Iraqi Journal of Science

In this work, nine new cyclic imides 10-18 were synthesized starting with 4-aminoacetophenone and heterocyclic amines (2-aminothiazole, 4-aminopyridine, and 4-aminoantipyrine). The first step included a condensation between 4-aminoacetophenone and heterocyclic amines to afford the corresponding imines 1-3 in 82-90% yields. These imines (1-3) were then treated with phthalic and maleic anhydrides to give heterocyclic iminophthalamic and maleamic acids 4-9, which were dehydrated using fusion conditions to provide the desired phthalimides and maleimides (10-15) in yields ranging from 75 to 92%. Heterocyclic imino tetrachlorophthalimides 16-18 were synthesized (83-88% yields) in a one-pot procedure via the reaction of imines 1-3 with tetrachlorophthalic anhydride in the presence of glacial acetic acid as a catalyst. Results indicated that the prepared cyclic imides (1-3) exhibit good antimicrobial activity.

In this study, novel derivatives have been synthesized for 1,2,4-triazole-quinazolinone compounds. The intermediate compound, amic acid 1, was prepared through the reaction of anthranilic acid with para-methoxybenzoyl chloride. The compound benzoxazinone 2 is prepared by reacting amic acid with acetic anhydride, which upon esterification is carried out using ethylglycinate hydrochloride. Ester derivative 3 was obtained. The first line of research involved reacting the ester derivative 3 with (semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide, and phenylthiosemicarbazide, phenylthiosemicarbazide) respectively to give derivatives 5-8. Compounds 5-8 were cyclized in alkaline medium (2N-NaOH) gave 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives 9-12, respectively. Alternatively, compound 4 was reacted with CS2 in an alkaline medium (20% KOH) to produce the potassium salt 13. This compound then directly reacted with aqueous hydrazine to yield compound 14. The new compositions prepared were proven using spectroscopic techniques [FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR,]. The last part of this research in which, these materials were tested 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14 for antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging activity technology.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with increased oxidative stress and impaired endothelial function. Ticagrelor treatment improves antioxidant properties in addition to its antiplatelet effects. This study investigated the impact of Ticagrelor treatment on serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and other biochemical parameters in PAD patients. It also evaluated the potential diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of specific biomarkers based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Seventy individuals were categorized into healthy control (n=40), baseline PAD patients not on Ticagrelor (B-PAD, n=30), and same PAD patients after treated with Ticagrelor (A-PAD, n=30). Parameters measured included SOD concentration/activity, oxidized protein levels, serum trace elements, and other biochemical parameters. PAD patients showed elevated oxidized protein level and reduced SOD concentration and activity versus control group. Ticagrelor improved antioxidant status in PAD via SOD upregulation and reduced protein oxidation. Parameters of oxidative stress/antioxidants exhibited potential for PAD screening, diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of treatment response using the diagnostic metrics derived from ROC analysis.

The study involved seven Iraqi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars propagated through tissue culture (TC) and two cultivars propagated by offshoots (Offs). The internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) was used as the marker for investigation. In an effort to institute genetic relations between various date palm cultivars and uncover their molecular evolution, trees were constructed using the ''neighbor-joining'' (NJ) and ''maximum parsimony'' (MP) approaches. The variation in GC content in the ITS1 region was recorded at 52–53%. The data suggests that transitions have a lower frequency compared to transversions in this region, where the overall bias R for transition/transversion has been estimated at 0.751. The aligned sequences of the cultivars were identified to be 637 bp, and the divergence values were observed to range between (0.0000%) and (0.0063%). Out of the nine cultivars, the aligned sequences permitted us to pinpoint eight haplotypes. The outcomes refer to a gradual demographic expansion for an Iraqi date palm population that will arrive at equilibrium after 0.6N generations. The research findings revealed that the Mir alhajj TC cultivar exhibited the highest susceptibility and sensitivity among the examined cultivars when propagated through the tissue culture technique. The primary 2 constituents' multi-variate PCA analysis revealed that PC1 had a variability of 0.9599 among cultivars and an Eigen value of 7.7099, whereas PC2 had a variation of 0.9766 and an Eigen value of 6.7500. Analysis of these ITS1 sequences revealed that they offer adequate variability in characteristics to investigate the relationships among genotypes and explore the evolutionary lineage between the cultivars studied. Moreover, the observed diversity among closely related genotypes provides robust evidence for the efficacy of ITS1 sequences in figuring out relationships and identifying the evolutionary history of those cultivars.

The study involved seven Iraqi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars propagated through tissue culture (TC) and two cultivars propagated by offshoots (Offs). The internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) was used as the marker for investigation. In an effort to institute genetic relations between various date palm cultivars and uncover their molecular evolution, trees were constructed using the ''neighbor-joining'' (NJ) and ''maximum parsimony'' (MP) approaches. The variation in GC content in the ITS1 region was recorded at 52–53%. The data suggests that transitions have a lower frequency compared to transversions in this region, where the overall bias R for transition/transversion has been estimated at 0.751. The aligned sequences of the cultivars were identified to be 637 bp, and the divergence values were observed to range between (0.0000%) and (0.0063%). Out of the nine cultivars, the aligned sequences permitted us to pinpoint eight haplotypes. The outcomes refer to a gradual demographic expansion for an Iraqi date palm population that will arrive at equilibrium after 0.6N generations. The research findings revealed that the Mir alhajj TC cultivar exhibited the highest susceptibility and sensitivity among the examined cultivars when propagated through the tissue culture technique. The primary 2 constituents' multi-variate PCA analysis revealed that PC1 had a variability of 0.9599 among cultivars and an Eigen value of 7.7099, whereas PC2 had a variation of 0.9766 and an Eigen value of 6.7500. Analysis of these ITS1 sequences revealed that they offer adequate variability in characteristics to investigate the relationships among genotypes and explore the evolutionary lineage between the cultivars studied. Moreover, the observed diversity among closely related genotypes provides robust evidence for the efficacy of ITS1 sequences in figuring out relationships and identifying the evolutionary history of those cultivars.

The present study aims to isolate and identify ectoparasites, specifically hard ticks, that infest both domestic and wild rabbits. This research is motivated by the heightened sensitivity of rabbits to infestations by hard ticks, which are recognized as the primary vectors of certain blood-borne diseases, particularly Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF). The study areas were spread across five provinces in Iraq: Baghdad, Karbala, Wasit, Mosul, and Al-Anbar. A total of 85 hard ticks (42 male and 43 female) were infested by 57 rabbits (Leporidae Family), including 19 wild rabbits (hare) with an infestation rate of 100% and 38 domestic rabbits with an infestation rate of 18.42%. Total of infestation was 45.61%. The current results are the occurrence of two genera and five species of Ixodidae Family of hard ticks as follow: Hyalomma anatolicum (Koch, 1844) Rhipicephalus turanicus (Pomerantsef, 1946), Rhipicephalus leporis (Pomerantsef, 1946), Rhipicephalus pravus (Donitz, 1910) and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Neumann, 1901). Leporidae is considered the new host for the two species R. pravus and R. appendiculatus, as they previously recorded infested other domestic animals such as cattle and sheep in Iraq. Thus, this result contributes additional data to the understanding of hard tick biodiversity in Iraq.

Trogoderma granarium Everts 1898, commonly known as the khapra beetle, is a
widespread pest species affecting stored grains. Samples of this pest were collected
from different geographical regions across four governorates in Iraq, namely Mosul,
Salahdin, Dhi Qar, and two regions within Baghdad (Latifiya and Jamila). The
current study provides a detailed description of T. granarium about the
morphological characteristics of the three body regions and their appendages that
studied and supported by illustrations. Due to the morphological similarity between
this species and many closely related species, accurate identification is challenging,
particularly when the stored materials are contaminated with insect remains.
Therefore, molecular diagnosis was confirmed using PCR-based assays such as
conventional PCR and DNA sequencing, targeting mitochondrial (mtDNA) genes
like COI (Cytochrome Oxidase I) and 16S (16S rRNA). Results showed that there
are many genetic variations in the nitrogenous bases of the samples under study
compared with the standard samples results which was taken from global data, with
differences between the local samples themselves, which indicates the multiple
genetic sources from which the insects came as a result of the import of grains and
perhaps their poor storage.

Colorectal cancer is a malignant condition that can arise from multiple causative factors. It ranks second, behind lung cancer, as a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Extensive research has been conducted to unravel the genetic underpinnings and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, epigenetic modifications of histones at the DNA level have become significantly involved in several malignant diseases such as CRC. Hence, this research sought to assess, for the first time locally, the immunoexpression of HDAC-1 and 3 in a group of colorectal patients. Additionally, we explored potential correlations between the expression of HDAC-1, 3 and VEGF. This retrospective study encompassed the analysis of 95 paraffin-embedded tissue samples from CRC cases. Participants in the research varied in age from 22 to 79 years, consisting of 60 males and 35 females. The study findings revealed a noteworthy correlation between VEGF expression and the patients' sex (p = 0.005, rho = 0.289). Intriguingly, the analysed data demonstrated a significant correlation between VEGF expression and the cytoplasmic localization of HDAC3 in colorectal cancer tissues (p < 0.001, rho = 0.476). However, the expression of VEGF showed a negative and statistically significant correlation with both HDAC3 expression (p = 0.02, rho = -0.243) and the cytoplasmic localization of HDAC1 (p = 0.02, rho = -0.305). The demonstrated negative regulatory relationship between HDAC3 and VEGF suggests this correlation could potentially be leveraged in both disease prognosis and treatment. Targeting the negative regulatory interaction between HDAC3 and VEGF may provide promising opportunities in both prognostic assessment and therapeutic strategies. This highlights the potential for developing targeted strategies that capitalize on the interplay between angiogenesis and epigenetic regulation.

Genetic factors are associated with the immunogenicity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This association reaches the level of cellular processes such as autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis, correlating with increased activity of the Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. The present study focuses on exploring the linkage between severe COVID-19, CCL20 chemokines, and NLRP3 gene variants in an Iraqi sample. A case-control study enrolled 99 COVID-19 patients and 96 controls and measured CCL20 levels, disease severity, blood biomarkers, and NLRP3 SNPs (rs35829419, rs10754558, rs72771992, and rs10802501) using allele-specific primer methods. The results showed that the frequencies of NLRP3 rs35829419 A allele (28.8 vs. 18.8 %; OR= 1.75; 95% CI = 1.09-2.81 ; p < 0.013) and genotype CA (45.5 vs 30.5 %; OR=1.82; 95% CI =1.01-3.26 ; p <0.032) are related to susceptibility to COVID-19. The median value of CCL20 in severe COVID-19was 70.7 (range 63.4 – 81.6), being significantly lower than that in moderate cases (median 85.2; range 67.1 – 96.2). A negative correlation also existed between CCL20 and the levels of the inflammatory markers, such as ferritin, CRP, LDH, and D-dimer. The analysis of the relationship between the frequencies of NLRP3 SNPs alleles and genotypes with CCL20 level showed that the increases in the frequencies of rs10754558 C allele and CC genotype were correlated with the high median value of the CCL20 level compared with the low median value (48.8 vs. 33.3 %; OR=1.9; 95% CI = 1.24-2.91; p < 0.004 for the allele and 40.7 vs. 28.3%; OR= 2.05; 95% CI = 1.07-3.93; p < 0.033 for the genotype). Median levels of CCL20 stratified by SNP genotypes in the NLRP3 gene showed no significant relationship, except rs10802501 (81.58 vs 88.61 for AA genotype; 74.29 vs 81.58 for TT genotype; p=0.045). The study showed that the associations of several NLRP3 SNPs with altered CCL20 and other chemokines’ levels can provide information about cellular inflammatory mechanisms that will be instrumental during making precise decisions for the treatment of disease.

The present work displays a theoretical calculation of the differential, integral cross-sections, and momentum transfer of electrons scattering from carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide molecules (CO2). The collision energy used ranged from 20 to 1100 eV for the CO molecule and from 10 to 700 eV for the CO2 molecule. The partial wave analyses with complex optical model potential were used for solving the Dirac relativistic equation in the high and low energy regions. The results show decent agreement with current experimental studies and other theoretical predictions

Many products contain several natural radionuclides in their composition. Frequent use of these products increases the cumulative radiation risk. This study aimed to measure the radioactivity using NaI (Tl)detector of consumer products found in local markets that contain natural radioactive materials (NORMs) and are used for various purposes. Average specific activity values are 3.52 Bq/kg for Uranium-238, 15.77 Bq/kg for Thorium-232, and 153.53 Bq/kg for Potassium-40. The radium equivalent (Raeq) was determined to be 45.22, and the average internal and external absorbed doses for the study samples were 39.77 and 21.21 nGy/h, respectively. The average values of the measured external and internal risk indexes are 0.12 and 0.13, and the representative level index is about 0.33. The study results were compared to global averages, according to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP); the study determined that the levels of proven health risks in consumer products are safe and unlikely to pose a significant threat to the public.

Reservoir Geomechanics plays a crucial role in maximizing the efficiency of the drilling process, guaranteeing accurate placement of horizontal wells, and accomplishing effective well completion. Accurately determining the levels of pore pressure and the vertical, minimum, and maximum horizontal stresses is a crucial component of thorough geomechanical modeling. Mishrif carbonate reservoir in the Middle Cretaceous and Zubair sandstone reservoir in the Lower Cretaceous are the essential reservoirs in the West Qurna oilfield, southern Iraq. This study aims to analyse the best Well trajectory conditions in the carbonate and sandstone reservoirs using many correlations for thirteen wells (that were drilled from 2014 to 2016) in the West Qurna/1 field.
The findings indicate that the geomechanical problems in Mishrif wells are less severe compared to Zubair wells concerning optimizing pore pressure and the presence of geo-pressurized shale sequence.
In addition, Mishrif wells in the eastern flank of the oilfield are less prone to drilling mud loss problems than the western flank. All the wells drilled towards maximum horizontal stress showed minimal wellbore stability problems in which the best average maximum horizontal stress direction is 55 +/- 20 and 235 +/-20 deg. Mishrif wells are less sensitive to azimuth and deviation than Zubair wells. On the other hand, Zubair wells are more sensitive to inclination. The maximum horizontal stress direction is recommendable to reduce Well complexity and challenging drilling environment. To establish the drilling window during drilling operations in the West Qurna 1 field, it is necessary to have a formation prediction that takes into account lithology and anticipated wellbore stability pressures.

Geospatial tools like remote sensing and GIS are vital for evaluating, monitoring, and preserving groundwater resources, especially in changing climates. Finding areas where groundwater recharge is most likely is crucial for protecting and managing its quality. In arid regions, groundwater is extracted extensively due to its importance for various uses. This study aims to identify and categorize productive areas for groundwater in Al Najaf – Karbala fan using remote sensing and GIS. The AHP method employed the weight for each factor used to determine the map potential zones, incorporating seven factors: geomorphology, lithology, aspect, drainage density, lineaments density, land cover, and slope. Each factor was ranked and categorized based on its hydrogeology impact on groundwater availability. The results revealed five productivity zones: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high, covering 5%, 10%, 15%, 30%, and 40% of the study area, respectively. Western and southwestern study areas have low potential, while eastern and middle areas have moderate potential. The center and northeastern regions boast the highest potential.

Static young modules (Est) can be measured in the lab on real cores. Moreover, open-hole log data can be utilized to obtain the dynamic Young's modulus (Edyn). However, dynamic Young's modulus is affected by different rock properties. Thus, dynamic rock properties must be changed to static moduli using empirical equations. In this study, an experimental dataset from shale formation has been used to produce a reliable and accurate correlation for estimating static Young's modulus from log data alone, without the need for core measurements. We used 144 data points from log data to create the new correlations. We compared the results of the new correlation with earlier correlations in the literature. The findings demonstrated that, in contrast to those in the literature, the proposed empirical correlation is accurate and dependable with a correlation coefficient (RSQ) of 0.97% and an average absolute error (AAER) of 9.69%. Therefore, the new correlation can be used to improve shale formation fracturing operations, resolve issues related to shale instability, and optimize drilling procedures such as bit type and drilling parameters.

This research aims to give an overview of the whole of the Euphrates Formation in Iraq. The deposition of the Euphrates Formation continued for approximately 10 million years, extending from the Early Miocene to the Middle Miocene epoch, including the Aquitanian- Langhian stages (23.3 - 13.82 M.Y ago). The formation is distributed regionally, as it includes about 75% of Iraq and extends to neighbouring countries, as it is equivalent to the Asmari Formation in Iran, while it is equivalent to the Hadroukh and Hofuf formations in Saudi Arabia and Jourdan. Syria is still named the Euphrates Formation, with 200 m thick overlying the Chilou Formation. In central Iraq and Kirkuk, it is equivalent to the Serikagni Formation. The predominant facies of the formation are limestone and marl with dolomization of varying intensity in various locations deposited in a wide range of the marine environment extended from lagoon to open marine. The formation has economic importance; in subsurface sites, it is an oil reservoir, such as in northern Iraq, or an aquifer in western and southern Iraq, in addition to the possibility of using its rocks in multiple industries, most notably in building and construction.

In this paper, we investigate a particular subclass of the set of analytic functions in a unit disk A. This subclass is identified by quasi-subordination, and for functions in this class, we give precise bounds for the Fekete-Szegö functional (that is, |????3−????????22|).Well-defined borders are produced by the study, and we also discuss various outcomes for new classes while establishing connections with the ones that already exist.

In this work, we generalized the notion of essential submodules by introduce the notion that namely pure essential submodules. We also introduce two notions pure relative complement submodules and pure uniform modules, as well as some other related concepts. The fundamental characteristics of these ideas are investigated.

The best proximity point generalization of fixed point that is beneficial when the contraction map is not a self-map. The aim of this paper is to introduce new types of proximal contraction for cyclic mapping in strong ḇ-metric space that. Let (????,????) be complete strong ḇ-metric space and let ????,???? be two nonempty closed subsets of ????. Take the cyclic mapping ????:????∪????→????∪????. If ???? is satisfies following condition ????(????????,????????)≤????(????(????,????????)+????(????,????????))+(1−2????)????(????,????) for all ????∈????and ????∈????, where ????∈(0,12) then ???? is Kannan cyclic, if ???? is satisfies following condition ????(????????,????????)≤????????????????{????(????,????),????(????????,????),????(????????,????)}+(1−????)????(????,????) for all ????∈???? and ????∈????, where ????∈(0,1) then ???? is Ćirić cyclic, if ???? is satisfies following condition ????(????????,????????)−????(????,????)≤∅(????(????,????????)+????(????,????????)+????(????,????????)+????(????,????????)4−????(????,????)) for all ????∈???? and ????∈????, where ∅ Meir-Keeler mapping then ???? is Meir-Keeler -Kannan-Ghatterjee. The existeness and uniqueness of the best proximity point for thes types of mapping are proven, furthermore, some examples are offered to show the results usefulness.

A point that stays unchanged during a transformation is known as a fixed point(Fp). Such points play an important part in several mathematical domains. Applying Fp theory approaches allows for the efficient derivation of suitable solutions for operator equations that describe phenomena in several nonlinear scientific disciplines. The goal of solving these equations is to identify the Fp and its approximation. In this paper, a new iteration process is provided to approximate common fixed points (CFp) for non-expansive mapping (Non-exp map). Some convergence theorems have been established and the results obtained are confirmed with examples and tables. A numerical example is given to demonstrate that a novel process converges more rapidly than other existing iteration procedures.

In this research, a model was taken to explore the relationship between the prey, the predator, and the scavenger in the diet to study dynamic behavior. This was done by forming a system of ordinary differential equations, and critical points were found for the model that match biologically and mathematically to our study. Their existence was proven, and theories were created for the model. By applying local and global stability methods, also we were able determine the bifurcation occurring at particular sites. After that, we observed the result of cooperation in hunting, which greatly affects both prey and predators, playing a vital and influential role. Everything we mentioned above was also proven practically, using Mathematica 13.2 to prove the validity of what we mentioned practically.

The monoform concept is defined as a module in which every nonzero submodule is rational. The primary goal of this research is to study this class of modules in terms of pure property, named purely monoform modules. It constitutes an extension of the monoform modules; in fact, the monoform modules are properly included in the class of purely monoform modules. Many characteristics of a purely monoform module have been offered as analogues to those in monoform modules. A discussion of how this class of modules relates to other related modules is considered, like almost monoform, purely uniform, purely quasi-Dedekind and purely prime modules. Besides that, other characterizations of the purely monoform module have been given similar to those known and satisfied in the monoform modules.

Due to their capacity to influence people and their usage in news, courts, medical, and military applications, verifying the authenticity of any shared images has become crucial. Image manipulation has become so simple with modern technology. This research introduces a forgery detection method that utilizes the Histogram-Oriented Gradients (HOG) descriptor. This descriptor is established by accumulating the edge orientations caused by image manipulation by a 1D histogram over an image region. The suggested method extracts HOG features in the YCbCr color space of high-frequency discrete wavelet transform (DWT) sub-bands. Later, these features are fed to a classifier to confirm the authenticity of the image or not. Two free datasets, Casia v1.0 and Casia v2.0, were used to evaluate the proposed method. The performance evaluation showed that the HOG descriptor can be utilized to detect image forgery efficiently, with an accuracy of 91.45% for Casia v1.0 and 89.67% for Casia v2.0. The aforementioned accuracies showed that the HOG descriptor can successfully be used to detect image forgery.

Over the past decades, speaker identification has gained the attention of many researchers and security companies because of its many applications in identifying individuals. Therefore, through this work, a speaker identification system has been designed and implemented. The system undergoes a preprocessing phase that involves the removal of silence, the removal of outliers, the quantization of features, and the extraction of linear predictive coding (LPC) and Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) features. Additionally, the system performs a mean and standard deviation analysis on all features. The third phase involved applying deep learning techniques such as convolutional neural networks (CNN), artificial neural networks (ANN), long-short-term memory (LSTM), and random forests (RF). The proposed work's novel idea is a hybrid architecture, generated from ANN and LSTM. The proposed hybrid speaker identification system exhibits exceptional processing efficiency and achieves a remarkable accuracy rate of 94.63% and 99.2%, respectively. This study makes a substantial contribution to the advancement of speech recognition technologies by highlighting the adaptability and practical value of the hybrid ANN-LSTM model, especially in situations where speed is of the essence. This work was applied to a large dataset that was combined from three different sources: TIMIT, Prominent Leaders, Fluent Speech Command, and the GSCC dataset, which are all comprised of audio files only.

In person recognition, biometrics play an important role. Behavioral or physiological characteristics are utilized by biometrics to identify an individual. Palmprint is considered highly usable and represents a reliable and unique biometric characteristic. Nevertheless, the useful and deepest features extracted from palm prints are an essential point. The most recently developed techniques use creases, wrinkles, and principal line features. However, due to closeness, these features are not enough to distinguish two individuals. Recently, one of the most important techniques that is considered a major key to extracting deep features such as texture features is deep learning. This paper proposes a biometric palm print system using the Resnet50 pre-train model to extract deep features and identify individuals. COEP and PolyU-IITD datasets are used in the simulation; moreover, the merging of COEP and PolyU-IITD in one dataset is also used. In the evaluation process, precision, F1-score, and recall are employed. The proposed system developed three models; the first model resulted in precision = 0.967, recall = 0.97, and F1 = 0.97. In comparison, the second model got precision = 0.88, recall = 0.87, and F1 = 0.86. Finally, the third model obtained precision = 0.95, recall = 0.92, and F1 = 0.93. The proposed system efficiently performs palm print identification.

The performance of PV modules, which is evaluated under standard test conditions, rarely meets actual outdoor conditions due to the fluctuations of PV output readings. The present work investigates the behavior of performance parameters of three PV technologies, namely mono-crystalline, poly-crystalline, and amorphous, under variation of environmental factors (ambient temperature Ta, relative humidity R.H., and solar irradiance G) in the four seasons on clear sky days during the year 2021. The performance parameters include open circuit voltage Voc, short circuit current density Jsc, ideal output power density PD, and ideal efficiency ηo. The study employed the first-designed I-V logger as a prototype for data collection at the Helwan site. The results revealed that all electrical performance parameters of the three solar modules have seasonally changed with environmental factors. In this sense, the performance parameters of three modules were strongly affected by the temperature coefficient of conversion efficiency in the afternoon period of the day. As a result, the highest values of depression in the ideal efficiency (ηo) due to the effect of ambient temperature (Ta) were -0.6%, -0.57%, and -0.3% for mc-Si, pc-Si, and a-Si, respectively during the afternoon period in the summer season. While the greatest percentage drops in ηo values of mc-Si, pc-Si, and a-Si were -0.87%, -0.78%, and -0.32%, respectively, per unit increase in relative humidity (R.H.) over the winter. On the other hand, the performance of crystalline Si PV technologies is more affected by solar irradiance than a-Si technology in the winter season. The obtained results provide a comprehensive understanding of the operating behavior of each solar PV module type, which will be utilized to optimize the PV power system at the considered site in the future.

With a small radio telescope in a high-noise area, this paper measured the Milky Way's rotation curve using the Tangent Point Method, by the Baghdad University Radio Telescope (BURT). It is placed on the Department of Astronomy and Space roof, and observes a 21-cm HI emission line, scanning the galaxy's first quadrant systematically. From 0° to 90° galactic longitude, by increasing 5°, the telescope identifies the highest recession velocity, corresponding to clouds orbiting tangent to the line of observation. The rotation curve, plotting galactic rotational velocity against distance from the centre, is anticipated to be flat, indicative of uniform mass distribution. However, observed deviations challenge this expectation, revealing non-flat curves and prompting the exploration of the dark matter problem. Anomalies in the rotation curve imply unseen mass in the galaxy, expanding our comprehension of the Milky Way's composition and contributing crucial insights into the pervasive mystery of dark matter.

The dynamics and physics of the atmospheric layer nearest to the Earth's surface
are included in the boundary layer meteorology. This research aims to evaluate the
impacts of aerosols at different altitudes with various optical properties on CBL
development. The greatest impact occurs when aerosol absorption is low but close
to the peak of CBL. The main objective of this research is to study the effect of
aerosols which reduce the net heating, which in turn causes a decrease in the height
of the CBL and increases the partitioning of the boundary layer. The methods used
in the study depend on the hourly average height boundary taken from the European
Centre for Weather Forecast (ECMWF) during the year 2021 over Baghdad City. It
showed that the values of the height of the bounding layer during the winter were
low, and they were high during the summer, while the values of the height of the
bounding layer during the autumn were slightly higher than in the spring, and this
was due to many reasons, such as astronomical and meteorological factors. The
results showed that the values of the particulate matter PM1, 2.5, and10μg/m3 during the
spring and autumn were high, while the values of the PM1, 2.5, and10 μg/m3 during the
winter and summer were low, as well as PM10 μg/m3 were high, including a great
boundary layer height and PM1, and 2.5 μg/ m3were low, including a slight boundary layer
height. Also, PM10 μg/ m3 was high, including a great boundary layer height and
PM1 and 2.5 were low including a slight boundary layer height, and this is due to
many reasons, such as the optical depth of particle matter, solar heating, humidity,
wind speed, precipitation, and humans’ activities.

The design and production of four-blade vertical turbines for wind power are the subjects of this study. One kind of wind turbine with a vertical axis that is used to generate electricity is the giromill wind turbine. The turbine comprises a primary shaft that rotates and four straight airfoils that depict the blades. The airfoil, main shaft, and bearing of all necessary wind turbine components were developed for the Iraqi exterior highways in this study. Included in the power calculations are torque, TSR, power factor, and wind speed. After the blades are made, all the pieces are assembled from steel, aluminum, and wood components. Ultimately, testing revealed that the turbine was operating very efficiently.

The study uses the photometric method, which depends on the intensity of color scale levels in the image pixels. The work is based on converting color into a wavelength in each pixel; in the beginning, the work has been verified by measuring the monochromatic wavelengths of rays, such as lasers. The Matlab program (image processing) calculated the number of lasers as 325 nm, 473 nm, 477 nm, 535 nm, 603, and 785 nm, where the results were very good and had a low error rate. The elements had distinctive colors, which indicated wavelengths in the visible range. The work was done for the sulfur element found in specific Iraqi locations, such as Al-Mashraq field in Mosul province. The image processing techniques by Matlab software, with the assistance of the Google Earth tool, zoomed the land from a scale of about 700 km to 5m, as shown in the research results. The result showed that the sulfur element locations on the map revealed that Iraq contains significant quantities of the element in western and southwestern regions, which essentially concentrate in referred locations compared to some fields in northern Iraq. This study and its results can help companies identify specific sulfur fields.

This study investigates the impact of spatial resolution enhancement on supervised classification accuracy using Landsat 9 satellite imagery, achieved through pan-sharpening techniques leveraging Sentinel-2 data. Various methods were employed to synthesize a panchromatic (PAN) band from Sentinel-2 data, including dimension reduction algorithms and weighted averages based on correlation coefficients and standard deviation. Three pan-sharpening algorithms (Gram-Schmidt, Principal Components Analysis, Nearest Neighbour Diffusion) were employed, and their efficacy was assessed using seven fidelity criteria. Classification tasks were performed utilizing Support Vector Machine and Maximum Likelihood algorithms. Results reveal that specific synthetic PAN bands, notably PAN10, PAN2, and PAN9, demonstrate superior performance in image fusion and classification tasks. This study underscores the significance of selecting fusion algorithms and panchromatic bands tailored to applications, with Support Vector Machine classifiers showcasing resilience across diverse fusion methods. Even though the PAN8 band has exhibited lower overall accuracy, it is helpful in effectively delineating some land cover classes