Hawlyat Al-Montada

Scholars differentiate between criminal law and criminal policy. Law comes after the criminalization of an act and outlines punitive measures for the crime, while criminal policy is the social theory for dealing with behavior that violates ethical standards, public interest standards, and public order. This begins with analyzing the criminal phenomenon, its causes, and precautions to reduce its spread and harmful effects, then deterring perpetrators from committing crimes. Then, after the crime has occurred, determining the deterrent punishment. Criminology literature has devoted significant research to criminal policy, while jurisprudential research in this field has yet to fully address the topic. Therefore, this research represents a preliminary approach to explore the features of criminal policy in the research of jurists. We have chosen the crime of monopoly as a model, considering it a personal act with social impacts and economic damage, and entailing necessary responsibilities and measures for the state.

The pledge of allegiance is a pivotal concept in Islamic political jurisprudence. Throughout history, it has served as a means of establishing political legitimacy and declaring popular approval of the ruler. Muslim jurists have differed on the position of the pledge of allegiance in the process of appointing an imam or ruler. Their opinions have ranged between those who consider it a foundational pillar without which authority cannot exist, as is the case with most Sunni jurists, and those who view it as a mere confirmation of divine authority or religious text, as is the case with the Imamis. This divergence reveals the depth of the debate over understanding the relationship between the text and consultation, political legitimacy, and popular will. This study examines the most prominent jurisprudential trends in their stance on the pledge of allegiance, analyzing scholarly texts and the positions of various schools, demonstrating how this issue reflects a broader conception of the role of the nation and jurists in constructing and exercising authority within the Islamic framework.

This study offers a comprehensive study of the Jewish New Year, known as Rosh Hashanah, in terms of its religious, symbolic, and social dimensions. Rosh Hashanah is one of the most important holidays in the Jewish calendar, celebrated on the first and second days of the Hebrew month of Tishri. It is viewed as a day of judgment and remembrance, on which one's deeds are presented to God and the beginning of the ten days of repentance, culminating in the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur).
The study focuses on the central rituals associated with this holiday, most notably the blowing of the shofar, a symbolic ritual used for spiritual awakening and a call to repentance. The special structure of prayers that include passages reflecting the awe of divine judgment, such as "Avinu Melkeinu" and "Onitani Tokveh", is also analyzed.
The study also addresses distinctive popular and social rituals, such as eating symbolic foods (apples with honey, pomegranates, and the head), and the ritual of tashlich, which embodies the idea of getting rid of sins. The study also discusses the psychological and spiritual dimensions of this holiday, as a time for reflection, self-examination, and renewing one's relationship with God and one's fellow human beings. The study concludes that Rosh Hashanah is not merely a celebration of the beginning of a new year, but rather a profound religious occasion that instills in the Jewish conscience the notion of moral responsibility, repentance, and hope for a new beginning. This holiday also reflects the interplay between individual and collective rituals, and between the spiritual and social dimensions of the Jewish religion.

Since the dignity of humanity is one of the most important digital basics, and one of the important topics that have raised controversy in recent times, and the emergence of some direct dealings with Muslims, and the travel of Muslims to European countries in which many religions abound, and the recruitment of some workers from Muslim countries, which led to the independence of jurisprudence texts ; To become a suitor subject to the Nabataean region of the research subject.
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The researcher dealt with the clarification of dignity linguistically and in the terminology of some researchers. The researcher dealt with dignity from a Quranic point of view. In order to obtain a link to the topic by touching the completion of the reading process, then obtaining scientific results in accordance with the principle of human dignity to obtain a link to the topic in search, and I hope in search of researchers, and please search and benefit us (sound) and praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds.

The poetry of Iraqi expatriate women represents a starting point and a living model for the poetics of place, as their poetry contains vocabulary that has a spatial memory that blends with their subjective and psychological feelings and reflects the place of familiarity and youth. Our research is based on analyzing the memory of place in the poetry of Iraqi expatriate women poets, highlighting the most important connotations, meanings and purposes of memory, through separate poems by Iraqi expatriate women poets, using their poetry as a reflection of their personal and cultural identity, and the reasons for using the words of places, including the names of places, houses, halls and schools in their poetry, and what these places represent for the women poets.

The study of Islamic Sufism is a fundamental gateway to understanding the spiritual and intellectual structure of Islamic civilization. In Algeria, Sufi orders—foremost among them the Alawiyya order—have played a significant role in shaping both individuals and society and have served as a domain for the formation of local religious consciousness.The said study aims to analyze concepts such as kashf (unveiling), ta’wīl (hermeneutical interpretation), and dhawq (mystical taste), as keys to understanding the Mustaghanemi Sufi experience and to demonstrate their role in renewing Islamic gnosis within the context of modern Algerian society.

This research aims to analyze speech acts in the supplication of Imam Zayn al-Abidin (peace be upon him), known as the Supplication of Abu Hamzah al-Thumali, within the framework of pragmatics, a linguistic approach concerned with studying the functional use of language in context.
The analysis of the supplication’s passages focused on the theory of speech acts, founded by the English philosopher John Austin and later developed by his student, the philosopher John Searle, who classified speech acts into five main categories: assertive, directive, expressive, commissive, and declarative acts.
The Supplication of Abu Hamzah al-Thumali is considered a rich linguistic model for understanding the linguistic use of speech acts and studying them within a religious text. The supplication is marked by spiritual interaction and a diversity of style and meaning, through which the speaker expresses psychological and spiritual states such as supplication, hope, remorse, repentance, confession of sin, fear, and aspiration.
The research adopts a descriptive-analytical method, in which several excerpts from the supplication were selected, and the illocutionary purposes of the speech acts were classified according to their pragmatic functions and discourse contexts.

Grammar, in reality, had beginnings focused on the linguistic aspects that we see in the written texts, and known to us, such as poetry, speeches, letters, wisdom, and stories. All of that poses a question to us about the subject of establishing the language, so all researchers wonder, where did these movements, grammatical foundations, linguistic style, and linguistic solidity of these texts come from? Since Arabic grammar was new according to the phenomena that formed it, its foundations and rules were not complete, it comes to mind that there are old rules in the literary texts, among the poets of pre-Islam. If we deny these foundations, we return to another important issue, which researchers have addressed, including Taha Hussein in the issue of plagiarism, and considering pre-Islamic poetry to be plagiarized, as he sees in his theory, who doubted everything related to pre-Islamic poetry. You see him doubt every text and news that came through storytellers and narrators; because his logic doubts a nation that did not know how to read and write, so he asks where did poetry come from and in this cast method of performing all of that? It comes to mind, as others have, to doubt the spirit of poetry and literature, which originated in ancient times. Or to say that the language and grammar are inherent in antiquity but evolved and became stagnant with the advent of the Holy Quran. Therefore, we focus our research here on the Quran and its relationship to grammatical forms and rules, and how the language reached a scientific and intellectual level and demonstrated its excellent performance in various aspects. Despite these doubts, we return to the existence of grammar, rules, and foundations there, even if the poetry is questionable

This research examines the phenomenon of contrast manifested in "Hashimiyyat al-Kumait," taking on various forms, ranging from singular to complex, and the embodied image through other rhetorical arts, which the poet intended to create an intertwined world of relationships embraced by poetic language. Based on Abu Riyash's explanation of "Hashimiyyat," edited by Dr. Daoud Salloum and Dr. Nouri Hamoudi al-Qaisi, the research analyzes the dimensions of contrast in its two dimensions: verbal and semantic, in the poem using an analytical approach. It aims to demonstrate the effect of contrast in enriching poetic meaning and adding semantic tension. The research focuses on the poet al-Kumait ibn Zayd's use of contrast in constructing a rich and diverse linguistic image. It aims to analyze the effects of this phenomenon on the recipient, both in terms of the linguistic structure and the aesthetic dimension of the poem.

Drug abuse has spread throughout society across various age groups, with some individuals reaching the point of addiction. It has taken control of their minds, robbed them of their will, and led them to fall unexpectedly and without warning. The Islamic nation has been dealt a targeted blow, struck at a vulnerable point, as it is now being fought on its own soil with a dangerous weapon, rendering a part of it powerless, like a blind man who cannot walk. And what is this vulnerable point? It is the youth, who are the backbone and protective shield of the nation .The reliance on mind-altering substances (drugs) has become a serious threat to many young people across various societies. This danger has escalated to the point where drugs are used as a hidden weapon in wars between nations, specifically targeting youth to transform them from a productive national force into a destructive power that paralyzes society and depletes its resources. In fact, the danger of drug addiction has extended beyond young people and has even affected children .The drug problem has preoccupied communities worldwide due to its destructive effects on individuals and society across psychological, social, and economic domains. It has become a source of concern for all those involved in society, including security leaders who directly confront this serious crime, as well as sociologists, psychologists, and religious figures, all working together to contain, control, and reduce its dangers .God created humans, honored them with intellect and knowledge, and commanded them to use these gifts in obedience to Him and in ways that benefit themselves and their society through good and reform. Yet, by deviating from God's guidance, humanity has brought upon itself destruction, loss, and disease. One of the most prominent ailments of our time is drug addiction in its various forms and names .This research examines the geographical distribution of drugs in Najaf Governorate and explores ways to limit its spread. The study covers the geographic distribution of drugs across administrative units over a five-year period (2020-2024).

The research aims to shed light on the population increase witnessed in the southern governorates of Iraq, which are among the regions that have witnessed the largest population increase in recent years. This is due to several factors, including natural factors such as high natural population growth, and social and economic factors such as internal migration and displacement. This population increase is manifested in the concentration of population in urban centers such as Basra, Nasiriyah, and Amara, due to the availability of public services. The research also aimed to study the impact of population density as a youthful labor force that can be utilized in economic processes, with increased government support for various sectors in the study area, and as a military force in combat and security aspects. The research also focused on the importance of population density in political aspects and the influence of the youth group on the political process at the level of local governments and parliamentary representation as an influential electoral force. This reflects the importance of human resources and their development in this vital and important part of southern Iraq, which can be called the strategic south of Iraq.

The research aims to demonstrate the impact of climatic characteristics in Najaf Governorate on the incidence of eye diseases for the period (2014-2023). The research consisted of four chapters. The first chapter dealt with the theoretical guide for the research, while the second chapter addressed the study and analysis of the climate characteristics of the study area and knew whether they take a specific temporal pattern. The third chapter discussed the characteristics of eye diseases represented by (streak and blepharitis, inflammation and other disorders of the conjunctiva, keratitis and other disorders of the sclera and cornea, cataract and other disorders of the lens, eyeball disorders, other diseases of the eye and its appendages). The fourth chapter was concerned with demonstrating the impact of the prevailing climatic characteristics on the diseases under study and knowing the degree, strength, and type of association.

The definitions of the age group described as youth vary. The biological concept of youth refers to the biological changes during adolescence, during which the child acquires adult characteristics. The United Nations defines youth as those between the ages of 15 and 24. Studies in Arab countries are moving toward expanding this category to 29 years of age, compared to the international definition, to accommodate the specific circumstances of youth. Its introduction is the increasing rates of unemployment among young people, the rising age at first marriage, and the adoption of the 2014 National Human Development Report in Iraq of the age group (15-29). Based on the above, and given the multiple definitions of the age of youth, we propose adopting the definition provided by the 2014 National Human Development Report, as it is the most reliable and generalizable, which is that they are those whose ages range between 15 and 29 years. Therefore, in this research, we will address the youth category in Najaf Governorate.

Interpretation in the Ismaili era, until its prosperity, was the basic adaptation of all esoteric philosophical ideas. It was the fundamental pillar upon which all their foundations and concepts of the call wer founded and upon which they combined philosophy, logic, and rhetoric. This is what we find in the writings of their preachers and their various works.
Although interpretation is a Quranic principle, it has become associated with the name of the Ismaili sect, as soon as it is mentioned; the mind turns to this sect. The reason for this is that this science, or what is known as the theory of the apparent and the hidden, has occupied Ismaili thinkers and scholars, to the point that they have written a lot about it in their works.

International borders are one of the most important topics of international law. They are also the source and cause of many international disputes. They are also the most commonly researched, and their emergence poses a threat to international peace and security, as they directly impinge on a state's sovereignty and threaten its very existence. International reality abounds with such disputes, and it can be said that no state throughout its history has been spared a border dispute. Perhaps the Second Gulf War and its painful repercussions for the region, including the border dispute between Iraq and Kuwait, are the best evidence of the potential consequences of Iraqi-Kuwaiti border crises and the threat they may pose to international peace and security. Therefore, we believe that border issues are difficult to resolve, as many countries initially agree only to quickly break them. Even international law considers the issue of borders a dilemma that is difficult to resolve through peaceful means, and sometimes border issues may even endanger international peace and security. Therefore, we believe that the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border crisis is of great political importance, as borders determine a state's sovereignty and its own entity. Otherwise, this crisis could lead to the outbreak of wars and conflicts, which in turn threaten international peace and security. It is likely that this dilemma, which remains intractable to date, will be investigated: the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border crises.
 

This study seeks to analyze the political developments of the Jews of Ukraine during the rule of the tsars, as they form an integral part of Ukrainian society, through research into the history of the Jews of Ukraine throughout history, the study of Immigration and integration, and how the Jews adapted to the Society of Ukraine over the centuries, starting from the recognition by Catherine II of the right to live especially during the reign of the Russian tsars.

The sciences of all kinds are witnessing renewal at the level of thought and methodology، and the humanities، as we see it، are in dire need of a review of their cognitive and methodological structure. With regard to the Sharia sciences، many recent studies have been conducted on the philosophy of religion and the philosophy of jurisprudence. Studies have also been conducted on the approaches to the sciences and their methodological classification. Naturally، there is a difference in the perspectives of the Sharia sciences and the nature of their cognitive outputs، with different goals that include defining their identity، distinguishing them from each other، monitoring the relationships between them، cognitive integration، and mutual influence. All of this contributes - as we see it - to the development of the Sharia sciences. Here، we are in the process of attempting to establish a comprehensive vision for the Sharia sciences as a unified structure with common characteristics. Therefore، this research works to unify visions within a comprehensive framework that undertakes to analyze the elements of Sharia knowledge and attempts to establish initial steps that work to build a unified conception of the nature of the Sharia sciences، through approaches that can be foundational and developable in subsequent studies، based on the results of some research in the philosophy of science، in terms of concepts that seek a clear vision about the nature of the human sciences and their ceilings. Cognitive and development challenges are addressed through an analytical، critical perspective، based relatively on some inductive attempts. The research was not without difficulties at the level of construction، identifying areas of deficiency، and potential for renewal، given the vastness of the religious heritage and the accumulation and overlap of concepts in the religious field

By reading and analyzing the text of Article (207/1) of the Iraqi Civil Code No of the Iraqi Civil Code No. 40 of 1951 AD, as amended and in effect, which states that: “1- The court shall estimate compensation in all cases according to the amount of harm suffered by the injured party and the amount of earnings he has lost, provided that this is a natural result of the unlawful act.” We find that the Iraqi legislator has defined compensation as the type of material damage represented by the material loss suffered by the injured party, such as treatment expenses, and the amount of income he has lost during the period of his treatment or recovery from the non-fatal bodily injury resulting from the unlawful act committed by the perpetrator. It also stipulated compensation for moral damage in Article (205/1) thereof, which stipulated that: “1- The right to compensation includes moral damage...” From all of the above, we find that the Iraqi legislator did not stipulate the physical damage that befalls the injured party as a result of the non-fatal injury, as we find that it is possible to divide the damage into three types: Due to its importance in practical life, namely:
Material damages: These affect the financial liability of the injured party. This is addressed by the provisions of the first paragraph of Article (207) of the Civil Code.
Bodily damages: These affect the human body itself, the subject of this research.
Moral damages: These affect emotions and feelings. This is addressed by the provisions of Article (205) of the Civil Code, the subject of this research.
Necessity dictates separating these three types of damage when assessing compensation. Bodily damage is independent of material and moral damage, as attention must be paid to the bodily injury itself, without regard to the material or moral damage it may cause. The judiciary must take into account compensation for bodily injuries, because neglecting them leads to the injured party bearing a significant portion of the damage without acceptable justification as a result of the disability that afflicted him, whether permanent or temporary. This is what must be stipulated and addressed in the provisions of the Iraqi Civil Code, the subject of this research. Whereas we find that bodily harm is an independent and self-contained harm that must be compensated for independently, even if the assault did not result in any other material or moral harm in the case of a non-fatal injury, i.e. it did not result in any financial loss at work, or the injured party did not prove that he suffered any psychological or moral harm as a result of the non-fatal injury (such as a school student being involved in an accident that resulted in a temporary disability that prevented him from studying during the treatment period). This is what we will find in detail within the folds of the research.

Teaching English writing skills was found a difficult endeavor since it required proper circumstances so that teachers could carry out their tasks successfully which would effectively increase the learners' linguistic and communicative competencies. Comprehensively, EFL instructors in general, and Iraqi teachers in particular, faced several difficulties while teaching writing. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate these challenges that accordingly affected the learners’ writing performance and outcome. The study adopted a qualitative research design with a case study approach. The data was collected by interviewing 20 English teachers who lived in Basra Province, South of Iraq, and taught at either private or public secondary schools. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted. The collected data were analyzed descriptively and tabled to summarize the results. The findings showed that some factors were contributing to the challenges that the teachers confronted which were resembled, successively, by the educational/ institutional, sociocultural, psychological, and economic factors. The study results would assist teachers and administrators in considering these problems in teaching writing skills and devising strategies for overcoming them in the future.