Journal of Education for Humanities

This research seeks to study the miracles of Prophet Noah - peace be upon him - all by taking inventory and knowing the phonetic and syllabic ratios in them. In order to probe the relationship between the sounds and their connotations, by studying the characteristics of their distinctive sounds and the meanings explained to them, in addition to studying their syllables that formed their verses and clarifying the connotations and audio signals of the syllable in the Qur’anic text

The current research aims to identify (the impact of a proposed strategy based on the theory of the musical nucleus on the achievement of the students of the Arabic Language Department for the subject of performances), and to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher put a zero hypothesis, which is as follows:
There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group that study according to a proposed strategy based on the theory of the musical nucleus and the average scores of the students of the control group that study according to the usual method in the achievement test.
As for the research sample, the researcher chose the available sample from the students of the Arabic Language Department for the second stage. As for the place of the research sample, it was in the University of Mosul, College of Education for Human Sciences in the academic year (2022_2023),
and the number of the sample was (43) students for the experimental group and (43) for the control group.
The researcher used the experimental method in this research, conducting the process of equivalence between the members of the two research groups in a number of variables, which are: the chronological age of the students in months, the general average of the students in the previous stage, and the IQ.
To achieve the goal of the research, the preparation of the research tool was required: the researcher prepared an achievement test according to a table of specifications prepared by the subjects of the study, so the achievement test consisted of two questions.
The experiment, which lasted a full academic year (2022_2023) from the date (15/11/2022) corresponding to Tuesday to the date (4/12/2023) corresponding to Wednesday, was applied to the experimental and control groups, and after collecting the results and analyzing them statistically, the results showed the following:
There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group that study according to a proposed strategy based on the theory of the musical nucleus and the average scores of the students of the control group that study according to the usual method in the achievement test.
In the light of the results of the research, the researcher came out with a number of results, including that the proposed strategy based on the theory of the musical nucleus had a positive impact on improving the ability level of second-stage students in the Arabic language department. It recommended a number of recommendations, including directing teachers of performances at the University of Mosul, to pay attention to using the proposed strategy based on the theory of the musical nucleus in their teaching of performances. The researcher put forward proposals for future research,

The current research aims to identify the extent to which the history curriculum to be taught to fifth grade literary students includes historical thinking skills from a school point of view, and the sample consisted of teachers of the history curriculum for the fifth grade literary preparatory in the schools of the Nineveh Education Directorate for the academic year (2023-2024), as the total number of its members reached (243) teachers and schools, including (143) teachers and (99) schools, and the researcher prepared the research tool (Historical thinking skills), which consisted of (76) paragraphs in its final form distributed over five areas: (understanding historical situations (16) items, discovering historical evidence (20) paragraphs, analyzing historical issues and decision-making (18) paragraphs, positive effects (12) paragraphs, and negative effects (10) paragraphs, with five alternatives included in the curriculum to a degree: (very large, large, medium, few, very few) by taking the opinions of members of the research sample from the supervisors of specialization and teachers of the history curriculum, After collecting and analyzing the data statistically using the (T-test) test for two independent samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha, the reference mean, and the relative weight, the researcher reached the following results:
1-The percentages achieved for the field of positive influences amounted to (74.41), it achieved the first place, while the field of understanding historical situations amounted to (73.84) and achieved the second place, and the field of discovering historical evidence ranked third and amounted to (73.43), while the field of analysis of historical issues and decision-making ranked fourth, which amounted to (73.22) The field of negative influences has achieved the fifth and last rank of (71.42) according to the point of view of the members of the research sample of teachers and teachers of the history curriculum.
2-The achieved percentages of positive effects amounted to (80.6) It ranked first, while the field of understanding historical situations reached (80.4) and ranked second, while the field of discovering historical evidence ranked third, which amounted to (79.5), and the field of analysis of historical issues and decision-making ranked fourth and adult (79.12), and achieved the field of negative, recent and adult effects (78.68) according to the point of view of the male research sample members.
3-The percentages achieved for the field of positive influences reached (81.8) has achieved the first place, while the field of understanding historical situations reached (80.6), has achieved the second place, while the field of analysis of historical issues and decision-making ranked third and amounted to (80.56) has achieved the field of discovery of historical evidence ranked fourth and adult (80.39), and achieved the field of negative effects ranked fifth and last, which amounted to (76.39) according to the views of the members of the research sample of females.




The researcher came out with a number of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions, including emphasizing the directorates of preparation and training to hold courses for history teachers to clarify the importance of teaching historical thinking skills and consolidating them in the minds of students, the content of the history curriculum has included historical thinking skills in all their skills and in good proportions from the views of the supervisors of specialization and teachers of the curriculum as a whole, the Ministry of Education General Directorate of Curricula include historical thinking skills According to historical scientific developments, one of the proposals is the role of the history curriculum in developing the historical thinking skills of fifth grade literary students from the point of view of specialized supervisors and teachers.

Our choice of the topic entitled Manifestations of Peaceful Coexistence between Muslims and Indians, in which we tried to highlight the many ties and manifestations of peaceful coexistence between them over the long centuries that we were able to monitor in this study, was considered one of the important studies to know the conditions of countries that consist of multiple sects and hold different beliefs. Through our research, we discovered the nature of the relationship between Muslims and Indians in India and what life was like there because peaceful coexistence is the basis for any country that embraces multiple sects, and also to know and explain how Muslims deal with the people of the countries they conquer and respond to some orientalists who paint a bad picture of the Islamic conquests. And also to record the past of the Muslims and their good relationship with the Indians in the lands of India, which is something that no researcher has addressed before. Most of the studies were about the Islamic conquest of India and the battles that took place, and there also touched on the economic and civilizational aspects, but the picture of the interaction and nature of the relationship between Muslims and Indians in particular did not appear, and this What we focused on in our research, as a result, I was guided to choose this title due to the lack of a special and direct study on the manifestations of coexistence among Muslims and Indians

The current research aimed at identifying:
Identifying the effect of the directed imagination strategy on developing the logical thinking of the first-grade intermediate for the subject of the Holy Quran and Islamic Education.
The population of the research involved all the first-grade intermediate students (1767 students) of the intermediate and secondary morning schools at the center of Qayyara sub-district for the academic year 2023-2024 and they were distributed into (6) secondary schools and (12) intermediate schools and who were randomly selected from the population of the research. They were distributed into two groups; one of them represented the experimental group (34 students who studied using the directed imagination strategy), while the other stood for the control group (33 students who studied using the traditional methods of teaching).
In order to accomplish the objective of the research, two tools should have been used: the post cognitive thinking scale, which was prepared by the two researcher. It involved (26) items in its final form. And the two tools validity were verified in terms of their precision, validity and invariability and their discriminating strength. The teacher applied the experiment in the first term of the year (7/1/2024) and the experiment was started on Sunday 5/11/2023 and ended on Sunday 7/1/2024. The experiment took a whole semester and after finishing the experiment the tool was applied to the individuals of the sample.
After collecting the data and analyzing it statistically using SPSS package, the results were as follows:
- There was no statistically significant difference between the average marks of the experimental groups students who study according to the modified learning course model and the marks of the control group students who study using the traditional method in terms of developing the logical thinking.
In lights of the research results, the researcher drew a set of conclusions, most important of which is possible to apply the directed imagination strategy on the subject of Islamic Education for the first intermediate grade.
The two researcher recommended to employ the directed imagination strategy in teaching the Subject of Holy Quran and Islamic Education for the first intermediate grade schools.

Caliph Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq (may God be pleased with him) on the authority of Ibn Abdul-Barr and Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani In the book Injury and Injury Study comparison

The aim of the research is to identify:
The effect of the Bybee model on the acquisition of geographical concepts among second-grade intermediate students.
The research community was represented in the morning secondary and intermediate government schools for boys in the Department of Urban Education, and the research sample consisted of (68) students from the second intermediate students, the first semester (2023_2024) randomly selected from the research community, the experimental group included (33) students and the officer (35) students, Tool: Geographical Concept Acquisition Test prepared by the researcher The tool consists of (30) items in its final form for (10) key geographical concepts.
After preparing the teaching plans and the tool, the experiment was applied in the first semester (2023_2024), the experiment began on Sunday (8/10/2023) and ended Thursday (12/28/2023), and the experiment lasted a full semester and four lessons per week, and after the experiment was completed, the tool was applied to the sample students. After correcting the students' answers to the tool, the researcher collected the data and determined it using statistical means according to the statistical program SPSS and the results:
_ There is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average degrees of acquisition of geographical concepts for students of the experimental group that is taught according to the Bybee model and students of the control group that is taught according to the usual method in favor of the experimental. The researcher came out with conclusions and recommendations: the use of the Bybee model led to an increase in the acquisition of geographical concepts by second-grade students compared to the usual method, and inviting the Directorate of Preparation and Training in the General Directorate of Nineveh Education to conduct training courses and scientific seminars for geography teachers.

The aim of the research is to identify:
_ The impact of the KUD strategy in developing self-efficacy among second-year intermediate students in geography within the social studies subject. The research community was represented in Rabia district, and the research sample consisted of (61) second-year intermediate students, for the year (2023-2024) who were randomly selected from the research community. The experimental group included (30) students and the control group (31) students. The research tool: a self-efficacy scale test prepared by the researcher. The tool became composed of (40) items in its final form.
After preparing the teaching plans and the tool, the experiment began (10/10/2023) and continued until (12/24/2023). After the experiment ended, the researcher applied the research tool to the students of my group (the research sample), in four lessons. After correcting the students’ answers to the test, the researcher collected data using statistical methods according to the Spss statistical program, and the results are:
-There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average self-efficacy development of students in the experimental group taught using the KUD strategy and the average self-efficacy development of students in the control group taught in the usual way, in favor of the experiment. The researcher also came up with a number of recommendations, including that the Preparation and Training Unit in Nineveh Governorate should hold seminars and conferences that emphasize the importance of developing the self-efficacy of middle and middle school students. He recommended proposals, including the impact of the KUD strategy in developing geographical concepts and geographic reconnaissance among second-year intermediate students in social studies.

This study aims to show The Argumentative mechanisms–linguistic, rhetorical and deliberative - in Ibn al-Muqaffa's message in the companions, as a rich literary effect, by extrapolating the text and extracting these mechanisms from it, and to find out the extent of its power as well as its contribution to bringing meanings closer and achieving the persuasive effect, as it carries many argumentative tools that work to convince the interlocutor.
The study concluded with a number of results, the most important of which is that the most prominent linguistic and rhetorical mechanisms mentioned in Ibn al-Muqaffa's letter are emphasis, conditional constructions, submission and delay.

The research aimed to study the degree of availability of social innovation culture among secondary school students in Tabuk city from the perspective of their teachers, and to reveal differences in the mean responses of the study sample attributable to variables such as gender, qualification, specialty, school type, and years of service. A descriptive methodology was used, along with a questionnaire as a data collection tool. The questionnaire consisted of 44 items distributed across three axes: social innovation culture in identifying Problem solving, social innovation culture in the technical aspect, and social innovation culture in the environmental aspect. It was applied to a study sample of 363 male and female secondary school teachers in Tabuk, selected randomly. The study reached several notable results: Secondary school students in Tabuk have a high social innovation culture, with a mean score of 2.20 and a standard deviation of 0.52. It also showed that students have a high degree of availability of social innovation culture in the area of problem identification and need, with a mean score of 2.22 and a standard deviation of 0.52, due to school programs that promote innovation. In the technical field, teachers agree that students have a good level of innovative culture, with a mean score of 2.22 and a standard deviation of 0.51. Additionally, students' environmental awareness is high, with a mean score of 2.16 and a standard deviation of 0.53. The study also found differences favoring females in terms of gender, bachelor's degree holders in terms of qualifications, humanities specialties, and government schools in the technical aspect only, with years of service having little impact except in the technical aspect where scores decrease with increased years of service.

The Arabic language features various types of omission, one of which is the omission of the genitive or added element (ḥadhf al-muḍaf). This linguistic phenomenon serves rhetorical purposes extensively examined by linguists and exegetes. Among the prominent figures who discussed this is Imam Al-Zamakhshari, a distinguished scholar in language, rhetoric, and Qur’anic exegesis. This study investigates the phenomenon of genitive omission, its linguistic forms, and its rhetorical purposes in Al-Zamakhshari’s exegesis of Surah Al-Kahf in Al-Kashshaf. It identifies instances of genitive omission in the surah as interpreted by Al-Zamakhshari and addresses the main question: What rhetorical benefits arise from the omission of the added element (genitive) in Surah Al-Kahf, as discussed in Al-Kashshaf?
Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study exclusively examines Surah Al-Kahf within the context of Al-Kashshaf. Key findings reveal that Al-Zamakhshari identified eleven instances of genitive omission in his commentary on Surah Al-Kahf. However, thirty-one other instances of omission in the surah are not addressed in Al-Kashshaf. Furthermore, Al-Zamakhshari’s method of identifying omissions varies: in some cases, he explicitly notes the omission, while in others, the omission is implied and requires the reader’s discernment.

This study aimed to reveal the degree of creative leadership practice among school principals in Al-Mazar Al-Janoubi Education and its relationship to the level of student achievement. The current study relied on the descriptive, correlational approach to suit the purposes of the study. The study population included all principals of schools affiliated with Al-Mazar Al-Janoubi Education, and the study sample was 92 principals of affiliated schools. To raise the southern shrine The results of the study showed that the arithmetic averages for the items on the degree of practicing creative leadership among school principals in Al-Mazar Al-Janoubi Education ranged between (3.57) (4.14 - which is a high level), and the arithmetic averages for the items on the level of students’ achievement ranged between (4.14 - 3.06), which is also a high level, and as it showed The study showed that the effect of the independent variable, the degree of practicing creative leadership among school principals in Al-Mazar Al-Janoubi Education, on the dependent variable, the level of student achievement, is significant. The study recommended that the selection of school principals include a focus on possessing the characteristics of creative leadership.

The penalty of defamation is one of the penalties stipulated by the Ayyubid Penal Code in Egypt and the Levant, sometimes in accordance with the spirit of Islamic law other times in complete contradiction to it. The state wanted to impose it on the guilty party and inform the subjects of his crime and be cautious in dealing with him. Protecting the society the Ayyubid state on the political, economic social levels; the punishment of defamation was able - in most cases - to achieve its goal, as it guaranteed the Ayyubid state protection from vices and sins such as adultery, drinking alcohol, theft, etc.
It also fought, through defamation, all forms of fraud deception in its markets, in order to preserve the state’s economic foundations that guarantee its ability to confront opponents at home and enemies abroad. Defamation also fought destructive ideas, foremost among which were the ideas of esoteric groups with crooked thinking. And just as defamation succeeded in its mission on many occasions, it made mistakes regarding defaming the People of the Covenant in Egypt and the Levant and killing the great Sufi Suhrawardi(549-586 AH/1155-1190 AD) who was murdered.

This study aims to shed light on one of the civilizational dimensions of the Arab-Islamic heritage, which is dealing with animals in the Umayyad era, meaning here the Damascene Umayyad era extending from during which the Islamic world extended from China to France, and the Umayyad era in Andalusia is not included in the study. The study highlights the aspects of the interest of the Umayyad caliphs, their entourage and the general public in animals, their dealing with their needs, the role they played in animals in this era economically, socially and religiously, people's view of them, and the considerations that paved the way for that view. The most prominent aspects of this interest are the establishment of zoos for the first time in Islamic countries, and the allocation of Islamic endowments to protect, treat and shelter animals. The phenomenon of allocating endowments to protect animals is one of the earliest civilizational measures in human history, if not the earliest. The study analyzes the economic, social and religious motives behind the interest in animals and their care, the most important of which are luxury and comfort, great interest in jihad and the conquest of countries, and the comprehensive civilizational renaissance in all aspects economically, socially and urbanly. It is known that agriculture was the backbone of the economy of the Islamic state, and agriculture depended heavily on animals.

This study aimed to understand the context of the decision-making process behind migration, identify the circumstances that prompted Palestinian citizens to decide to migrate, and examine the reasons and conditions that could encourage Palestinian migrants to return to Palestine. The study sample consisted of 483 migrants and covers the period of time between years 2000 to 2023, and a questionnaire was used to collect data. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach. The study yields that approximately 73% of the migrants made the decision to migrate collectively through family consultation, with about 47% expressing intentions to return home. Around 44% of the migrants were able to cover the costs of the migration trip, nearly 26% experienced fraud or deception during their migration trip.
The results indicated that economic motives were the primary reason for migration with 77%, followed by security-related motives at about 73%, with social motives come third at nearly 71%.
The study also revealed that the establishment of equal opportunities and the presence of a fair judicial system that could be relied upon, were the most significant factors influencing a return to the homeland.
The study recommended to concentrate on citizens’ needs and create incentives for staying, while reducing the pushing factors that drive migration.

The theory of the agent in the Arabic language occupies a significant space and is an important subject in Arabic grammar, as it forms a fundamental pillar in interpreting many aspects of Arabic grammar. Therefore, grammarians have given it attention that has not diminished over time, both in the past and present. The Khalilian theory was the focus of Al-Haj Saleh's attention, as he framed it in a new mold, absorbing the vocabulary of this theory and studying it in a manner that is rich in freshness and vitality.

This research addresses a new literary phenomenon that has not received its due study and follow-up: literature produced by artificial intelligence. The aim of the research is to conduct a comparative critical exercise between selected human poetry texts and poetic texts produced by artificial intelligence, using a comparative analytical approach. This study attempts to identify the most prominent features of artificial poetry and the possibility of distinguishing it from human poetry, while highlighting the similarities and differences between them. The importance of the research lies in its being the first academic applied study on the first sample of Arabic artificial literature (Diwan Raghmon), recently published in 2024. The aim is to support the Arab literary research movement with an applied study of a new literary phenomenon that has entered the literary and critical arena in our current era, due to the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the emergence of artificial intelligence

The research sheds light on the foreign relations of the Pharaohs of Egypt during the Eighteenth Dynasty (1575-1308 BC), specifically the period of the accession of the two pharaohs Amenhotep (III) and Amenhotep (IV) (Akhenaten) to the Egyptian throne, dating from the year 1405 BC until the year 1350 BC. They sent a group of letters with diplomatic, political and military implications to the countries of the ancient Near East, such as Babylon. Southern ancient Iraq, the country of Arzawa, southwest Asia Minor (the country of Anatolia), in addition to the Syrian kingdoms.

This research deals with the phenomenon of freedom in the poetry of Ibn Muqbel, one of the veteran poets, where two times lived differently, at the age of one hundred and twenty years.
The Bedouin environment provides the poet with freedom, and freedom to move without restriction. Idn Muqbils poetry contained many and varied texts about freedom in general, so this research came to study the manifestation of freedom in Ibn Muqbils poetry through poetic texts and a statement of their most distant artistic, and revealing the implications that resulted from it.
The research was based no one topic, which included a research summary and an introduction, a translation of the poet, a definition of freedom, and an analysis of poetic verses that contain the meanings of freedom.

This research represents one of the serious attempts based on Andalusian poetry to study (religious transformations in Andalusian poetry: an analytical study of selected models). Our choice of this research is due to several reasons, including that religious transformations are considered one of the human phenomena that encompass all human activities in general and religious ones in particular. They contribute to the advancement of thought and language, and reveal the emotional states and psychological conflicts that afflict poets throughout their lives, which are reflected in their poetic productions. The importance of this research is highlighted in its exploration of religious transformations in Andalusian poetry and the creative methods encompassed by these transformations. The research plan required dividing it into an introduction, two chapters, and a conclusion. The introduction included five sections that served as a starting point for the study. The first section addressed "transformation at the linguistic and terminological level." The second section discussed "the overlap of the term with similar terms." The third section highlighted "the literary features of transformations in Andalusian poetry." The fourth section referred to "the motives for transformations in Andalusian poetry." The introduction concluded with the fifth section, "Types of religious transformations." The first section then examined "religious transformation in a single poetic text," followed by the second section, which addressed "religious transformation in more than one poetic text." The research concluded with the results of the research. The research encountered difficulty in exploring the phenomenon of religious transformations in the poetry collections of Andalusian poets. Not all poets incorporated this phenomenon into their poetic productions, which necessitated referring to them, examining them closely, and selecting appropriate texts. The research adopted an analytical approach to clarify the rhetorical and linguistic styles, aesthetic values, and religious manifestations mfound in the poetic examples

The current study aims to reveal the extent of the positive impact and achieve the desired goals when the meaning paths were determined after introducing the guidelines for making the meaning fixed, so they are called the guidelines of the positive meaning, as the meaning in its origin is present and fixed in a way that makes its stability inconsistent with the intentions of the creator of the text, as he wants to revive the text to interact with it in a way that makes it identical to the reality he wants to reach, or even approach it, so he tries to introduce apparent linguistic elements in the structure that work directly to surround the meaning, define it, and direct its path to the desired destination from which it does not deviate, or interact with others so that it becomes hybrid, i.e.: makes it more independent, although the matter is not limited to the apparent linguistic elements, as there may be guidelines for the meaning that are implicit, even if we did not stop at them except in a short place, and these implicit guidelines are discovered when we find that the context of the text has directed the desired destination without seeing tangible guidelines in the text.
This proof of the meaning has come in order to prevent negative interaction! The linguistic structure may sometimes be exposed to dissolution or damage due to interaction with neighboring elements, which makes it of no high value or influential power, so proof comes to prevent negative interaction, and to make it in a state of natural stability, and to elevate its status, as proof provides a guide to the issue with precision and skill. We have chosen a text, which is the Farewell Pilgrimage Sermon of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, in which we saw the meaning’s directions towards proof clearly and clearly, perhaps this matter has to do with it being the last sermon of the Prophet, peace be upon him, and it is one of the sermons that confirmed a set of commandments and warnings, as it has a firm influence that calls for enlightened thought and the straight path, and if the sermon has these characteristics, it is logical to find in it a role for directives that make the meaning proceed according to the proof that agrees with reality, or approaches it, and then the results resulting from it are adherence to the orders and avoidance of prohibitions if the addressee is worthy of this speech. mae tanbihina 'anana hawalna 'an naqtarib min mafhum almuajahat - almaeruf fi majal albahth aleilmi- bialwasf aladhi yutih lana aistikhdamatiha ealaa eamilna, wa'iin 'adafna mstlhan faelyan liha; libayan 'athariha fi 'iinjaz al'iinjazat alealiati; eindama wajahat

يهدف هذا البحث الى التعرف على الكفايات اللازمة لمعلمي التربية الخاصة في مدارس مركز محافظة دهوك من وجهة نظرهم وعلاقتها ببعض المتغيرات ودلالة الفروق في ذلك تبعا للمتغيرات السكانية (المؤهل العلمي، الجنس، سنوات الخبرة) وقد اعتمدت الباحثة على المنهج الوصفي لتحقيق اهداف البحث، وتألف مجتمع البحث من (109) معلما ومعلمة في التربية الشرقية والغربية في مركز محافظة دهوك واختبرت عينة من (52) معلم ومعلمة بالطريقة العشوائية البسيطة وتم اعداد استبيان مؤلف من (30) فقرة ذات بدائل (دائما، احيانا، نادرا) وتحقق من دلالات الصدق وثبات الاداة ولاستخراج نتائج البحث، تم إستعمال الوسائل الإحصائية الآتية، معامل فيشر لإيجاد حدة الفقرة، الاختبار التائي (T – Test) لعينة واحدة، الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين وتحليل التباين الاحادي لبيان الفروق حسب: متغير الجنس، الفروق حسب متغير الوظيفة، وسنوات الخبرة. ومن خلال نتائج البحث توصلت الباحثة الى عدد من الإستنتاجات والتوصيات والمقترحات اللازمة للجهات ذات العلاقة بموضوع البحث.

In this study, I tried to show the features of what Fakhr al-Din al-Razi stated in his explanation of metaphor by carefully reading the texts and extracting his responses to the rhetoricians and his rhetorical opinions: starting with his response to the definition of metaphor, the reasons for his response, and his appropriate and comprehensive definitions of its places, as he sees it, all the way to the metaphors mentioned in The Qur’anic verses are in the form of points that make it easier for the reader to understand the meaning of metaphor, what he invalidates and removes from metaphors, and the grammatical and morphological positions of metaphor and its figurative connotations. Therefore, Al-Razi was distinguished from other rhetoricians in:
1_ The accuracy and quality of his division of the topics of his book, especially (metaphor). I looked at most of the rhetorical books from the sixth century to the end of the ninth century AH, in addition to the most famous books in the period that preceded them, and I did not find a better division and arrangement than him.
2_ Most of his divisions began by invalidating some of the rules of rhetoricians that had been used, and presenting his applied inferences.
3_He has his own style of presenting and analyzing rhetorical material. He did not take it from anyone for the purpose of transmission or analysis. Therefore, he differed from all the rhetoricians of his time in his conviction about something, his violation of rhetorical rules, and his adoption of what he found desirable.
And it turns out
1_There is no comprehensive definition for the concept of metaphor with all its details and names, either for fear related to its grammatical position in the sentence, or for its confusion with simile, so two definitions were given to it as we mentioned previously.
2_With this research, we were able to reach the conditions for the occurrence of metaphor through “meaning - language”, determine its grammatical position, and extract metaphors from being metaphors through their grammatical position.

The Mosuli variety of Arabic is one of the qeltu dialects in upper Mesopotamia spoken by the inhabitants of Nineveh in the north region of Iraq. Various studies related to this qeltu variety have been conducted on the phonological, morphological, syntactic, and sociolinguistic levels. Although there are a number of noteworthy studies that address this variety of Iraqi Arabic, some scholars report that many of those descriptions were not satisfactory and contemporary ones lack clarity. As such, the study presents a detailed description that specifies the phonological differences found when comparing Modern Standard Arabic to Mosuli Arabic. Those differences are then scaled according to their frequency from the most frequent to the least frequent one. The sample of the present study comprises 50 native speakers of MA of different age, gender, and educational background so as to be inclusive. They are instructed to produce MA cardinal numerals in the range of 0 to 20 and their performance is recorded and analysed auditorily afterwards. It was concluded that MA usually favours having fewer syllables prioritizing it to ease of pronunciation. In addition, MA stress pattern is, to a certain extent, more predictable than in MSA.

The aim of this study was to investigate the challenges faced by fourth-year students in the College of Education at the University of Garmian while preparing their graduation research projects, and to identify differences in the participants' perspectives according to their scientific specializations. A total of 288 students from eight departments within the college participated in the study. In the first stage, the researcher created a 28-paragraph questionnaire to collect data from the research sample. In the second stage, the researcher used a Focus Group methodology to obtain a more in-depth understanding. The questionnaire was presented to a committee of specialized and experienced reviewers to establish face validity, and a preliminary sample of thirty people was used to ensure discriminant validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α = 0.825), and the split-half method confirmed the stability of the instrument. The findings showed that the prominent challenges students encounter are finding enough scientific materials, such as articles, books, and not having enough supervision or support from supervisors when conducting research. In addition, students found it difficult to balance their time between other academic and personal obligations and the demanding requirements of research. Students also experience low confidence in their research skills, primarily due to feeling that they have not received enough training and education in this area during their various educational stages. To increase students' confidence in their research skills, the study suggested that supervisor support should be increased, access to scientific resources should be expanded, and scientific research training programs should be improved.