JOURNAL OF AL-QALAM UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

For the purpose of interpreting the contract, determining its binding force, and clarifying the possibility of its implementation or not, due to the invalidity or attachment that may surround it, this requires possessing important tools that help the parties in general and the judge in particular. Perhaps among those tools are the rules of jurisprudence, the most prominent of which is the rule of the conflict of the impediment with the requirement, due to its effective role in describing the validity of contracts or not when accompanied by impediments that require their implementation due to their connection to an essential goal that cannot be avoided or ignored. This is because the issue of the conflict of requirement with the prohibition is one of the essential and important issues that must be surrounded with the necessary attention, especially the logic of Islamic law, which is to give precedence to prohibitions over commands whenever the prohibitions constitute great harm compared to the commands that may be less than them or not equal to them. This, of course, makes the rule under discussion widely applied in practical life due to the frequency of conflicts and the constant need for an accurate weighting to resolve that conflict whenever possible

This study analyzes the legal and institutional role played by the United Nations in addressing maritime security threats, including piracy, maritime terrorism, organized crime, and regional conflicts. It focuses on the international legal framework, particularly the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), relevant Security Council resolutions, and the efforts of UN-affiliated bodies such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The research assesses the effectiveness of these tools in maintaining maritime security and highlights key limitations in the current mechanisms, such as weak compliance, overlapping jurisdictions, and the absence of binding enforcement procedures. The study concludes with recommendations to enhance the UN's role by developing more robust monitoring and cooperative frameworks.

The dialect spoken by Iraqi Turkmens belongs to the Azerbaijani Turkish dialect group within the eastern branch of the Southwestern Oghuz Group. Iraqi Turkmens are Oghuz people who migrated from Central Asia. In written language, Turkmens use Turkish rather than their spoken dialects.
As Turkmens interact with their surroundings in their new living areas, they update their knowledge of plant varieties. While preserving the old Turkish plant names they have traditionally used, they have occasionally adopted Arabic or Persian names for new species. In some cases, they have even created new terms that align with their linguistic structure.
This study compiles old plant names used in the Dakuk district within Iraqi Turkmen dialects and aims to examine them comparatively with their equivalents in Turkish and Old Turkish. Iraqi Turkmens have adapted borrowed Persian and Arabic words to fit their phonetic characteristics. Consequently, these loanwords have undergone phonetic changes, including sound shifts, elisions, additions, and semantic shifts.

In 1973, a Turkmen Reading Book for 3rd Grade was published by the Al-Sadun Printing House in Baghdad to be used in Turkmen schools. Written in Ottoman Turkish, 10,000 copies of the book were printed in the first edition, and its price was set at 135 fils. Based on a decision by the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council dated January 24, 1970, Turkmens were granted cultural and educational rights, including permission to prepare and publish five textbooks for use in Turkmen schools. These textbooks were prepared by Reşit Kazım Beyatlı, Muhammet Hurşit Dakuklu, and İzzettin Abdi Beyatlı. It was observed that all of the books were written in Ottoman Turkish. The series of books consisted of the following: Turkmen Alphabet Book for the 1st grade, Reading Book for the 2nd grade, Reading Book for the 3rd grade, Reading Book for the 4th grade, and finally, Turkmen Grammar.
The main purpose of analyzing the 3rd Grade Turkmen Reading Book in this study is to examine the topics covered at that time and to present them as a resource for contemporary writers.

This case study investigates the effectiveness of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) and Technology-Enhanced Language Learning (TELL) approaches compared to traditional methods in developing English language proficiency among non-native speakers at Martyr Abdullah Abdulrahman Preparatory School for Boys in Kirkuk, Iraq. The study employed a quasi-experimental mixed-methods design with 72 male students (ages 16-17) from grade 10, randomly assigned to three groups: TBLT (n=24), TELL (n=24), and traditional control (n=24). Data collection included pre/post language proficiency tests measuring speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills, alongside motivation questionnaires and qualitative interviews. Over a 16-week intervention period, TBLT participants demonstrated significant improvements in speaking proficiency (M = 18.4, SD = 2.53, Cohen's d = 2.89), while TELL students showed substantial gains in listening skills (M = 18.33, SD = 2.48, d = 3.12). Both innovative approaches significantly outperformed traditional methods across all measured language skills (p < .001). The findings suggest that context-adapted communicative approaches can effectively enhance English language acquisition in Iraqi secondary education, with differential effects favoring speaking development through task-based instruction and listening enhancement through technology integration.

Iraq has gone through a difficult period that has greatly affected its international reputation, as a result of the wars, conflicts, and political and security conditions it has experienced over decades. This calls for intensive efforts to rebuild this reputation and present a positive image of Iraq to the world. The current study aims to identify the trends of Iraqi diplomats towards employing television programs in building Iraq's international reputation, by conducting a descriptive study, based on the survey method in its field aspect and the theory of uses and effects as a theoretical framework. The study was applied to a sample of (150) Iraqi diplomats, and the electronic questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting data.
The study concluded that there is a positive trend by Iraqi diplomats towards employing television programs in building Iraq's international reputation, and the trend towards "supporting the production of television programs that reflect the contemporary Iraqi reality in a positive way" came at the forefront. It also showed that the motive of "correcting misconceptions and negative stereotypes" came at the forefront of the motives for diplomats to employ television programs in building Iraq's international reputation.

This research revolves around the horizon of induction and analysis of the grammatical factor in the raised nouns and verbs according to Ibn al-Sarraj AH) in his book (Indices in Grammar)
Because of the importance of this topic, which lies in stimulating the cultural taste to know the reason for the ruling, and thus strengthening the conviction in accepting it, and also reflects the ability of the early scholars nd their knowledge of the principles of scientific research even if they did not study its rules, this research included an introduction, a preface and three sections. In the first section we dealt with: the definition of the factor, its origin and its relationship to grammar. In the second section, we discussed the factors that influence the raising of nouns, and in the third section, the factors that influence the raising of verbs. Finally, we concluded by mentioning the most important findings of the research. In conclusion, I ask God Almighty to make this work sincerely for His sake, to guide those who will benefit from it, and to guide us to what is good, righteous, and knowledgeable. Amen.

The issue of the "Last Day" is one of the basic pillars of the Islamic faith, and it is a pivotal topic in the life of a Muslim, affecting his behavior and religious and moral orientations. Both Dr. Qahtaan Al-Douri in his book "Islamic Beliefs" and Dr. Rushdi Alian in his book "Fundamentals of Religion" addressed the concept of the Last Day, but each of them adopted a special approach in addressing it. This study aims to compare the two books in how they present this essential topic in the Islamic faith.
The book "Islamic Beliefs" by Dr. Qahtaan Al-Douri addressed the topic of the Last Day through the legal texts based on the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet. Dr. Qahtaan focused on presenting the concept of resurrection after death and accountability on the Day of Judgment, and details of punishment and reward, with emphasis on the reward of believers in Paradise and the torment of unbelievers in Hell. He also addressed topics such as the path and the scale in a traditional manner, presenting these concepts based on the classical understanding of the Sunni school, without touching greatly on contemporary interpretations.
In the book "Fundamentals of Religion" by Dr. Rushdi Alian, the concept of the Last Day was presented in a similar manner, but he added a broader analysis, as he addressed the philosophical aspects and contemporary interpretations of the interpretation of the Last Day, and also discussed in detail the idea of resurrection and accountability, and focused on the issue of the development of the contemporary Muslim's understanding of the afterlife, trying to integrate the traditional interpretation with contemporary philosophical and scientific thinking, and he added details about the degrees of torment in Hell and the bliss of Paradise and the impact of these concepts on the behavior of Muslims in the modern era.
By comparing the two books, it appears that Dr. Qahtaan Al-Douri presents the subject directly and clearly, relying on texts without expanding on philosophical aspects, while Dr. Rushdi Alian allows more space for philosophical and rational analysis, and as Rushdi Alian discusses the developments of the modern era and their effects on the traditional understanding of Islamic doctrine, while Dr. Qahtaan Al-Douri remains committed to the traditional presentation.

Employment of Infographics in Iraqi Satellite Channels and its Impact on the Recipient from the Perspective of Iraqi Experts
This study aimed to identify the degree of using infographics in Iraqi satellite channels and its impact on the recipient. This study belongs to the descriptive studies based on the survey method by distributing a questionnaire to a sample of 100 infographic designers working in Iraqi channels.
The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are:
The results showed that the animated infographic is the most commonly used type in Iraqi satellite channels, followed by the mixed type.
The phrase presenting information and ideas in a brief and simple manner came to the fore as the most prominent reason for using infographics on Iraqi satellite channels, followed by adding greater credibility to the contents presented.
The most important impacts of using infographics in Iraqi channels on the recipient are attracting viewers and increasing their interaction with the presented content, in addition to clarifying complex information and ideas in an easy-to-understand visual way
The main challenges facing infographic designers in Iraqi channels are time pressures and lack of specialized expertise and competencies
It has been proven that there is a statistically significant correlation between Iraqi satellite channels’ use of infographics and its impact on the recipient..

The study aimed to analyze the constitutional framework for the protection of public funds in Iraq, according to the current 2005 Constitution, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of constitutional provisions in combating financial and administrative corruption. It also compared these provisions with the constitutions of other countries to identify applicable best practices.
The study followed a descriptive and analytical approach, reviewing and analyzing constitutional provisions related to the protection of public funds. A comparative approach was also used to compare the Iraqi experience with that of other countries, while an inductive approach was used to study the extent to which these provisions are applied in practice and their effectiveness in reducing financial and administrative corruption.
The study concluded that the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 included provisions guaranteeing the protection of public funds. However, weak oversight and accountability mechanisms limited the effectiveness of these provisions in combating corruption. Furthermore, the inadequacy of executive legislation and the weakness of oversight institutions led to continued violations of public funds, threatening economic stability and sustainable development. The study recommended strengthening the independence of oversight institutions, amending certain constitutional articles to enhance transparency and accountability, imposing stricter penalties for financial and administrative corruption, raising public awareness of the importance of preserving public funds, and drawing on successful international experiences in this area to develop legislation and executive procedures for protecting public funds in Iraq.

Legislation seeks to modernize guarantee systems, ensuring they contribute to increasing the volume of credit granted and not limiting it to ordinary financing only, while upgrading them to ensure joint financing for major projects. Therefore, the establishment of an institution that represents creditors in the matter of guarantees is an important development in comparative legislation, which aims to protect the rights of creditors whose rights are secured by personal and material guarantees, and contributes to increasing the volume of credit and diversifying its sources without limiting it to only one banking or financial institution, in order to meet the growing needs of borrowers to obtain financing.

Despite Turkey's geographical position in the Middle East, some view this relationship from the perspective of the internal forces influencing its foreign policy, namely the political elites, military and economic pressure groups, political parties, the media, and public opinion. The pragmatism (utilitarianism or self-interest) of Turkey's ruling elites has forced it to adopt a utilitarian policy toward the Middle East, specifically regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict. Turkey has used this as a pretext for its rejection of the UN Partition Plan since 1947, but it quickly reversed its refusal by de facto recognizing the State of Israel in 1949. Later, in 1950, it recognized it de jure, becoming the only Muslim country to do so. Its recognition preceded that of Britain, France, and the United Nations. This recognition was one of the reasons for Turkey's acceptance into NATO and its receipt of military, economic, and security assistance from the West, particularly the United States. Then, with another pragmatic effort, it became active in defending the Middle East on October 1, 1950, when the Soviets advanced their defenses to the Iranian border. A power vacuum emerged, which the West felt was important for Turkey to fill. To clarify this, we will discuss interest groups and pressure groups in our study.

Comparative interpretative studies are considered one of the most important research fields in Islamic sciences, as they seek to achieve a deeper understanding of the Holy Quran by comparing different interpretations and schools of thought. In this context, Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Qais's book "Al-Mu'talif wa al-Mukhtalif fi al-Tafsir" stands out as a pioneering work that seeks to open new horizons in this field. This research aims to provide an analytical reading of Dr. Qais's book, and to shed light on his most important contributions in the field of comparative interpretation. We will discuss various aspects of the book, starting with his methodology in comparing Sunni and Shiite interpretation, and reaching the results he reached regarding the points of agreement and disagreement between the two schools of thought. We will also discuss the importance of this book in developing comparative interpretative studies, and its effects on dialogue between Islamic schools of thought.

شهدت الصين خلال العقود الأخيرة تحولاً اقتصادياً هائلاً جعلها قوة عالمية رئيسية. يمكن تفسير هذا التصاعد الاقتصادي المذهل من خلال عدة محركات أساسية ، أهمها الإصلاحات الاقتصادية التي بدأها دنغ شياو بينغ في أواخر السبعينيات شكلت نقطة تحول في مسار الاقتصاد الصيني، حيث تحول تدريجياً من اقتصاد مخطط مركزياً إلى "اقتصاد سوق اشتراكي" يجمع بين آليات السوق والتوجيه الحكومي والانفتاح على الاستثمارات الأجنبية والتجارة العالمية، خاصة بعد انضمام الصين لمنظمة التجارة العالمية عام 2001، أدى إلى تدفق رؤوس الأموال وتحول البلاد إلى "مصنع العالم".
ان الاستثمار الهائل في البنية التحتية والتصنيع أعطى الصين ميزة تنافسية كبيرة، اذ تمثل مبادرة "الحزام والطريق" التي أطلقتها الصين عام 2013 رؤية طموحة لتوسيع نفوذها الاقتصادي عالمياً من خلال استثمارات ضخمة في البنية التحتية عبر آسيا وأفريقيا وأوروبا.
ان هذا النمو الاقتصادي الصيني أصبح محركاً أساسياً للتغيير في النظام الدولي، مما خلق تحديات للهيمنة الغربية التقليدية وفرص لتوسيع العلاقات الصينية التعاونية مع الدول كافة وروسيا الاتحادية بشكل خاص مما أدى إلى إعادة تشكيل العلاقات الاقتصادية والجيوسياسية العالمية.

Irak çağdaş Türkmen edebiyatı, 19. Yüzyıldan itibaren teşekkül etmeye başlamıştır. Bu dönemde, özellikle Kerkük, Musul, Tuzhurmatı gibi Türkmen bölgelerinde bu edebiyatın temsilcileri ürünlerini ortaya koymuşlardır. Bunlar arasında, Türkmen şairi Sabah Tuzlu’da Türkmen edebiyatında önemli ve görkemli isimlerden biridir. Bu çalışmada Sabah Tuzlu’da Irak dışındaki edebiyatlarda çok fazla tanıtılması amaçlanmıştır. Yaptığımız çalışmada, Tuzlu’nun eserlerine, kendisine ve kendisi hakkındaki çalışmalara ulaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Irak Türkmenlerinin edebiyatında Sabah Tuzlu’nun en önemli katkısının vatan, millet, bayrak ve memleket olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanında şiirlerinde milli duyguları ifade etmesi yönüyle dikkati çekmiştir. Bunların dışında Tuzlu’nun Irak Türkmen çocuk hikâyeleride yer alarak bu eserle Türkçe olarak basılmış ve hazırlanmasında önemli çabalar sarf etmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışmada Irak Türkmenlerinin günümüzdeki önemli sanatçılarından birisi olan Sabah Tuzlu, çok yönlü edebi kişiliğe sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bir diğer yandan şairin biyografisine yer verilerek, yaşamı ile şiirleri arasındaki etkileşim ortaya konmuştur. Tuzhurmatu’nun edebî ve kültürel yapısı, Türkmen kimliğinin taşıyıcısı olarak değerlendirilmiş; Sabah Tuzlu’nun eğitim hayatı, askerlik süreci ve meslekî yaşamı bağlamında şiirsel üretim süreci analiz edilmiştir. Sabah Tuzlu’nun eserleri, Irak Türkmen edebiyatında hem bireysel duyguların hem de toplumsal bilincin önemli bir taşıyıcısı olarak değerlendirilmektedir.

Background: Antibiotic misuse is a critical health concern, particularly in countries struggling with financial income. In these regions, parents' inappropriate use of antibiotics contributes to antimicrobial resistance. This study aims to evaluate the percentage of parents administering antibiotics to their children without prescriptions, identify the key factors driving this behavior, and suggest appropriate measures to address this issue in Kirkuk society.
Methods: This study was conducted from June 2024 to October 2024. The interview was carried out with the father or mother who has at least one child, and each participant received a copy of a questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to be completed by either the father or the mother in each family, ensuring one response per household. The questionnaire included questions related to the inappropriate use of antibiotics by parents, specifically, where antibiotics were used without a prescription. Results: In this study, (53.1%) of parents reported administering antibiotics to their children without a prescription. Parents with university degrees were less likely to misuse antibiotics,11.4% of them did not use antibiotics without a prescription, compared to 6.5% of parents without university degrees. Among participants with a monthly income of 700,000 Iraqi Dinars (ID), 502 were surveyed, and (68.72%) of them admitted to administering antibiotics to their children without a prescription. In contrast, of the 528 families with a monthly income between 1,200,000 and 2,000,000 ID, (56.82%) reported similar practices. Conclusions: We concluded that a majority of families in this study administer antibiotics to their children without a prescription. The likelihood of such misuse is closely linked to the educational achievement of parents, as those with university degrees are more likely to use antibiotics appropriately. Furthermore, our data found a correlation between monthly financial income and the rational use of antibiotics, with families of lower income being more inclined to misuse antibiotics without prescriptions.

Resorting to alternative means to resolve disputes resulting from partnership contracts has now become an urgent matter, in order to meet the requirements of advanced and accelerating business and commercial services, and the resulting complexity and need for speed and effectiveness. Until the courts became unable to address it individually, the need arose for the existence of legal rules and provisions through which the parties could resolve their disputes quickly, effectively, and fairly, and granting them flexibility and freedom that are not available in judicial institutions. Also, resorting to alternative means of resolving disputes has received great attention. Various legal and judicial systems, and accordingly, these means were addressed and their effects on partnership contract disputes and their implications for sustainable development were explained.