a conflict between the connecting factors of these contracts and the main contract? Based on this, we divided our research into two sections: the first addresses the definition of the renewable energy contract and its legal nature, while the second discusses the applicable law for the renewable energy contract. We concluded our research with a conclusion that included the most important findings and recommendations we reached.