Tikrit Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences

The research aims to demonstrate the impact and role of financial depth indicators in addressing the problem of inflation in Iraq and to indicate the direction of the relationship between financial depth indicators and inflation, as the model has been estimated ARDL data based on the Eviews-12 statistical program, as the broad money supply is one of the most important indicators that can be relied upon in the future in dealing with inflation and reaching low or economically acceptable levels.

The study focused on an important economic aspect to analyse and conceal the economic impacts on many macroeconomic variables, namely, unemployment and inflation, in terms of standards and analysis. To achieve research objectives, research is divided into three parts. The first part addresses the theoretical framework of the concept of implicit (hidden) economics, which accordingly is divided into three needs. Part I deals with the definition and perception of a hidden economy. The second requirement includes hidden economic sources that generate hidden economic activities, i.e. illegal and unregistered economic activities. The second category is legal economic activities that are not involved or registered, and also includes one method of measuring the hidden economic scale, i.e. the fixed percentage method. The third requirement addresses the impact of the hidden economy, which includes economic and social impacts. The second, the trend towards the development of Iraq's hidden economy, is divided into three sections. The first includes the subject of Iraq's unemployment rate and its types, and with regard to the second requirement, presenting the activities of the illicit hidden economy during the period of study (2010-2020) of financial and administrative corruption and its indicators. The third called for analysis of some macroeconomic variables around the hidden economy, including inflation and unemployment. They are the subordinate variables, while the second requirement is to estimate economic variables and the standard model of the size of Iraq's hidden economy using the Pearson method and a statistical procedure for the use of Eviews12, and it has been found that there is no moral difference. between the size of the hidden economy and the rate of unemployment and the impact of inflation. The third requirement includes economic analysis. In terms of criteria, the results indicate that there is no interaction between a hidden economy, inflation and unemployment. While in practice a hidden economy wastes public funds and environmental crimes, including toxic waste crimes and contaminated exports. Iraq's invisible economy is a phenomenon of social underdevelopment. Iraq's hidden economic phenomenon must be studied by a specialized research team. The State shall provide all facilities for the study, diagnosis, measurement and accounting of this phenomenon. The detection, identification, accounting and control of this phenomenon is the first step necessary to deal with it and to work hard to stabilize the political and security stability of the country, because it is one of the factors affecting the number of hidden economic activity, because as long as the country's security and political situation is stable, it will reduce the size of the hidden economy.

The article explores the issue of financial security at the macroeconomic and regional levels, which is a structural component of the economic security system.
The nature of the category "economic security" is closely related to the concepts of "sustainability" and "development", since the more stable a socio-economic system is, the greater its production and financial and banking Vigorous and therefore a very high level of safety. At the same time, the category of "economic security" itself is heterogeneous, and the dominant value in its structure belongs to financial security. In turn, achieving the necessary level of economic and financial security at any level implies implementing active, progressive and purposeful financial policies in practice

This research analyzed the trend of public expenditures in a number of Arab countries for the period (2000/2018) in each of Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait by showing the nature of public expenditures and their impact on stability the economy through both current and investment spending). Where both these countries faced the problem of high public expenditures, which is one of the most important economic problems with direct effects on the national economy. These countries suffer from the huge increase in public expenditures and limited revenues, which are now unable to cover their expenses on the one hand, and on the other hand, their revenues included sources limited and unstable. The study aimed to analyze the trend of public expenditures and to reveal the reasons that led to the increase in public expenditures and to know its direction during the research period under study. The analytical approach to public expenditures was also used through the ready-made software Minitab and the processing of primary data for indicators and based on Trend Analysis.

Exports, as an important indicator that explains the health and strength of the performance of foreign trade, play a pivotal role in terms of influencing the overall economic activities, due to what they represent as a key attraction for foreign exchange, which enables and creates an additional capacity that allows the import of capital and intermediate goods necessary to finance the requirements of productive and investment projects, as well as its effective role in confronting imbalances and addressing them at the economic level. The research aims to verify and investigate the effectiveness of exports by measuring the dimensions of their impact in addressing the most important imbalances faced by the Iraqi economy During the research period, and the research has reached the lack of joint integration, and then the ineffectiveness of exports in addressing inflation in Iraq, while it was found that there is a balanced relationship between exports and unemployment rates during the research period, and this applies with the reality of economic theory, The research also suggested intensifying the government's efforts to expand the structure of exports to ensure economic diversification and achieve goals at the level of other economic sectors.

This research aims to analyze the reality of public expenditures in the Iraqi economy and selected countries as well as an indication of the possibility of implementing the policy of rationalizing public spending as a preventive tool to reduce financial crises in Iraq , and the research started from the hypothesis that the rationalization of public spending in Iraq could contribute to the limit One of the financial crises that the Iraqi economy is exposed to and the research has found that the policy of rationalizing public spending in Iraq suffers from several obstacles that stands in the face of its achievement as well as the lack of desire and true will among decision makers in Iraq to adopt reform policies such as the policy of rationalizing public expenditures as a tool through which it can Confronting the crises facing the Iraqi economy and the research recommends the need to work with a policy of rationalizing public spending as a preventive tool through which financial crises can be confronted by applying this policy with a high degree of discipline and determining the priorities of spending to achieve the principle of the highest benefits with the least amount of spending, as well as the necessity The true reform will of those in charge of fiscal policy in achieving the guidance and rationality to avoid the manifestations of financial and administrative corruption and eliminate all aspects of extravagance and waste.

This paper examines the determinants of inflation in Iraq over the period 2003-2021. To do so, the annual inflation rate of the Iraqi economy was examined using econometric models. The exploratory factor analysis was used which showed that there is a social problem of the prevalence of drug and alcohol addiction in the society and an economic problem of the dominance of expenditure on these items as the second largest expenditure after food expenditure. Moreover, the results indicate that consumer expenditure on final goods is the most prominent factor which drives the spending habits in the Iraqi society. The study results provide evidence that the Iraqi authorities should pay more attention to curbing consumption among individuals and educating them on the importance of saving and investing to avoid money and other resource waste, as well as imposing higher taxes on imports of drugs, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages to counter the problem of hard currency leakage for controlling inflation in Iraq.

This study dealt with the impact of gold production on the macroeconomic indicators of the Sudanese for the period (1999 - 2020), and the problem of the study was represented in Sudan losing part of its resources as a result of the secession of the south, coinciding with the spread of private gold mining in that period and the state's search for an alternative resource to support the national economy, and the study assumed The positive impact of gold mining activity on the Sudanese economy, and the study followed the descriptive, historical and analytical approach, and the most important results are the presence of a statistically significant relationship between gold production in Sudan and the gross domestic product and the trade balance of Sudan, Gold production contributed positively to Sudan’s gross domestic product, public revenues, and increased reserves of gold and foreign exchange. Gold shares a high percentage and value in Sudanese exports, reaching 53% in 2012, and 39% in 2020, and the most important recommendations are not to rely on gold exports only to the outside world in order to avoid economic shocks in the event of the depletion of gold wells or a drop in its global prices, That the state create an investment climate, develop more flexible policies, encourage and attract direct national and foreign investments in the mining sector in general and gold in particular

The research aims to shed light on the nature, importance and motives of economic diversification, as well as knowing the challenges facing the process of economic diversification in the Iraqi economy through analyzing its indicators, as well as analyzing the impact of the economic sectors represented in (agriculture, industry, oil sector) on reducing the problem of unemployment, Using time series to express the nature of the relationship between the variables of the study, and by estimating and analyzing the relationship in the applied side in which the ARDL model was used, it was found that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship that goes from economic diversification to unemployment in Iraq during the study period, in addition to the existence of a weak inverse effect between the balance Trade and unemployment and between the general budget and unemployment

This research is supposed to reveal the trends in the development of Mauritania's trade exchange during the study period, as well as exports and imports as having an impact on the economic performance of this country, This research aims to analyze the indicators of international trade exchange for Mauritania and its effects on its economic performance, This research used data on trade exchange and gross domestic product for the country of Mauritania, reports to the World Bank, for the period (2000-2020), The research reached several results, the most important of which is that the development in the mining sector, gold mines and fishing has a positive impact on economic performance and exports, The Mauritanian economy was affected by external shocks such as the global financial crisis and the rise in oil prices globally, as well as the political unrest taking place in Mauritania and the vulnerability to climatic conditions such as drought, The Mauritanian economy witnessed commercial openness due to the increasing dependence on imports, as well as the signing of a trade agreement and a fishing agreement with other countries, The research recommended that Mauritania draw up development plans to develop its economy to reduce dependence on international organizations, and to carry out economic reforms such as interest in the mining, gold and fishing sectors, and to develop and increase the production of agricultural crops.

Iraq is facing financial and monetary crises through the policies adopted by the Central Bank of Iraq. Today, we want to put the Central Bank of Iraq in a group of elements to make it independent in making financial and monetary decisions through standards and scales so that it affects the economic life of the state. Through this research, we are trying to develop an approach to the independence of the bank Iraqi Central.

International finance is one of the important sources for the countries of the world in general and Iraq in particular, the aim of the research is to clarify the concept of international finance and its most important sources and analyze the growth of these sources in the Iraqi economy during the study period: the research has concluded that foreign direct investment is the least source of international financing contributing to the Iraqi economy. This is due to several factors, the most important of which is the deterioration of the security situation and the failure to provide facilities for the work of foreign companies inside Iraq and to attract foreign capital. As for the international aid, it was fluctuating and unstable and goes to addressing imbalances in the public budget or facing emergency situations such as terrorist operations in (2014). It was a way to cover the negatives achieved by managing economic resources. As for the loans, the Iraqi governments relied heavily on them to address the general budget, which leads to the emergence and future obstacles in paying the burdens arising from these loans, especially as they go to operating expenses that do not result in profits and returns.

The research aims to show the role and importance of the digital economy in economic activity in general, and the dimensions of industrial entrepreneurship in particular, and to reveal the role of the digital economy in achieving industrial entrepreneurship in Iraq. The research assumes that the digital economy is a basic pillar in the economy and is necessary to achieve industrial entrepreneurship programs in Iraq. The research concluded that all the variables of the digital economy and industrial entrepreneurship in Iraq tended to increase during the period of the study, and were affected by the global financial crisis and the Corona pandemic crisis, and soon returned to a gradual rise. The research suggests an increase in the digital economy and attracting more foreign investments in the technology sectors to stimulate entrepreneurial activity, and to provide statistical surveys on the types of entrepreneurial activities in them, in a way that contributes to clarifying the determinants of entrepreneurship and its economic implications.

The study aimed to find out the direction of the causal relationship in the long term between the volume of final consumer spending and the population growth rate in Iraq for the period (1990-2021), as the economic measurement process was based on the annual data issued by the World Bank in order to analyze and clarify this relationship using the modified Wald test Which was presented by the Japanese scientists Toda and Yamamoto, which is based on the estimation of the enhanced autoregressive VAR (k + d), and after conducting the stability test according to the Phillips-Perron test statistic and ensuring the stability of the chain at the level I (1), Also, the cointegration test of Johansen Giles was relied upon to see if there was at least one complementary relationship, and based on the (VAR) model, the optimal slowing period (second lag) was chosen according to each of the Akiki criterion (AIC), and accordingly the study concluded that there is a relationship Equilibrium in the long term between the two variables, in addition to the existence of a unilateral trend of causality from population growth towards final consumption expenditures in the absence of the relationship from final consumption expenditures to population growth

The research is a modest attempt to re-shed light on the justifications for achieving good and rational governance and reforms in planning for the Iraqi general budget, which is described as a fragile budget because there are 25% of expenditures that go to security, defense and arms purchases, and 50% go to wages and salaries that represent the operational side at the expense of the investment side, thus the indicators of good governance remain. Low with poor management of the public revenues of the Iraqi state, which will hinder the building of the project of a strong and stable state and will prolong the time to find effective solutions that contribute to solving the main problems of society (poverty indicators, unemployment, the housing file, the provision of basic services for all components of Iraqi society).
Protecting public money from corruption and efficient planning for managing public revenues and employing them properly in public expenditures under a righteous and rational rule will increase the productivity of these expenditures and reduce dependency on external debt in the face of the public budget deficit. The solutions are not impossible, but they need national management to achieve them, especially since there is corruption and great waste. With regard to non-oil financial revenues, it is unacceptable to spend 50% of the general budget without revenues going back to the federal budget.

The internal debt is one of the means of financing resorted to by governments when unable to provide the necessary revenues to cover their expenses, and focusing on the internal side of the public debt increases fears in Iraq of the continuation of successive governments relying on oil revenues and borrowing to finance their expenditures and these fears increase in the fact that those funds do not go only a small part of them in financing the wheel of human development, The research aims to analyze the course of internal public debt in Iraq and show the extent of its impact, whether negatively or positively, on both spending on health and education as important indicators of human development., The research has found the ineffectiveness of internal public debt in terms of financing spending on education and health in most periods of research, in order to complete the process of human development, the research also suggested doubling the efforts and endeavors of the government to top the issue of financing human development priorities and tasks of its spending policies through Reform its structure while legalizing the use of indebtedness to enhance this aspect because of its negative consequences and fluctuations.

The research aims at analyzing the relationship between the exchange rates with the structure of the exports of Iraq after 2003. It also aims at analyzing to which extent the Iraqi governmental authorities can use the exchange rates to diversify the exports; as Iraq depends on one type of exports (which is in our case: Oil Exports). The research hypothesizes that there is a lack of associative relationship between the exchange rates and the structure of the exports of Iraq during the research period due to the rental trend of the economy of Iraq. The research adopts the descriptive analytical method to analyze the exchange rates and the reasons that led the Iraqi government to change the exchange rates many times. The research also analyzes the structure and content of the Iraqi exports as well as the changes that occurred to it during the study period. The research provides a set of recommendations that include the necessity of benefiting from oil revenues in diversifying the structure of the Iraqi economy. Moreover, it also recommends diversifying the structure of exports and disengaging the development process from the oil sector. This point contributes to increasing the role of economic variables, including exchange rates that have an impact on the structure of exports and its diversity that leads to its independence from oil exports.

The window for selling foreign currency is one of the means of indirect monetary policy affecting the monetary basis in order to control aggregate demand, face inflationary pressures and achieve stability in the value of the local currency, as the success of monetary policy is measured by maintaining stability in prices, and then achieving economic stability As a result of the stability of the exchange rate and the reduction of inflation in general, and this is considered a basic pillar for the development process and the implementation of economic projects, especially those that need imported raw materials, the research problem focused on highlighting the mechanism of the foreign currency sale window at the present time, as well as its important role in covering imports. The aim of the research was to inform the specialists and non-specialists of the work of the window and what are the problems of the window that it is exposed to as well as the smoothness of the process of external transfers (transfers, credits) and what is the electronic platform that was developed recently. Cash- remittances-credits), and the researcher reached the most important conclusion that the window for selling foreign currency is the main rule that there is no other way out in the implementation of international financial transactions. A positive impact on the Iraqi economy.

The importance of sustainable tourism development is determined by several indicators that show the extent to which it supports the country's economic and social development goals, including increasing national income, expanding job opportunities, reducing unemployment, maintaining the balance of payments, achieving balanced development across the country's regions, and enhancing income and revenues. Government, among others. The importance of promoting the development of sustainable tourism in the areas of job creation and human resources development is increasing. This is a long-term human investment as the benefits drive growth in all aspects of the national economy and its various sectors. Despite its contribution to employment, job creation, and alleviation of the unemployment problem through its main sectors, such as the hotel sector, the food and beverage sector, and travel and tourism companies, this has diminished its role as a leading sector and an active participant in supporting the economy in general and employment and alleviating the unemployment problem in particular. However, it is not the level of ambition. The research reached the most important conclusion, which is that tourism is a service sector and depends to a large extent on the human element in providing service and direct contact with its consumer. We recommend the need to provide incentives and subsidies to encourage investment to support sustainable tourism development and bring domestic and foreign capital to establish projects that provide job opportunities and thus reduce unemployment.

The Iraqi economy is characterized as a one-sided economy, as it depends mainly on oil revenues. Fluctuations in oil prices in light of the Corona (Covid-19) pandemic (up and down) had a major role in influencing economic activity (Gross Domestic Product) in Iraq during the study period (2019-2021 The study aimed to analyze fluctuations in oil prices and gross domestic product and to show the impact of fluctuations in oil prices in light of the pandemic and its impact on economic activity using quantitative analysis, and the study concluded that in the year (2020) the oil market witnessed an exceptional year as oil prices decreased significantly It was significant in the first quarter of the same year, reaching a price of (65.76) dollars per barrel, and the annual average price of the OPEC basket of crude during the year was (41.5) dollars per barrel, compared to (64) dollars per barrel in the previous year, with a decrease of (35%). The gross domestic product recorded a negative growth rate of (-28.7%) as a result of the pandemic and its repercussions, with a contraction rate of (11.5%). Increasing the price of oil by one unit leads to an increase in GDP by (1.3) units, and vice versa

The Corona pandemic dealt a painful blow to the global economy, and the losses were great in all aspects of life, including the economic aspect. Economic and financial, especially since those countries were greatly affected by the drop in oil prices, in addition to the impact of other economic activities such as transport, trade and industry as a result of the embargo conditions and the suspension of flights, and this limited the ability and effectiveness of policy support at a time when it was most needed, even with policy support. The research is based on the hypothesis that there is a negative impact of the closure measures that countries have followed to confront the spread of the Corona virus on the performance of the basic economic sectors, in varying proportions from one sector to another. The performance of the economic sectors globally, in addition to knowing which sectors were the most affected, and which ones were able to recover after easing the closure measures. Precautions and measures were applied to contain the virus, so airports and ports were closed, which affected the movement of trade between countries and the exchange of goods for fear of the transmission of infection between the countries. The research came out with some recommendations, including working to transform a unilateral economy into a diversified economy with multiple sources of revenue and requires the presence of highly efficient and integrity institutions to develop plans and policies to achieve this financing

The research aims to know what is the reality of non-oil exports in Iraq, what is the impact of non-oil exports on economic development indicators, including the gross domestic product.
The research, through the results of the limits test, concluded that there is a long-term co-integration relationship between the research variables in the short term, and that an increase in non-oil commodity exports by one unit leads to an increase in the gross domestic product by (0.0210) at a significant level (5%), and that the increase in the total Commodity exports by one unit. This leads to an increase in the gross domestic product by (0.535) at a significant level (5%)
In the long term, non-oil commodity exports do not affect the gross domestic product in the long term. As for the total commodity exports, the increase by one unit leads to an increase in the gross domestic product by (0.8300) at a significant level (5%).
The research recommended diversifying sources of income, developing and supporting non-oil sectors, including agricultural sector development programs, opening the way for investments and partnership with the private sector in the sectors of agriculture, industry and services.

The research dealt with population growth as one of the problems facing the Iraqi economy, as population growth occupies great importance in all countries of the world, including Iraq. Therefore, the study of population growth trends and the public expenditure index in Iraq will have a clear impact on the economic situation of the country, as the population increase hinders the process of Economic development due to the danger caused by this growth on production rates and their disproportion with consumption rates. The study aims to analyze and measure the impact of population growth on public spending in Iraq during the period (2004-2021). The importance of research lies in the impact left by the increase in population growth rates. On the index of public spending in Iraq.
After the research dealt with the theoretical rooting of all the research variables and the study of the analytical aspect of it, it reached through the standard study several results, the most important of which is the long-term relationship. to a decrease in public spending by (-7.255) at a significant level (5%), and from the results of the autoregressive model between the positive sign between (population growth in urban areas) and public spending, and this means that the increase (population growth in urban areas) by one unit Leads to public spending by (8.258) at a significant level (5%).
The research recommended the necessity of developing a unified population policy aimed at reaching an optimal population size that is commensurate with Iraq's human, natural and economic potential and wealth

The study aims to analyze and measure the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the price index in Iraq for the period 2005-2021, One of the economic imbalances caused him to lose the factors of economic stability due to the wars and economic sanctions he was subjected to. The results showed, according to the (ARDL) model, that the relationship in the short term between the exchange rate (X) and the general level of consumer prices (Y) is positive and significant, meaning that an increase in the exchange rate by (1%) in the short term leads to an increase in the general level of prices by (1.6%. The reason is that market commodities are imported commodities, so an increase in exchange rates leads to an increase in commodity prices. In the long run, the relationship between the exchange rate and the general level of consumer prices is inversely significant. The study recommends that the government should increase the income of the groups affected by the rise in the prices of goods and services due to the fluctuations in exchange rates, especially after the rise in oil prices and thus the rise in oil revenues.

To investigate the effect of economic fluctuations and their impact on the gross domestic product in Iraq, as well as to identify their role in internal and external balances and to know the most important factors affecting it, the use of quantitative analysis methods will be adopted through the ARDL analysis model to analyze the relationship between economic fluctuations as an independent variable and GDP as a dependent variable using data that extends From the year (2010-2020), the research reached a number of conclusions that show the ability of the independent variable to prove its impact on the GDP indicator, which is returned as a dependent variable

The research aims to analyze and estimate the relationship between economic corruption and to know the extent of the impact of a shock in economic corruption on the unemployment response in Iraq, and based on the hypothesis that states that economic corruption did not play a positive role in affecting unemployment in Iraq during the research period. A direct, non-linear, long-term equilibrium relationship between corruption and unemployment in Iraq and the dominance of the corrupt class over all aspects of the Iraqi economy, whether it is public or private sector, which causes a shock to corruption (Corruption Perceptions Index), as it will lead to fluctuating unemployment rates up and down until they return to normal. Equilibrium after fourteen chapters (three and a half years(Accordingly, the researcher recommends the need to work on exposing and holding accountable the individuals involved in corruption cases, and holding the corrupt accountable in all its forms through the development of laws and severe penalties so that the rule of law is above all, which reduces corruption and then eliminates unemployment and high coordination between local and international efforts in combating corruption and eliminating Unemployment through selecting and employing qualified individuals and distributing them in state institutions to serve society

In the last two decades, Iraq faced a major challenge in managing the file of water security, especially in light of the problems and obstacles that stand in the way of securing sufficient water resources to meet the needs of the population. Which pushed this file to the fore, the attention of the Iraqi decision-maker, because of its great effects and repercussions on the Iraqi state in all aspects. Security, political, social and economic fields.
The Tigris and Euphrates rivers are among the most important main sources on which the countries in which they flow depend, especially in agricultural, industrial, and domestic uses, and in all development fields. This situation has resulted in great damage to various aspects of life in Iraq. These damages will increase with every new project implemented by the neighboring countries on the two rivers. The country will suffer from an exacerbation of a water crisis and an imminent danger threatening the Iraqi entity