Journal of College of Education

This study examines the interpretive differences between two prominent Islamic exegetes: Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai in his work Al-Mizan and Sheikh Abdul Ali Al-Huwaizi in his work Nur Al-Thaqalayn. The focus is on analyzing their respective interpretations of Surat Al-Takathur, highlighting their differing perspectives through a descriptive and analytical approach. Sayyid Tabatabai, recognized for his comprehensive knowledge in various sciences, relies heavily on authentic narrations from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny) and the infallible Imams (peace be upon them) while balancing between Quranic verses and scholarly opinions. On the other hand, Sheikh Al-Huwaizi's methodology emphasizes a different exegetical approach. This study aims to uncover the distinct viewpoints presented in their interpretations.

The knowledge of Hadith has great importance and a great purpose because this knowledge preserved the Islamic religion from loss, distortion and change. When the nation transmitted from the Great Prophet (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) and the People of the House, may God’s prayers be upon them, with multiple chains of transmission, the distinction between the correct and the incorrect was made through the knowledge of hadith and knowledge. Knowledge is due to the confusion between the correct and the weak, and that this science clarified the methodology used by the scholars who went on to confirm the hadith and purify it from what was introduced into it, by setting disciplined standards and ways that combine the sound approach with clear scientific honesty. There is no doubt that this science has provided a great benefit in purifying the minds of myths and myths. Which comes from the enemies of the Islamic religion who tried to spread their lies and falsehoods. It also opens the way for researchers to investigate the meanings of the texts and understand their contents, then be confident in citing them in all the different sciences.
In this research, I aimed to study Mr. Abdullah Shubar’s approach to criticizing the hadith in his book (Misbah Al-Anwar fi Solution to the Problems of News), and my research consisted of mentioning his methodology (may God sanctify his secret) in this book and I was exposed to some hadiths that were problematic in understanding their apparent external aspects, which were treated by the master. An inch by linking them to the concepts of the Qur’anic verses, mentioning the sayings of previous scholars regarding them, and expressing his opinion in explaining them accurately .

Stylistic phenomena play a prominent role in analyzing poetic texts and deciphering the symbols and codes that contribute to the beauty and suggestiveness of poetic language. These phenomena serve as tools for both the poet—who uses them to convey his message—and the reader or recipient, who employs them as critical and stylistic methods to interpret poetic texts and explore their fundamental structures, in order to unlock their complexities. The possibility of such reading is closely tied to the awareness and perception of both the creator and the recipient.
The significance of this study, titled "Stylistic Phenomena between Awareness and Perception in the Poems 'Scene of the Sky' and 'I Am As Well' by Jamil Sidqi Al-Zahawi – A Comparative Study", lies in the fact that it is the first to address these two poems. The study consists of an introduction and two main sections. The introduction discusses the concept of style and stylistics, both linguistically and terminologically. The first section focuses on the poetic image and the structure of the title. The second section examines stylistic choice, repetition, and its functions. The study concludes with a summary of the key findings, followed by a list of sources and references.

This research aims to uncover the role of grammatical meaning in the contributions of Ibn Fawrak al-Isfahani (d. 406 AH) to his interpretation of the Great Qur'an. He relied on meaning as the link that connects meanings before words. This is evident in his attention to context, as he focused most of his attention on semantics, regardless of the presence or absence of grammatical vowelization.

The opinions of the ancients differed regarding the permissibility of quoting from the Holy Qur’an. Some of them did not allow it due to the sanctity of the Holy Qur’an, and some of them took a position defending the quotation and the permissibility of taking it, and some of them took a position defending the quotation and permissibility of taking from the Holy Qur’an, and that the words of the Creator should not be mixed with the words of the created being, and he has gone. Some scholars have come to say that quoting from the Holy Qur’an is based on legal acceptance and prohibition, because the Qur’anic text is a unique miracle in the arrangement of its verses, and it contains such significance, eloquence, and miracle that made writers and poets since the era of Islam and its dawn adopt its style and its presentation in their poetic forms, combining miracle and brevity. Therefore, we find that The religious text is the text that generates most of the patterns of behavior that penetrate Arab and Islamic cultural memory.

Sufi literature has received a large number of studies that have come down to us, and they are studies with different curricula and different procedural tools, and these studies, even if they differed in their curricula and the way they dealt with the topics they dealt with, but they agreed on one fact, which is the richness of the Sufi heritage, its fertility and its ability to openness and renewal.
In this research, we chose one of the academic studies that dealt with the most important issues raised in Sufi literature, which is the Sufi symbol. In this study, we aspire to address the thesis of the researcher “Anas Majid Shakhouth "The Sufi Symbol in Arabic Literature through the Efforts of the Modernists", who highlighted in His dissertation focused on studies that dealt with the Sufi symbol among researchers and critics, adopting an approach based on exposition, description and criticism in addressing these studies.
The research dealt with the topic of the thesis; By examining its approach and how it is employed, and the extent of the researcher's commitment to applying this approach based on the procedures of the descriptive approach to the study of the Sufi text, especially the symbolic one; As the symbol paved the way for creating a creative text that is not devoid of originality and distinction.
It can be said: This study is a ripe fruit and a useful study, which is indispensable in the knowledge of Sufi literature, especially the symbolic aspect of it, that is the means that the Sufi relied on to preserve the conditions and places of the Sufis.

This research examines the rhetorical methods in the poetry of Ahmad Rami, a prominent figure whose work has significantly impacted Arabic literature with its linguistic beauty and sophisticated expressions. The study aims to analyze the literary and artistic features that distinguish his poetic works, focusing on his use of rhetorical techniques, such as interrogation, imperative mood, vocative, and wishing style. It highlights how these techniques contribute to giving his poetry a unique and distinctive character, ensuring his immortalization in the Arabic literary tradition. A rhetorical analysis of his most notable poems is conducted to explore the depth and linguistic richness that characterize his work. The objective is to uncover the hidden connotations and meanings within these rhetorical styles and their effects on the audience. The study employs a descriptive-analytical method, leading to several key findings. Chief among them is the poet’s innovative use of rhetorical techniques, transforming them from their conventional linguistic meanings into new connotations imbued with emotional significance. For instance, commands may deviate from their original meanings to suggest guidance, reconciliation, wishes, or entreaty. The vocative may shift to convey longing, familiarity, grandeur, high status, yearning, or veneration. Interrogatives can express negation, wonder, affirmation, bewilderment, improbability, and disdain, while prohibitions may imply advice and guidance.

Ibn Faris demonstrated exceptional skill in interpreting linguistic issues in his book Al-Sahibi fi Fiqh Al-Lugha Al-Arabiya wa Masa’iliha wa Sunan Al-Arab fi Kalamiha. He employed a variety of interpretative methods, enabling him to present ideas with precision and comprehensiveness. He excelled in utilizing diverse approaches to explain linguistic topics in a distinctive and remarkable manner.

This research presents the formative constants in the structure of Arabic literature in the seventh century AH - the thirteenth century AD, and it takes one of the most prominent Muslim writers as a model, the writer Ali bin Issa Al-Arbli, as many great writers appeared during this period, who had clear and immortal effects in the eternity of history, in The field of poetry and poetry, and in all poetic topics; This is a result of the political situation in this time period, which affected the attraction of writers to it, as it represented for Muslims a kind of awakening in various fields, which pushed writers and scholars to a new Islamic glory. To preserve the authenticity of the Arabic language, especially after the invasions from the Turks, Mongols, and others.
Poetry is also considered one of the important means of perpetuating the ideas and events that constitute the identity of the nation, and determines its intellectual and cultural features within the framework of the historical era from which it emerges, as well as the extension of the historical eras that precede it, with the aim of literary and intellectual communication, and the common civilizational development between them, which is determined by the nature of Society, and the conditions it is exposed to.

The Arab-Israeli conflict in the 1960s entered a new phase, characterized by military operations carried out by Palestinian fedayeen. In response, the Israeli army conducted military operations in border areas of Jordan and Syria. The Arab-Israeli conflict reached its peak during this period with the outbreak of the June War in 1967. These developments were reflected in the discussions of the Israeli Knesset.

The Katamids gained a prominent position among the Fatimid caliphs, as they assumed important administrative and military positions in the leadership of the Fatimid army and state affairs. Through the efforts and sacrifices of this tribe, the Fatimid Caliphate was established in North Africa until it controlled all of Morocco, and with the loyalty of its sons it moved from Morocco to Egypt and extended until it entered the Levant from Within its possessions, it reached Antioch and Alexandretta, that is, this Kuttami leader had the best luck with the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim Bi Amr Allah (386-411 AH), in assuming the position of Minister of Ministers, as no one had ever before assumed this position and given this name and title to him without other ministers. Who preceded in the history of the Fatimid Caliphate, this leader was Ali bin Jaafar bin Falah Al-Kutami from his early childhood in the service of the Fatimid caliphs, and he was preceded in this by his grandfather Falah Al-Kutami (d. 345 AH), who appeared as a prominent Fatimid leader and ruler of the cities of the eastern wing of the Fatimid Caliphate, meaning that he was “the ruler of the Fatimid Caliphate.” The city of Tripoli, Cyrenaica, and Baja , and his father, Jaafar bin Falah Al-Kutami (d. 360 AH), who led the Fatimid soldiers to conquer Egypt and who annexed the Levant to the possessions of the Fatimids in the year (359 AH / 969 AD) and until his murder in the city of Damascus at the hands of Al-A’sam Al-Qarmati in defense of The lands of the Fatimids in the Levant, and his three brothers before him who spent their lives serving the Fatimid caliphs.

This study aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal variations in thermal comfort levels in Duhok Governorate using the Temperature Humidity Index (THI). The research employed analytical inductive and descriptive methodologies, supported by quantitative techniques, by collecting climatic data from eight meteorological stations affiliated with the Directorate of Meteorology and Seismology in Duhok for the period 2010–2023. The findings revealed significant variations in thermal comfort levels among the study stations, differing from one station to another and from month to month. The study identified October as the most thermally comfortable month, followed by May. In contrast, the winter months (December, January, and February) exhibited the highest levels of thermal discomfort due to the substantial drop in temperatures across most stations. Additionally, the results indicated that Zakho station recorded the highest annual thermal comfort level (comfortable), while Amadiya station experienced the highest level of thermal discomfort (cool) due to low temperatures and reduced relative humidity.

The study aims to identify the quantum demographic properties, which are represented by qualitative and age structureFor the residents of Iraq, to get to know the increase in the population and their age and qualitative composition, as well as identification On the population pyramid of Iraq during the study period, the official data issued by the Ministry has been relied upon Plan, The study, descriptive, analytical approach, and the use of statistical methods in order to stand on the population And their quantitative demographic characteristics, the study reached a decrease in the general rate of the type of gender for the population of Iraq Between 2010 and 2023, the population pyramid of Iraq was also marked by a broad and broad base This is the result of the high percentage of young people, and in its sides to reach a narrow summit in which the elderly category decreased

This study aims to assess the environmental and biological status of the wetland ecosystem within the study area. It seeks to identify the characteristics of its water and the biodiversity of its plant and animal life, as well as to understand the prevailing environmental and biological changes. Furthermore, the study explores the appropriate measures needed to protect both aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna that have faced significant challenges in the region.To achieve this, the researcher collected six water samples from various locations within the marshes of the study area to analyze the concentrations of water pollutants, including: Electrical Conductivity (E.C), Total Dissolved Solids (T.D.S), pH level, Calcium (Ca), Chlorides (Cl), Sulfates (SO₄), Nitrates (NO₃), and Dissolved Oxygen (DO).
The study also addressed the current state of plant and animal biodiversity in the marshes of Dhi Qar Governorate. The findings indicate a degradation in water quality in the marshes, which has had a clear negative impact on biodiversity. The increase in salinity and pollution caused by domestic and agricultural wastewater, combined with a reduction in water inflows, has led to a significant decline in the number and types of living organisms, especially fish, birds, and aquatic plants.

The research aims to study some of the economic and social variables that push children to enter the labor market by answering the research questions related to the causes of child labor and the circumstances of their families. Therefore, child labor is a phenomenon closely linked to economic and social characteristics, especially the economic level, which represents one of the basic variables that push the individual towards work in any society, as economic reasons top the list of reasons leading to children's involvement in work. The low standard of living of the family plays a role in directing children to the labor market instead of continuing their studies or combining them, in addition to social variables, and this is what studies and research that focused on child labor indicated, as families with low and even medium incomes are sometimes forced to throw some of their children into the labor market in order to obtain part of their material requirements. The research targeted working children during the field study (random sample), as the size of the studied sample amounted to 125 children, both boys and girls, and at the environmental level in the study area, their ages ranged between 7 and 14 years. These children work in marginal jobs that do not bring them a large income, in addition to their physical build that does not qualify them for hard work (selling bags, selling water bottles, loading and unloading light things).

The research addressed Extractive Industries in Wasit Governorate, which rely on natural resources and minerals that are economically depletable. These resources are distributed unevenly across the administrative units in the governorate according to their geographical location. Among the most important are the oil industries, as this activity aims to extract crude oil from underground and exploit it for export purposes or internal and external marketing. In addition to quarries and factories, which are considered the natural repository for minerals, rocks and quarry resources such as sand, gravel and gypsum, this research came to shed light on different mining methods. Furthermore, it highlights the economic importance of deposits, especially after the year 2000, with urban development and city expansion. These deposits are characterised by their proximity to the earth's surface, with the distance of these deposits from their sources not exceeding 20 km due to their high density. The method of transporting extracted materials generally depends on the type and size of the mining industry. Some are transported by pipelines and tankers, such as oil and gas industries, while others are transported in stages, such as quarries, which rely on various heavy machinery in the transportation process before being loaded onto cargo vehicles. We can say that any region grows and develops through its possession of industrial activity capable of providing and meeting the requirements of the population, raising their living standards and developing them socially, economically and architecturally by providing job opportunities, solving the problem of unemployment and increasing per capita income, which directly reflects on the economic situation in Wasit Governorate.

This study analyses the relationship between water scarcity and internal migration in Iraq, under the impact of climate change phenomena such as rising temperatures, declining rainfall, and increasing drought. These factors have led to the displacement of thousands of people and the deterioration of food security, particularly in southern provinces.
The research highlights internal migration patterns toward urban areas within affected governorates, driven by economic pressures linked to water shortages. It also emphasizes regional disparities and the vulnerability of certain communities.
The study recommends establishing legal frameworks for environmental migration and implementing adaptation strategies, including improved water-efficient agriculture and livelihood diversification. It advocates for integrating gender perspectives and examining regional impacts of water scarcity. Additionally, it calls for effective urban policies to manage population inflows and underscores the need for regional and international cooperation to achieve sustainable development.

This research aims to study landforms and evaluate them based on scholars' perspectives throughout history within the framework of geographical thought. The study examines the concept of landforms and their geographical significance, focusing on the development of theories related to them from ancient times to the modern era. It explores contributions from Greek and medieval Islamic scholars, along with recent advancements in geomorphology and plate tectonics theory. Additionally, the research discusses scientific methodologies used in landform studies, such as descriptive, analytical, and quantitative approaches, emphasizing modern technologies like remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The study concludes with a comprehensive evaluation of scholars' views, highlighting how modern scientific discoveries have influenced the understanding of geomorphological processes, and provides recommendations for future studies in this field.

The research aims to study the role of geomorphology and its impact on military operations by examining the influence of both elevation and slope factors on the movement of military sectors on Mount Atshan. It also explores the possibility of exploiting this geomorphological environment and security situation on the mountain, as well as the overall security situation in Mosul. The research also addresses the most significant difficulties facing Iraqi combat forces in Mosul, utilizing modern geographic techniques. The mountain's elevations were extracted using a digital elevation model (DEM), and the ARGGIS program was used to extract the mountain's slope degrees and classify them based on the Young's degree classification. Furthermore, it explores the possibility of optimally utilizing modern geographic techniques to exploit Mount Atshan and employ them in military operations.

The topic of psychological isolation has received the attention of many scientists and specialists in the field of psychology, psychological counseling and psychiatry. Specialized studies have indicated that the topic of mental health is generally linked to a number of variables, including the sense of psychological and material security.
The scarcity of research conducted on psychological isolation locally, along with the high level of injuries and psychological problems and their spread among university students, are all factors that prompted the researcher to start completing this research, especially since the student segment is a social segment that has its own problems and pressures, in addition to its recent exposure to many and varied sufferings and pressures as a result of the recent war that the country went through and what followed it in terms of loss of occupation, loss of security, sectarian displacement, terrorism, killing and destruction

The current research aims to identify:
1- Mental motivation among graduate students at the University of Wasit.
To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher adopted the scale (Kahil, 2015), which was built according to the theory of (Ginacarlo and Vacchione, 1996), for graduate students. The mental motivation scale consists of (30) items, and the sample of the current research consisted of (400) male and female students from Postgraduate students from both scientific and humanities specializations for the morning study. The research sample was chosen by a random stratified method.
After applying the scale to the research sample and processing the data statistically using the SPSS statistical package, the research reached the following results:
1- Postgraduate students have mental motivation.
In light of the results of the current research, the research came out with a number of recommendations and proposals.

This research aims to examine the role of human resource strategies in achieving psychological stability among employees within the work environment. In light of the rapid changes in the labor market, human resource policies have become a crucial factor in enhancing psychological well-being and increasing productivity. A theoretical approach was adopted by reviewing previous literature that addressed the role of human resource policies in promoting psychological stability. The findings revealed a relationship between human resource strategies and employees' psychological stability, highlighting that training, development, recognition, motivation, and job security contribute to reducing stress levels and enhancing job loyalty. Moreover, work-life balance significantly affects employees' mental health, while social relationships in the workplace play a positive role in achieving psychological stability. Additionally, incentive and recognition systems help boost employee morale. Based on these findings, the study recommends fostering a supportive work environment and developing human resource strategies that ensure a balance between work demands and employees' psychological needs, thus positively reflecting on organizational performance.

This research aimed to evaluate mathematics teachers in light of the international standards (NSTA) from the point of view of specialist supervisors. The descriptive approach was used in the research in order to verify this goal. The research community consisted of (26) mathematics supervisors in the governorates of (Karbala, Najaf, Babylon, Muthanna, Diwaniyah and Diyala Governorate), and the sample was taken by the comprehensive enumeration method because the sample was small, and are search tool was applied to the sample and the tool used was a questionnaire consisting of (34) paragraphs distributed over the nine criteria of (NTSA),a after verifying the validity and reliability of the tool, and the data were analyzed and the researcher used the statistical program (SPSS) and Pearson's coefficient to calculate the internal consistency of the paragraphs and also the Cronbach's alpha coefficient to calculate the reliability, and the researcher came out with results that the ninth criterion (cognitive development) obtained the lowest percentages (65%)then the eighth criterion (professional development) and the sixth criterion (curriculum) and the second criterion (nature of science) with a percentage of (70%), and the seventh criteria (evaluation) achieved a percentage of (81%), while the first criteria (content) and the third (investigation) and the fourth (mathematical issues) obtained the highest percentages, which are (88%), and in light of the results, a number of conclusions were drawn and a number of recommendations and proposals were made.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between creative thinking and psychological integration on the one hand and learning the basic skills of football on the other. The study also aims at forming a gauge to evaluate the creative thinking and psychological integration of the students of Al-Hussein Secondary School for boys/ the General Educational Institution in Wassit/ Al-Hay District. The qualitative approach is adopted in this study for the reason that it enables the researcher to draw on one or more variables, including the research community, which has about 2399 students allocated to five preparatory schools for the years 2024-2025. The data of the study have been collected randomly, using a lottery to choose which school would be the representative sample of the research community. The representative data consists of (300) students who have undergone the research variables. The gauges adopted by the researcher are Yusif's (2019) for creative thinking and Kadhim's (2020) for psychological integration. As a main procedure, the basic skills of football are limited to passing, goaling, controlling, dribbling, throw-in, and the skills of the goalkeeper. In addition, the researcher uses the P-value of possibility.

The study aimed to explore and identify the effectiveness of the oral“ storytelling strategy in enhancing imaginative skills among third-grade intermediate students in the subject of Quran and Islamic Education in Al-Anbar Governorate᾿᾿
The study sample included (58) students selected by the intentional method, and they were divided into two experimental groups consisting of (30) students studied using the oral storytelling strategy and a control group consisting of (28) students studied in the usual way, the study tool was an essay test to measure imagination skills consisting of (11) paragraphs, After the researcher had done the tribal and dimensional application of the study tool, the results revealed that there were significant differences at the level of (0.05=α) between the experimental and control groups in favour of the oral storytelling strategy and there were significant differences between the average students of the experimental group and the control group on imagination skills in favour of the experimental group .

The current research aims to identify the relationship between linguistic proficiency and coordinating thinking among students at the Technological University. The descriptive method was used in conducting the study, with a sample size of 188 male and female students from the first stage for the academic year 2024-2025 in Baghdad. To verify the three objectives of the research, the researcher designed a test for linguistic proficiency and adopted a test for coordinating thinking. After completing the preliminary procedures of survey and statistical analysis, the researcher applied both tools to the sample. Appropriate statistical treatments were employed, and the results of the first objective showed a statistically significant difference in the students' scores in the linguistic proficiency test, indicating that the sample possesses a good level of linguistic proficiency. The results of the second objective disclosed a statistically significant difference in scores of the coordinating thinking, showing that the sample has an acceptable level of coordinating thinking. Regarding the third objective, the researcher relied on Pearson's correlation coefficient between the scores of linguistic proficiency and coordinating thinking, which was found to be (0.537). To determine the significance of the relationship, the t-value was extracted at (8.678), which is greater than the tabulated value of (1.96) at a significance level of (0.05). These results confirm a significant correlation between linguistic proficiency and coordinating thinking among the sample.
the researcher recommended adopting a linguistic proficiency approach in teaching and providing students with areas of coordinating thinking, and suggested conducting a study at the secondary stage.

Bullying has become one of the social problems that affects the state, the family and the individual from which children suffer. It can cause different emotions such as fear, loneliness, illness and feelings of being harmed. This negatively affects the child himself, his family and the society as a whole. Researchers have begun to study bullying to diagnoze its causes and its serious repercussions on children, the family and the society; because children are the basis of a society's future development and progress. The research's main findings include:
1.The main cause behind bullying is viewing violent films, besides parents' spoiling of their children. A less prominant factor relates to the family's economic standard of living.
2.As for the repercussions, they include social, educational, psychological and physical repercussions (the victim's inability to defend himself, feelings of frustration and social seclusion).

Legitimacy is one of the basic and pivotal concepts in political science. It is the foundation on which the political system is based to gain recognition and voluntary acceptance of the system by individuals. Legitimacy gives the political system the ability to exercise power without resorting to methods of force and violence, which contributes to achieving political stability and the continuity of rule, as the basis and foundation of political stability is the legitimacy of the political system. Political legitimacy is one of the most important determinants for achieving political stability, and that all political growth aims at political stability. The more those in power enjoy political legitimacy, the easier it is for them to use the tools of subjugation and the laws that control the movement of society and interactions between members of society. Legitimacy guarantees the system of government to achieve control over society and thus achieve political stability. In contrast, the political opposition plays a fundamental and important role in the legitimacy of the political system, as it can be a supporting factor for the stability of the system if it exercises its role within the constitutional and legal framework, and it may turn into a source of threat if it results from a legitimacy crisis within the system. Accordingly, the relationship between the opposition and the political system is affected by the degree of legitimacy enjoyed by the system, whether democratic or otherwise. Democratic, and the extent of the regime’s commitment to democratic practices. To achieve the research, the researcher defined the concept of political legitimacy in the first section. As for the second section, it dealt with the birth of political legitimacy in different political systems. The research concluded with a conclusion that included the results and recommendations of the research.

The subject of our research deals with the practical and applied importance by exposure to the most important opinions and decisions issued by the Iraqi State Council regarding the difference in the interpretation of the legal texts of the Unified Retirement Law No. (9) of 2014, as amended, especially the articles related to determining the legal age for referral to retirement upon reaching this age, and the adoption of the end of the calendar year for employees who are born 1/7 of the same year and in line with the provisions of the law and the establishment of justice in the fairness of the employee referred to retirement by addressing the doubt in The date of birth is carried on the farthest date

This study examines the representation of spiritual poverty in the works of three poets from different cultural and historical contexts: Jalaluddin Rumi, the thirteenth-century Persian Sufi poet; Ibn Arabi, the influential Andalusian Sufi mystic and poet; and Judith Beveridge, the contemporary Australian poet. Despite their temporal and cultural separation, all three poets employ spiritual poverty as a central theme, expressing existential yearning and the human quest for divine connection. Through close textual analysis, this research identifies similarities and differences in their approaches to spiritual desolation, longing, and transcendence. The study contributes to our understanding of how spiritual poverty manifests in poetic discourse across cultural and temporal boundaries, illuminating the universal aspects of human spiritual experience within distinctive cultural expressions

The research paper focuses on the novel of Kristin Hannah; The Four Winds 2021 during the turbulence of 1930’s dust bowl that emerged over the US. It recounts the story of Elsa Martinelli and her family fighting the degeneration of a society, the oppression of their community and crushing poverty to survive demaning. This paper applies Donald Worster’s theory of Dust Bowl as both an environmental crisis and a human inflicted disaster to analyze of how the Dust Bowl turned into a very severe social catastrophe through exploiting, in addition, the natural disaster was exacerbated by exploitation of the land and highly risky agricultural practices. \"Worster’s Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (1975) deepens our understanding of the saga of resilience and human endurance, offering a perspective that extends beyond the event itself, making it more than just a historical occurrence\". This paper also aligns with resilience theory on is the psychological, and emotional struggle within The Four Winds as well as the fact that Elsa’s journey corresponds with the ability to transform through human connection, family solidarity and personal strength in the face of adversity. Despite extreme circumstances shared love remains strong while the desire to live defeats the harshest conditions. Hannah\'s approach to history combined with emotional depth demonstrates the significance of love in maintaining human survival during extreme situations.

Janis Balodis investigates the process of negotiating belonging in his third play of The Ghost Trilogy which is , My Father\'s Father, where the children of Latvian displaced persons\' process of belonging alternates between the two homes—the host country, Australia, and the country of their parents\' birth, Latvia, and comes to an end where they regard Australia as their country to which they and their parents belong.

Due to the significance of foreign language learning and its crucial role in fostering meaningful and effective communication, contemporary language learning pedagogy places considerable emphasis on learners’ willingness to communicate within foreign language classes, viewing it as a key indicator of their engagement and language acquisition. Therefore, this research aims to explore the correlation between the Iraqi EFL secondary school students’ willingness to communicate and their writing performance. To fulfil the aims of the study, a sample of 100 female fourth-grade students was chosen randomly from an Iraqi secondary school during the academic year 2024/2025. To collect and analyze data, two instruments were employed: a questionnaire adopted from Weaver (2005) and a writing performance test. The results achieved indicate that Iraqi EFL secondary students show a greater willingness to communicate when working on writing tasks.

Language, as a system of communication, is dynamic and possesses the ability to respond to and adapt with diverse sociopolitical and technological developments. The Hewrami dialect of the Kurdish language, with its rich cultural and historical background, does not deviate from the phenomenon of lexical change due to these factors. This research paper is a sociolinguistic analysis, which adopts a qualitative approach to investigating the impact of sociocultural components such as region, religion, social class, age, literature, and political changes on the Hewrami vocabulary. Through a close study of everyday speech and Hewrami literary texts, this paper identifies how lexical items emerge in this dialect. Based on the findings, one conclusion that can be drawn is that both geographical distribution and education factors are highly impactful in the incorporation of foreign words from Sorani Kurdish and Arabic via the borrowing pattern.