The White Dome Journal

This research examines the concept of «multilingualism» as a strategy for analyzing the poetic texts of pioneers of free verse in light of modern linguistic and language studies. The study focuses on various means of multilingualism, including semantic, pragmatic, and syntactic methods, and explores how textual cohesion and harmony are achieved among the elements of a single poem. It also discusses the applications of multilingualism in the poetry collections of Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, Nazik al-Malaika, and Abdul Wahab al-Bayati, highlighting the importance of multilingualism in enhancing understanding and communication between the writer and the reader. The study sheds light on the role of multilingualism in constructing texts in a logical and coherent manner, thereby contributing to the realization of diverse poetic purposes.

The manifestations of innovation in the Islamic sciences have become essential, especially in the science of fundamentals. Signs of fundamental renewal have emerged since the third century AH, that is, after Imam al-Shafi’i, and to this day, in order to keep pace with the changes, as well as to meet the renewed needs of those in charge over time.This article came for the purpose of reviewing one of the most prominent contemporary fundamentalist products concerned with fundamentalist renewal, which is the book: “Renewing the Method in the Study of the Principles of Jurisprudence” by Nouman Al-Jaghim from Algeria, for the purpose of identifying the aspects of innovation in the book and evaluating Al-Jaghim’s attempt at renewal at the level of the fundamentalist approach in an objective manner. Objective, and one of the most prominent conclusions of the article is: Through an objective review of the book, it became clear that Al-Jaghim had deposited a number of innovative ideas in the fundamentalist field in the folds of his book, but it represents only a starting point in the renewal project for the fundamentalist lesson. Due to the limited issues that he tried to give a modern touch to by reformulating the issues he presented in a manner appropriate to contemporary reality, in addition to solving thorny problems throughout the ages according to an objective, innovative approach, far from traditional approaches on the one hand and away from modernist approaches on the other hand that seek to demolish fundamentalist thought, not for the sake of renewing it.

The research addresses the concept of cohesion and linkage (branching), as it represents one of the mechanisms that contribute to the coherence of the parts of the smaller unit represented by the «sentence» or the parts of the larger unit, the «text.» It is one of the means that contributes to the textual structure and helps achieve the overall meaning resulting from the cohesion of the parts of the sentence or text. Indeed, these two phenomena are among the means that create relationships and interconnections between these sentences. The research then begins by clarifying grammatical cohesion and linkage, and what they represent in the system that achieves coherence and connection between words and phrases in the grammatical system, such as the use of conjunctions and interpretive tools. These contribute to achieving connection between the parts of the sentence, which achieves precise meanings. The research concludes that cohesion and linkage are not only a linguistic tool, but are also fundamental to achieving meaning in the structure of the sentence, and generally contribute to improving and deepening linguistic communication .

Things and matters may be suspicious of each other and may be random, so it needs to focus on the general interests of the individual and society, and what people need to return to and search for reasons through which the rulings can be changed, their implementation delayed, or replaced if there are valid justifications. Therefore, Islamic Sharia came to codify the rulings and their legislation for the people. To control and correct people’s actions and behaviors in society, and to preserve necessities such as preserving
oneself, one’s money, one’s honor, one’s religion, and one’s mind, which the holy law is keen on.
Islam has fought crime and prevented the commission of prohibited things through punishments and impositions, and has prescribed punishments to protect the rights of individuals and communities, and not to take revenge on them, as evidenced by the wise legislator’s reference to repelling suspicions, and setting conditions that make the application of punishments to a limited extent, but sufficient for deterrence and repression to preserve general societal order. It refers to the greatness of Islamic law and its consideration of the interests of the people and warding off evil from them. It is necessary to know the concept of doubts and explain their types, causes, requirements, and conditions for consideration, along with representation of each type according to the scientific method in Islamic jurisprudence. Then I mentioned the conclusion and it contains the results.

Praise be to God, the All-Knowing, the One Who encompasses all things in His knowledge. The term “cities of the Islamic East” refers to the cities and countries located to the east of Baghdad, such as (Al-Jabal, Azerbaijan, Zanjan, Qazvin, Qom, Isfahan, Rayy, Tabaristan, Gorgan, Sijistan, Khorasan, Turkestan...). This modest research includes the names of the cities, armies, districts, and the cities, regions, and districts within them. And the Arab tribes who inhabited and ruled it, the Persian races, the distance between towns, the caliphs, princes, and commanders of Muslim armies who conquered these countries and cities, the amount of their tax, the proceeds of their wealth, their crops, the water, the drinking water of their inhabitants, and their religions. And what the scholars of religion and literature say in their writings - a summary of such-and-such a book - this research is a summary of the news of some of the countries. And the cities. The research includes two sections, the first of which mentions the origin of the cities and their names, and the second section mentions some of the customs and traditions of their people in a brief manner, not covering everything. The research includes a reading of the history of some of these cities and an introduction to them, which are (Arjan, Hamadan, Nahavand, Karaj, Qom, Isfahan, Tus, Nishapur, Marv).

Lisan ad-Din Ibn al-Khatib, the minister of the Banu Nusayr kings of Granada, was considered a man of encyclopedic knowledge in the fields of science and politics.
The scientific and political circumstances in which the minister Ibn al-Khatib lived afforded him the opportunity to travel throughout the Kingdom of Granada and the far Maghreb. He became a noted traveler, not to mention his efforts in writing the political history of the Kingdom of Granada.
In his travels, the minister Ibn al-Khatib recorded everything he saw and heard, thus providing us with fertile material for everything we know about the civilization of the Islamic West during that period.
It is worth noting that the minister Ibn al-Khatib made significant contributions to geography. He left us a series of travel books, traversing the world, recording their diaries and conveying images of what he saw in his regions.
We have at our disposal numerous books and letters written by Ibn al-Khatib during his travels between Morocco and Andalusia, including «The Danger of the Spectre in the Winter and Summer Journey» and «The Boasts of Malaga and Salé.» One of the goals of travelers to cities, whether in the Maghreb or the Levant, is to uncover the nature of awareness of the other.
These two journeys are among those in which he mentions numerous cities in Andalusia and Morocco, describing them geographically. He allowed for a description from all geographical, economic, urban, and cultural perspectives, as well as a comparison between the cities of Andalusia and Morocco in all their aspects.

many scholar in the East and west have descried orientalist writings on the prophet Muhammad and the history of the Islamic cell as falsification of facts and far from objective and correct methodology . They distorted and distorted the facts form the Middle Ages to the modern era and have taken considerable space and demand for writing about the Prophet . Were, trying to figure out what to do with it. During the sources and references to that time period ..

Arabic poetry contains many concepts and images that, in turn, express the poet›s innermost thoughts and transformations. Among these poets is the Islamic poet Al-Tarmah ibn Hakim, who was known for his linguistic and poetic prowess. He left us a literary legacy whose characteristics were dominated by the superego and the demeaning of others. Therefore, this research addresses the psychology of the conflict between the self and the other, to understand this ongoing difference between Al-Tarmah›s self and the relationship with the other in light of psychology, to clarify the complexities and psychological phenomena within the poet. We conclude that the conflict of the self with the other is a human, intellectual phenomenon that defines the relationship between the poet and society.

Historical periodization (pedriodization) refers to the framing and classification of past events according to historical eras with common characteristics. There must be an epistemological, historical, or factual break between each era, distinguishing it from the eras that precede and follow it. These breaks, which establish the inseparability of one stage from another, are formed by multiple factors according to the criteria for classification. The situation may differ due to a profound religious shift, major cultural transformations, or political authority and its systems, There is no doubt that the impact of these transformations does not appear in a single, defining moment separating two eras, but rather in accumulations that gradually form, coloring history in a contrasting manner with what preceded it. I have divided my research into three sections. The first deals with the civilizations that emerged in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula, the second with historical periodization and its types, and the second with archaeological excavations in the Arabian Peninsula. I also addressed the divergent opinions of researchers regarding the study of ancient Yemeni history. In the third section, I addressed the disparity and difficulties among researchers in determining the periods of the states that emerged in the southern Arabian Peninsula, as well as the difficulties researchers faced in studying the obstacles (environmental, geographical, and political). Finally, I concluded the study with a summary and conclusion on this topic.

The Holy Quran is the greatest book known to humanity. It is the miraculous Book of God Almighty, which has challenged the world with its eloquence and clarity. Its eloquence is evident in its orthography. It is the unique style that distinguishes the Quran from all other human speech, including the careful selection and arrangement of words, with a perfect harmony, and the strong interconnectedness between words, meanings, sentences, and verses. It is appropriate to the context, addresses the mind and heart, and gives the words an unmistakable impact and influence. The orthography reveals many aspects of the miraculous nature of the Quran, demonstrating that it is the Word of God Almighty, to whom falsehood cannot approach from before or behind. The orthography is not limited to the rhetorical aspect alone; it also plays a significant role in directing meaning and discovering the objectives of the surahs and verses. Therefore, the orthography of the Quran has become an essential methodological tool in interpretation, an indispensable tool for interpreters. The importance of the topic «Qur›anic System and Its Impact on Interpretation» lies in its being one of the fundamental keys to understanding and interpreting the Holy Qur›an correctly and accurately. It demonstrates the interconnectedness between words and meanings. Through its system, the interpreter can discern the subtle relationships between chapters and verses, distinguish between similar or similar meanings, clarify the underlying reasons for the arrangement of verses and chapters, and reveal the divine wisdom behind this arrangement.
My study of this topic is divided into two sections, preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion, as follows:
Section One: Definition of system linguistically and technically and its importance in interpretation.
Section Two: Qur›anic system and its impact on interpretation.

The study of poetic imagery in Abbasid poets is not limited to familiar partial rhetorical patterns, such as simile, metaphor, and allegory, but extends to new artistic mechanisms. Abbasid poets in the early period sought to develop new artistic forms that adorned their poetic imagery with unique and ephemeral stylistic stimuli in their semantic output, shaped according to an artistic vision distinct from the impressions of pre-Islamic poetic imagery. Thus, the poetic poem of Abbasid poets became like a single rhetorical image, intertwining various relationships between the mechanisms of poetic imagery, forming a visual artistic canvas whose aesthetic level, imaginative standards, linguistic precision, and cognitive and intellectual aura emanated from poetic creativity.

This academic paper examines the strategies and mechanisms for combating poverty and hunger within Islamic Sharia. It outlines the foundational legal principles aimed at achieving social justice and fostering solidarity, with a focus on key instruments such as zakat, charitable giving, and endowments. The study also highlights the role of societal responsibility in supporting the poor and needy. Ultimately, it concludes that Islamic Sharia presents a comprehensive and balanced framework that integrates both spiritual and material dimensions in addressing poverty and hunger.

The current research aimed to identify:1- Emotional literacy among students in the Psychological Counseling and Educational Guidance Departments.
2- The significance of differences in emotional literacy according to gender (male, female) among students in the Psychological Counseling and Educational Guidance Departments.
To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher constructed a scale for emotional literacy, consisting of (30) items, based on Claude Steiner›s theory of interaction analysis. The statistical analysis procedures for the scale were verified by applying it to a sample of (400) male and female students. The significance of the scale›s items, internal consistency, and all its psychometric properties (facial validity and construct validity) were verified. The scale was applied in its final form to a sample of (260) male and female students selected using a stratified random method. After applying the research tool and using appropriate statistical methods, the following results were achieved:
The research sample members possessed emotional literacy, according to the difference between the arithmetic mean and the hypothetical meaning.
There are statistically significant differences in the relationship to emotional culture according to the gender variable, in favor of males.

There is no doubt that the primary goal of education at the present time is to care for the human being and stimulate his energy and creativity in order to invest them for the benefit of society, by adopting a method of dialogue and learning based on cooperation for individual activities instead of memorization and indoctrination to take into account different behavioral patterns. (Werschrähnen 1988, p. 90)
The importance of research on using the numbered headers strategy emerged as follows:
1. It attracts the students’ attention to the activities performed by the teacher during the lesson according to groups for each activity group consisting of 6 students according to their numbers.
2. It encourages female students to cooperate and work together, which develops the skill of social coexistence.
3. It helps them think of the correct answers when one of the numbers to whom the question is addressed is chosen.
4. Moving away from the tradition that adopts specific, distinct names
The research aims to identify the effectiveness of teaching using the numbered heads strategy for the achievement of fifth grade female students in the subject of geography. The research reached several conclusions, perhaps the most important of which are:
1. Teaching using the numbered heads strategy in the achievement of fifth-grade middle school female students, the literary branch, is more effective than teaching in the traditional method.
2. Using the numbered headings strategy enables the teacher to include as many students as possible, and at the same time keeps him away from the problem of forgetting names and makes him focus more on the whole instead of the part.
3. This strategy is based on participatory and cooperative learning, as it leads to continuous interaction among its members, and thus raises the level of achievement.
4. This strategy involves all students, and it motivates them to prepare in advance

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of applying active learning strategies in improving science achievement among fourth-grade students in schools under the Directorate of Education in Dhi Qar. The sample included 20 students, divided into two groups: an experimental group, which studied using active learning strategies, and a control group, which followed traditional teaching methods. The study utilized various research instruments, including the Colored Progressive Matrices Test, the Diagnostic Rating Scale for Learning Difficulties, and the Academic Achievement Scale. The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, indicating that active learning strategies contributed to enhancing students’ academic performance in science.

This research aims to study the style of praise and criticism in early Arabic grammatical works. Three prominent sources from the linguistic tradition were selected: Al-Kitāb by Sībawayh (d. 180 AH), Al-Muqtadab by Al-Mubarrad (d. 285 AH), and Al-Uṣūl fī al-Naḥw by Ibn al-Sarrāj (d. 316 AH). The study seeks to explore the manifestations of this stylistic feature across these texts in terms of syntactic structures, semantic functions, and terminological formulas. Additionally, it traces the employed formulas, analyzing them, clarifying their components, and addressing related grammatical and semantic issues. The research also compares the perspectives of the three scholars on these matters, identifying points of agreement and divergence in their terminological, grammatical, and semantic treatments. A descriptive-analytical methodology is adopted, combining descriptive analysis of terminology with semantic interpretation of structures in light of both traditional grammatical concepts and modern linguistic analysis.

This research aims to examine the relationship between perceived social support and self-commitment among kindergarten students. This research analyzes the extent to which the support students receive from their families, peers, and teachers affects their level of self-commitment in the educational process.
A descriptive and analytical research approach was used, where a questionnaire was designed to measure perceived social support and self-commitment. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of kindergarten students at a university. The results showed a statistically significant positive relationship between perceived social support and self-commitment. The greater a student›s sense of social support, the higher her level of self-commitment to study and academic activities. The study also demonstrated that emotional support and encouragement from family and teachers are key factors contributing to enhancing self-commitment among students. The study concluded that it is necessary to foster a supportive environment within educational institutions by offering psychological and social support programs and encouraging positive relationships between female students, their families, and faculty, with the goal of raising self-commitment and improving academic performance.

This study addresses the issue of the child of doubt and its rulings in Islamic jurisprudence, with the aim of defining it, its causes, and explaining the legal rulings resulting from it. The study begins by defining the concept of doubt in general and the types of doubt that can be attached to a legal contract, whether it is doubtful in the act or the subject. It then moves on to define the child of doubt as a child resulting from intercourse that the perpetrator believes is permissible according to Islamic law, when in reality it is not, or intercourse that lacks some of the conditions of a valid marriage, but does not amount to outright adultery.

This research examines journalistic verification in the age of artificial intelligence, focusing on the transition from using traditional digital tools to the evolving role of the journalist as an algorithmically-literate expert. The study aims to analyze the impact of AI-powered tools on verification practices, explore the new skills journalists need in the digital media environment, investigate the ethical and professional challenges associated with these tools, and provide practical recommendations to enhance journalists’ proficiency in AI-driven verification. The theoretical framework of the research draws upon several key concepts and theories, including the Uses and Gratifications Theory (to understand motivations for using verification tools), the Social Responsibility Theory of the Media (to assess ethical and professional frameworks), the Generative AI Theory (to comprehend how algorithms function and their influence on journalism), and the concept of digital verification in the disinformation ecosystem. The study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, analyzing the content of 20 purposefully selected news reports. A custom-designed content analysis tool, based on indicators derived from the theoretical framework, was applied across four main axes: verification tool characteristics, the journalist’s role, content quality, and the media context of misinformation and correction. The findings reveal that AI tools have enhanced verification efficiency but have not eliminated the need for human oversight. The results underscore the necessity for journalists to develop critical analysis skills and algorithmic literacy, while also highlighting variations in transparency and ethical adherence among media organizations.

The study aims to examine the relationship between the Alids and the Abbasid caliphs during the second Abbasid era. The period under study includes the reigns of six Abbasid caliphs, from the caliphate of Al-Muntasir to the end of Al-Mu’tadid’s rule. During their reigns, three of the infallible Imams (peace be upon them) lived. The study highlights how these caliphs treated the Imams of their time in particular, and the Alids in general. Their conduct was a continuation of the injustice and persecution carried out by their predecessors. The study also explores the Alid uprisings that expressed open discontent with the Abbasid authority, as well as the imprisonment and execution of Alids ordered by the caliphs and their close circles.

Public policy plays a significant role in the stability and development of society, whether by adopting policies that keep pace with development or by addressing the problems facing society. In both cases, it serves the citizen and provides the best for society. Public policy consists of several stages, beginning with identifying the problem and ending with evaluation. It must be noted that the formulation of public policy is influenced by official forces such as the legislative authority, as well as public opinion.
In order to implement the general policy in Iraq, the problem of traffic congestion in Baghdad was chosen in order to develop realistic and applicable solutions. The city of Baghdad suffers from a large traffic congestion of cars at the main and secondary entrances and exits of the governorate, which in turn leads to many difficulties and time wastage for road users in addition to other damages affecting traffic safety, and the significant negative effects of traffic problems. Also, the increase in population and the increase in the number of public and private vehicles was not met by the creation of a new road network or improvement of some old roads and streets before (bottlenecking projects) In addition to the extensive damage to some roads due to natural conditions and large depressions that led to the occurrence of bumps in some roads, we must not forget the weakness of public transportation networks within the city of Baghdad, which had a clear impact on the emergence of the problem of traffic congestion for vehicles, which made it in need of radical planning solutions to improve the traffic environment and raise its functional efficiency.

Al-Tafsir Al-Wadih ‹ala Naḥ al-Salaf al-Salih» by Sheikh Muhammad Nasib Al-Rifa›i is one of the modern interpretations of the Quran. It is characterized by a balance between brevity and elaboration, as it is concise in expression yet comprehensive in meaning.
This study examines the Quranic sciences according to Sheikh Muhammad Nasib Al-Rifa›i (d. 1413 AH). At the beginning of the study, a brief biography of the interpreter, his upbringing, and his methodology in interpretation are presented. Then, the research delves into topics related to Quranic sciences, such as the reasons for revelation, Meccan and Medinan verses, abrogating and abrogated verses, among others. This study is considered a small step in the vast ocean of Quranic interpretation in general and Quranic sciences in particular.
The study concluded that Sheikh Muhammad Naseeb Al-Rifai (may God have mercy on him) had a broad interest in the sciences of the Qur’an in his interpretation, although his approach was characterized by a balance between brevity and detail. This study is considered a small step in the sea of the science of interpretation in general and the sciences of the Qur’an in particular.

The current research aims to identify the role of the Inquiry Wheel model in the achievement of second-grade middle school students in the Holy Quran and Islamic Education subjects. The researcher adopted a partially controlled experimental design, which is one of the experimental designs based on two groups: the first experimental group, which studies the Holy Quran and Islamic Education using the Inquiry Wheel model, and the second control group, which studies the same subject using the traditional method. The researcher identified the research community as female second-grade middle school students in Baghdad Governorate. The research sample consisted of (60) female students, with (30) students in the experimental group and (30) female students in the control group. The researcher rewarded the two groups on the variables (intelligence, achievement in the previous year, and age) in the Holy Quran and Islamic Education subjects for the academic year (2024-2025). The researcher also formulated an achievement test tool consisting of (30) objective items. Validity and reliability were extracted, and the results of the research were analyzed. The researcher used statistical methods (t-test for two independent samples, chi-square, Pearson›s coefficient, Spearman›s coefficient / Cronbach›s alpha coefficient). The current research reached the following results:
The results showed that the experimental group students who studied the Holy Quran and Islamic Education using the Inquiry Wheel model outperformed the control group students who studied the same subject using the traditional method on the achievement test.
The researcher reached the following recommendations:
1. Confirm the use of the Inquiry Wheel model in teaching the Holy Quran and Islamic Education subjects due to its importance in increasing achievement levels.
2. The researcher recommends that supervisors at the Ministry of Education use modern teaching strategies, including the Inquiry Wheel model, by teachers of the Holy Quran and Islamic Education subjects.
The researcher proposes conducting the following studies:
1. Conduct a similar study to determine the effectiveness of the Inquiry Wheel model for different levels.
2. Determine the effectiveness of the Inquiry Wheel model and other models in the achievement of second-grade intermediate female students in the Holy Quran and Islamic Education subjects.

This study first examines environmental terms in Nahj al-Balagha, given their importance in linguistic usage. The study focuses on the word “sky,” one of the environmental terms mentioned by Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in his sermons. This study examines the meaning of “sky” in Nahj al-Balagha from three perspectives: natural, legal, and metaphorical. From a grammatical perspective, this study analyzes the use of the word “sky.” In various sentences, whether in the nominative, accusative, or genitive cases, depending on their grammatical position in the sentence.

In the digital age, the educational process faces significant challenges in attracting and motivating learners, particularly in art subjects that rely heavily on visual and creative interaction. This highlights the importance of utilizing modern educational media, such as the interactive whiteboard, in developing students’ artistic skills.
The research problem lies in the weak understanding and application of skills related to the design and execution of decorative units among students in the late childhood stage (ages 9–12). This necessitated the search for effective teaching tools to address this deficiency.
Accordingly, the study aims to explore the impact of employing the interactive whiteboard in developing and studying decorative units among students at this stage. It tests a central hypothesis stating that there are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the experimental group (who used the interactive whiteboard) and the control group (who were taught using traditional methods) .
The study adopted the experimental method using a two-group design with pre- and post-tests. A random sample of 30 students was selected and distributed equally between the two matched groups.
The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, confirming the effectiveness of the interactive whiteboard in enhancing the skills of designing and executing decorative units. The researcher recommends integrating the interactive whiteboard in art education lessons and providing necessary training for teachers to maximize the benefits of this technology.