Journal of International studies

The rapid development in the field of communication and information technology has led to a significant transformation in various aspects of life, particularly in communication networks, which are evolving at an accelerated pace. These advancements are reshaping human interaction patterns, expanding their scope, and enhancing human presence in cyberspace. Each new generation of communication technology has contributed to expanding and accelerating the services provided, from simple communication to establishing a vast space for close interaction among people. One of the most prominent emerging technologies is the fifth generation (5G), which, when fully integrated, will bring about a major transformation in the communications field, offering numerous benefits to humanity. However, it also carries significant challenges, particularly in the security domain, which this research aims to explor.

The Turkish presidential election was held on May 14, 2023, and was one of the most competitive elections in Turkey's political history, as the current president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, competed for the Justice and Development Party, and "Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu" for the Republican People's Party. Neither candidate obtained an absolute majority of votes in the first round of the elections, which led to a rerun between the candidates. In the second round, "Erdogan" obtained approximately 52.1% of the votes, compared to 47.9% for Kılıçdaroğlu. President Erdogan faces complex problems related to the economic situation, as well as confronting the earthquake disaster that revealed the government's weaknesses in responding to such catastrophic crises, in addition to the ongoing problems related to the Kurdistan Workers' Party and its great influence on Turkish national security

The research seeks to study the rise of the extremist right parties in the post -2020 public elections in democratic countries established in Europe, in an attempt to understand the nature and factors of this ascension, as the share of these parties of the votes in the last electoral sessions in many European countries has multiplied, and the extreme right was able to reach For power in some countries, including Italy, in the 2022 elections, where the Fraatelli d'talia extremes are the right -wing elections, and the leader of the party (Georgia Meloni) received the prime minister, the first government led by an extremist right -wing party in Italy after 1945 The party's ideology is based on extremist patriotism, fighting immigration and skepticism in the European Union. The results of the research also indicate that the factors of the rise of the extremist right parties in Italy are not related to economic concerns and institutional factors as common as it is as much as what cultural and religious concerns are related to the national identity and social heritage, it is clear to the growth of the feeling of Italian society that their values and national identity are threatened by foreigners and religious immigrants that are religiously And old and increasingly increasingly In the last decade.

Local regions are the basic pillar of the federal system based on empowering local units with the powers granted to maximize achievement and performance efficiency that enhances the contents of good governance and activates patterns of political participation that achieve the contents of the democratic approach based on representing the public will in the outcomes of the political and institutional performance of official structures. The Iraqi legislator formulated the federal system in accordance with the broad powers granted to the Kurdistan Region, which represent the framework that determines the relationship between the regions and the federal center in the event that other regions are formed. This is what foretells what the federal system in Iraq will be like, especially since it has witnessed many crises and challenges that contributed to the crystallization of many of the crises witnessed by the Iraqi reality after the year (2003), especially since the dimensions of those challenges took on other dimensions, whether in the framework of the internal environment and its contradictions that affected the efficiency of political performance and failed to find settlements and mechanisms that guarantee the fair flow of power between the federal levels and grant political and social stability, as well as within the scope of the regional and international influence of Iraqi federalism and the burdens that followed it, which weakened the tools of external representation and what the political status of the state seeks in the international organization. Accordingly, the study sought to clarify those dimensions and their effects on the reality of Iraq and its future in light of the repercussions of the Iraqi experience. Then the study found ways to avoid the results of those repercussions and limit the exacerbation of their severity, whether on the one hand Organizational or institutional reform or at the level of practices associated with the contents of national belonging and the necessity of integration in light of current challenges.

Iraq is not the only or benevolent country that is being considered for Reconstruction or completion of its construction after witnessing a detailed and historically important event, the American occupation in April 9, 2003,Where Iraq then became a composite state from the Kurdistan region in the North ,and the other part consists of the center and the South, including Baghdad, the capital, according to the state administrative law of 2004,and the Iraqi constitution, Effective 2005.Which made the form of a federal eatery based on a new composition, which is the presence of territories of several conservatives may want to join in, The government assumed responsibility for external affairs, the external neighbor, border control, customs taxes, politics, the release of the campaign and the politicization of the Armed Forces.

Crises pose an important dilemma for all countries, depending on various levels and aspects. political crises are characterized as being either internal, i.e. within the components of the state itself, or external due to other international factors and actors. a political crisis is defined as a state of instability that affects political institutions and hinders the decision-making process. The repercussions of these crises are manifested in the spread of corruption, a decline in trust in institutions, and an increase in social tensions, and in the Iraqi context, the political crisis is represented by power struggles between political blocs, which led to government instability and rampant chaos, and therefore this crisis led to effects and repercussions at the internal and regional level on other countries, the repercussions of this crisis on security and stability in the region are reflected significantly. Iraq is a focal point in the Middle East, where internal crises affect neighboring countries. Political chaos contributes to an increase in the activity of extremist groups, such as ISIS, which increases security threats in the region. Moreover, political crises lead to an influx of refugees to neighboring countries, worsening the humanitarian situation in those countries. The instability in Iraq also weakens regional cooperation efforts to combat terrorism and strengthens tensions between states.

China's economic influence in the Middle East has been expanding rapidly, driven by its need to secure energy resources and strengthen its global trade and investment presence. The region plays a central role in China’s strategy, serving as one of the key pillars of the "Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI), which aims to enhance economic and trade connectivity between Asia, Europe, and Africa. This interest is primarily attributed to several key factors, most notably the abundance of natural resources. The Middle East serves as a major source of oil and gas for China, which imports over 40% of its oil needs from Gulf countries such as Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Iraq, in addition to its strategic partnership with Iran in the natural gas sector. These resources constitute a fundamental pillar of China's industrial growth, making energy security a top priority in its foreign economic policy.
Additionally, the Middle East's geographical location makes it a crucial transit hub for international trade. China has been investing in the development of ports and infrastructure to enhance global supply chains and trade routes. Ports such as Jebel Ali in the UAE and Duqm in Oman play a vital role in facilitating Chinese trade through the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. Moreover, Chinese investments in Egypt and Turkey have expanded to strengthen trade links across continents. Furthermore, the region’s emerging markets offer significant opportunities for boosting Chinese exports. Trade relations have been growing rapidly, particularly in technology, electronics, and heavy industries, with key markets such as Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Egypt emerging as major consumers of Chinese products.
This increasing economic engagement highlights China’s growing influence in the region, as it has become the leading trade partner for several Middle Eastern countries. In recent years, trade volume between China and the region has surpassed $330 billion. China’s exports to the Middle East mainly consist of machinery, electronic products, and industrial goods, while its imports include oil, natural gas, and petrochemicals, further reinforcing economic integration between the two sides. Chinese investments have also expanded significantly, particularly in infrastructure and energy sectors. Long-term strategic agreements, such as China’s 25-year partnership with Iran involving $400 billion in investments, as well as strengthened cooperation with Saudi Arabia and the UAE in renewable energy, technology, and artificial intelligence, reflect the deepening economic ties.
Despite the economic benefits of this expansion, it raises geopolitical challenges, particularly amid the intensifying competition between China and Western powers in the region. The increasing dependence of some countries on Chinese investments has sparked concerns about their economic sovereignty and whether this growing influence could reshape regional power dynamics. As trade exchanges and investments continue to expand, Middle Eastern nations must strategically balance the opportunities presented by China with the need to maintain economic independence, ensuring long-term stability in a rapidly evolving global economic landscape.

After 2003, Iraqi-Kuwaiti relations entered a new phase influenced by regional and local changes that impacted the course of their relationship. The overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime, which symbolized tension between the two neighbors, created opportunities to improve relations but also brought new challenges. Current relations oscillate between undeniable constants, such as shared geography, economic interests, and the importance of regional security, and variables introduced by Iraq's political developments and regional conflicts ،Recent years have witnessed efforts to overcome the past and achieve tangible progress in economic and humanitarian areas. However, lingering contentious issues, such as borders and reparations, remain unresolved. The complexity of Iraq’s internal political landscape and the emergence of new forces have further complicated relations and increased the need for mutual coordination. To understand and develop this relationship, challenges must be addressed realistically, and available opportunities must be utilized to enhance cooperation and achieve regional stability that serves the interests of both countries in the long term.

The role of the BRICS economic bloc (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) in confronting American hegemony over the international system. It is clear that BRICS seeks to strengthen a multipolar international system, rejecting American monopoly in global political and economic decisions. The group is working to create alternatives to Western institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, by establishing its own institutions, such as the “New Development Bank,” with the aim of strengthening emerging economies. However, the bloc faces many challenges, most notably the differences between its members, which hinders its ability to form a unified front against American hegemony.

Abstract: After 2011, Egypt witnessed profound political and social transformations that affected its internal features and foreign relations. With the outbreak of the January 25 Revolution and the subsequent successive political changes, the country entered a transitional phase characterized by multiple challenges, which made it the focus of attention of many international and regional powers. In this context, China emerged as one of the international powers that reformulated its foreign policy towards Egypt in line with a strategic vision aimed at enhancing its global influence and expanding its presence in the Middle East region. China was interested in developing its relations with Egypt for several reasons related to the importance of Egypt's geographical location as a bridge linking Asia with Africa and Europe, in addition to its pivotal role in regional and international issues. China also realized that Egypt, as a country with great historical and political influence, can play a vital role in promoting its major initiatives such as the "Belt and Road Initiative." Hence, the Chinese trend towards establishing strategic partnerships with Egypt based on enhancing economic, diplomatic and cultural cooperation, taking into account the nature of the sensitive stage the country is going through. China's policy towards Egypt has been characterised by flexibility and pragmatism, making it a model for bilateral relations that seek to achieve common interests away from political interference.

The state's philosophy of governance is reflected in the method of public administration in it, and the choice is between centralization and decentralization. After the radical political transformation of Iraq in 2003 and the change in the political system, the administrative system also changed, and it moved towards working with the decentralized system legislatively and practically. Constitutional texts and legal legislation were issued, all of which focused on granting local units broad powers and authorities that would enable them to perform their functions in the best possible way. The matter was not limited to what was stated in the texts of the effective 2005 Constitution and the Law of Governorates Not Organized in a Region No. 21 of 2008 regarding powers in favor of the governorates, but rather it went beyond that to transfer the executive powers of the federal government from some ministries to the governorates not organized in a region, as stated in the content of the Federal General Budget Law for the fiscal year 2009, which included draft laws amending the laws of Iraqi ministries in a way that would benefit the separation of local departments in the governorates from the federal ministries and their financial and administrative attachment to the governorates in a manner consistent with the Law of Governorates Not Organized in a Region. Region, and with the Higher Authority for Coordination between the Governorates assuming the tasks of transferring competencies to the governorates, a number of obstacles appeared that stood in the way of implementation related to the limits of the competencies and powers of the governorates versus the federal competencies and others that affected the nature of the institutional relationship between the ministries covered by the transfer of competencies and the governorates not organized in a region.

This research aims to identify the reality of Sino-Russian relations after 2013, and to study the most important motives and determinants that affected the nature of these relations. The research was based on the criterion of national interest in interpreting and understanding relations between China and Russia, on the basis that national interest is what determines the state of cooperation and dependence, or the state of competition and difference. The research was based on the hypothesis that Sino-Russian relations after 2013 witnessed many factors and variables, some of which represented motives for strengthening relations between the two countries, and others represented obstacles that limit the level of cooperation and interaction between them, which stem from the need of each country to meet its requirements and achieve its goals in a manner consistent with the variables of the regional and international environment. The research also reached the conclusion that the possibility of cooperation and dependence between Russia and China is what prevails in the state of interaction between the two countries, as there are many commonalities between them that push them to coordinate and perhaps form an alliance in the future, among these commonalities is the future vision of the nature of the international system and the patterns of interactions and decisions taken in it, in addition to limiting American global hegemony.

Democracy in Iraq has gone through many stages, especially with regard to the electoral system and its mechanisms, which play a role in achieving the democratic essence through political participation. However, holding elections in their formal form does not necessarily lead to real democracy, as the state must adhere to the principles of democracy and work to represent the true will of its people. Hence, the Iraqi voter, who has witnessed many changes in the mechanisms of the electoral system, with a fluctuated participating behavior in voting until the participation rate reached its lowest levels in the last two parliamentary elections, which may lead in one way or another to questioning the essence of the legitimacy of the democratic system and whether the successive political power represent the true will of the people in light of the continued absence of the Iraqi voter from his role in electoral participation. The researcher studies the reasons and circumstances that lead the Iraqi citizen to abstain from his electoral right by studying the parliamentary elections of 2018 and 2021.

The concept of symbol represents one of the many important and controversial in the same time, which enters in the various studies of social sciences. This Importance and controversial comes from the different uses and meaning in various science fields. Due to Symbol enters in a huge collection of science, knowledge and various theories, which connect with human since the existence of humanity until the contemporary age. As Philosophy, Epistemology, Ontology, Anthropology, Language, Sociology, Psychology, Religion and other sciences. Which represented its study a basic essential in the studies of western social thoughts, that played a big rule in develop the knowledge in western societies.

This research is an attempt to reveal the nature of extremism and the dialectical relationship between extremism and the concepts approaching extremism. The concepts approaching extremism are (terrorism - violence - fanaticism - extremism - rigidity - bigotry - racism - excommunication). In this study, we limit ourselves to only three concepts, such as terrorism, fanaticism and violence. In this research, I began by presenting a set of definitions of the concept of extremism and the concepts approaching the most important researchers and thinkers of Arab and Western political thought. After that, I focused on the most important characteristics and patterns of extremism, then I addressed the relationship that links extremism to terrorism, fanaticism and violenc