Journal Of Al-Imam University Collage

The global economy is undergoing unprecedented transformations thanks to the rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into all sectors.AI has become a powerful driver of economic transformation, impacting productivity, labor markets, trade systems, and financial mechanisms.On the one hand,AI offers tremendous opportunities: it enhances efficiency, encourages innovation, and opens up new markets through intelligent automation and data-driven decision-making. It also fosters the creation of new job categories and economic activities, particularly in technology-based industries.On the other hand, the rise of AI poses significant risks and challenges. These include the displacement of human labor due to automation, widening inequality due to unequal access to technology, digital divides between countries and within societies, and increasing dependence on a few dominant technology companies. Furthermore, the absence of global regulatory frameworks raises ethical and economic concerns.

Among the seven sciences of Hadith, the science of Hadith graduation stands out, as it enables us to know the origins of Hadiths and trace them back to their original sources, and then to know the rulings of blindness on their chains of transmission, in order to cite them and employ them in their appropriate places and situations. Among the many Hadith books that abound in the Islamic library, there is a book whose fame speaks for itself, and it is by one of the Imams of Muslims, “Al-Adab Al-Shar’iyyah wa Al-Manh Al-Mar’iyyah” by Ibn Muflih Al-Maqdisi. In his book, he ruled on a group of Hadiths that they are “good in chain of transmission.” In Hadith terminology, this term was not known as a rank by which a Hadith is judged. Therefore, the researcher fulfilled his duty by clarifying what is meant by this general application of these Hadiths. What is meant by it? Does the meaning of “good in chain of transmission” mean that it is authentic? Or is it less than authentic? Or is it a rank close to “hasan”? Or is it somewhere between “authentic” and “hasan”?

This study examines The Linguistic Structure of Literature: A Study in the Philosophy of Language and Aesthetics by Lofti Abdel-Badie, which explores literary phenomena through their linguistic construction. In the introduction, the author asserts that ‘’the poetic phenomenon is essentially linguistic; it can only be approached through language, where human genius is embodied, and through which the essence of poetry is defined.’’ The book thus links literature with the philosophy of language and aesthetics, highlighting the philosophical dimensions of linguistic structure in literary texts. It argues that literary meaning cannot be fully grasped through grammar or rhetoric alone, but only within the context of complete texts.
The research is structured into four main sections: the first addresses the book’s methodology; the second discusses its content; the third analyzes the author’s style and examples; and the fourth focuses on the language. An introduction and conclusion frame on the study, with the latter summarizing key findings.

This research aims to highlight the pivotal role of the administrative judiciary in protecting the administrative rights of citizens in Iraq, as it is the primary guarantee against potential abuse by administrative authorities. The study reviews the theoretical and legal framework for administrative rights stemming from the Iraqi Constitution and relevant legislation, while analyzing the nature and types of these rights. The research focuses on the core problem of evaluating the effectiveness of the Iraqi administrative judiciary in performing its oversight and judicial functions amidst the multiple challenges it faces. The study adopts an analytical and critical methodology, examining the legal texts that regulate the work of the administrative judiciary and analyzing judicial decisions issued by administrative courts to assess their adherence to the principles of justice and rights protection. The study also identifies the main obstacles hindering the administrative judiciary's work, categorizing them into legislative challenges related to the ambiguity and multiplicity of texts, procedural challenges represented by bureaucracy and slow litigation, and judicial challenges linked to the guarantees of judicial independence and impartiality. Ultimately, the study concludes that the administrative judiciary has proven its importance as an indispensable tool for ensuring the rule of law and protecting individual rights; however, its effectiveness remains constrained by numerous obstacles. Accordingly, the study presents a set of practical recommendations, most notably the necessity of modernizing and unifying administrative legislation, strengthening the financial and administrative independence of the judiciary, enhancing the efficiency of judges and administrators through continuous training, and activating anti-corruption mechanisms to ensure the integrity of the entire judicial process.

Allah Almighty chose the Prophets and Messengers — peace be upon them — to convey His message to all of humanity. They were lamps that illuminated the earth, teaching people the true religion: to worship Allah alone without any partner, to adhere to His commands, and to abstain from His prohibitions. It is obligatory upon us to obey them in word and to follow their example in deed. The last of them was our Master Muhammad ﷺ, the Seal of the Prophets and Messengers, who brought forth the purified Sunnah, which constitutes the second source of Islamic legislation. Within it, he clarified all that the Ummah needs for its religious and worldly affairs. Among the foremost and most important matters the Prophet taught the Ummah were the tenets of belief, as he was the sincerest, most eloquent, and most diligent in fulfilling the trust of conveying the message. For this reason, the texts of the Sunnah were relied upon by the pious predecessors, after the Book of Allah Almighty, as evidence for matters of creed (‘Aqīdah). Given that ‘Aqīdah is the foundation and pillar of the religion, the purified Sunnah contains numerous hadiths pertaining to doctrinal matters. Among these is the hadith narrated in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim in the Book of Divine Decree (Kitāb al-Qadar), under the chapter “The Argument between Adam and Moses — peace be upon them.” Many scholars have cited this hadith and its theological implications within their works. Hence, it was of great importance to address this hadith and examine it through the study entitled: “Doctrinal Issues in the Hadith of the Argument between Adam and Moses — peace be upon them — in Imam Muslim’s Ṣaḥīḥ: An Analytical Study.”
The research plan consisted of an introduction and two main sections. The first section was entitled: Mention of the Hadith, Explanation of Unfamiliar Terms, and Authentication of Its Narrations, and it comprised two subsections. The second section was entitled: Doctrinal Issues in the Hadith of the Argument between Adam and Moses — peace be upon them —, and it included several topics. This was followed by a conclusion wherein the most significant findings were presented, along with a bibliography of sources and references.

Searching al-Imam Maghiltay for narrations that were judged by the hadith scholar Maghiltay to have a good chain of transmission is considered an important topic in the study of the Prophet’s hadith, as it contributes to evaluating the authenticity of the hadiths and the extent of their acceptance in the legal sciences. A comprehensive study of these narrations was conducted to understand the accuracy of the hadith scholar Maghiltay assessment and the accuracy of his analysis of their chains of transmission .
The research analyzed a number of narrations that were judged by the hadith scholar Maghiltay to have a good chain of transmission, and it was found that these narrations are authentic and reliable according to the rules of hadith science. The study showed that the hadith scholar Maghiltay followed a precise approach in evaluating the chains of transmission and examining the authenticity of the narrators, and he had extensive experience in this field.
Based on the results of the research, it is possible to rely on these narrations that were judged to have a good chain of transmission in understanding and interpreting the Prophetic hadiths, because they are based on reliable narrators and a connected and authentic chain Maghiltay of transmission . Maghiltay , these narrations can be used in scientific research and Sharia studies with confidence and consistency.
In conclusion, the study of the narrations that were judged by the hadith scholar Maghiltay to have a good chain of transmission is considered a valuable contribution to the development of the study and understanding of the Prophet’s hadith. It contributes to confirming the authenticity of the hadiths and directing researchers towards using reliable sources in studying the Sunnah of the Prophet.

This research revives neglected manuscripts related to one of the Quranic sciences, namely the science of recitations. The study focuses on a manuscript titled The Doctrines of the Seven Reciters Regarding the Added and Supplementary Yā’ Letters by Sheikh Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Al-Hassan bin Salman Al-Mutawalli (d. 1313 AH). The manuscript was verified from Surah Al-A’raf to the end of Surah Bara’ah. This unique copy is in the author’s own handwriting. The research is divided into two sections: the first section presents the study, and the second section involves the verification process. The verified text was transcribed according to modern orthographic rules, with attention to punctuation marks, and subsequently authenticated.

The research aims to shed light on patience and belief in divine destiny as two fundamental pillars of the Islamic faith. It also aims to analyze their impact on the lives of the people of Gaza, who are living under tragic and exceptional circumstances due to the ongoing siege, aggression, and deprivation. This research uses an analytical doctrinal approach that highlights how these faith concepts are embodied in their daily reality. The first chapter addresses the concept of patience, defining it from a linguistic and technical perspective, highlighting its status in Islam and its connection to piety. It then discusses the role of patience in confronting enemies, explaining the close relationship between patience and piety in strengthening a Muslim\'s ability to persevere and confront adversity. The second chapter is devoted to studying belief in divine destiny, examining its linguistic and technical meanings, identifying its various types, and clarifying the concept of God\'s will and decree and their impact on human life. The chapter also presents the doctrinal and behavioral benefits that accrue to a Muslim from a deep belief in divine destiny, especially during times of hardship and trial. In the third section, an analytical study of the patience of the people of Gaza was presented, examining the manifestations of faith in their behavior, such as patience in the loss of loved ones, persistence in education, and the ability to adapt and innovate amidst the siege. The doctrinal analysis also presented the impact of belief in fate and destiny on their resilience, highlighting the faith-based interpretation of the ordeal and its impact on achieving inner contentment and strengthening social cohesion and solidarity among members of the Gazan community. The study concluded that the Islamic faith, through the values of patience and belief in fate, represents a source of tremendous spiritual strength that enables people to persevere and face adversity with steadfast faith and unwavering hope. Keywords: patience, fate and destiny, Gaza.

Attention has increased to the global trend in recent years to the attention of financial institutions to all tools that achieve financial stability and thus increase the adequacy of capital to meet and absorb potential and future losses, by paying attention to strategic tools for financial empowerment and financial ability and all other factors related to them and affecting them and trying to control them,especially economic factors, thus achieving the goals and sustainable development of society that nine financial institutions to achieve by following the regulatory controls of the recent Basel Committee ll,lll,lv.

This study explores the intersection of feminist discourse in the works of Virginia Woolf, a key figure in Western modernist literature, and Nazik Al-Malaika, a pioneer of modern Arabic poetry. By engaging in a comparative analysis, the research examines how each writer articulates women's issues within distinct cultural, political, and linguistic frameworks. Woolf’s feminist vision, rooted in liberal and intellectual freedom, emerges through her stylistic innovations and critique of patriarchal institutions. In contrast, Al-Malaika’s feminism is expressed through poetic symbolism, emotional depth, and her break from classical Arabic poetic form, all within a more conservative Arab context.
The study demonstrates that, despite geographical and ideological differences, both writers employ literature as a space of resistance and self-assertion. It also addresses the limitations of applying Western feminist models to non-Western texts, advocating instead for a more intersectional, culturally responsive approach to feminist literary criticism. Ultimately, this research contributes to the global feminist dialogue by highlighting the transformative power of literature in expressing diverse female experiences.

Praise be to God, and peace and blessings be upon His beloved Prophet, the Chosen One, and upon his loyal family and companions. In this research, I have addressed peaceful coexistence in blessed Islamic thought. In the first section, I have defined the terms related to the research in two sections. In the first section, I define coexistence linguistically and technically, and I have cited the scholars' opinions on it, choosing the definition I deemed most valid. In the second section, I have addressed the definition of thought linguistically and Islamic thought technically, and I have cited the opinions of distinguished scholars, from which I have selected the most valid and comprehensive definition of the meaning of Islamic thought. As for the second section, I devoted it to explaining the evidence for peaceful coexistence in Islamic law, in four sections. The first was to explain its evidence from the Holy Quran. In the second section, I discussed its evidence from the pure Prophetic Sunnah. As for the third section, I explained the sayings of the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them), and in the fourth section, I mentioned the sayings of scholars and jurists (may Allah have mercy on them). I then mentioned the most important preferences and deductions derived from the above evidence. As for the third section, I focused on the factors that help achieve peaceful coexistence. In the second section, I mentioned the most important blessed fruits of achieving peaceful coexistence and its significant impact on organizing people's lives. I concluded the research with a conclusion, in which I mentioned the most important results I reached. I then documented the sources and references I relied on throughout the research.

The research aimed to understand the impact of financial inclusion on economic growth in Iraq. The research relied on a quantitative analytical approach using simple and multiple regression models using SPSS to measure the relationship between financial inclusion indicators (number of bank accounts, number of ATMs, volume of credit granted to the private sector, and number of bank branches) and the economic growth rate. The results showed that financial inclusion indicators in Iraq remain modest and weak, and that their impact on economic growth is weak and statistically insignificant. The regression model explained a limited percentage of the change in growth rates, while the greater impact remained linked to factors outside the scope of financial inclusion, most notably oil prices and political instability. The research concluded that the Iraqi economy suffers from structural fragility due to its excessive dependence on oil and the weak contribution of the financial sector to supporting economic activity. The research recommends the need to expand the base of financial inclusion by promoting banking culture, developing digital infrastructure, and increasing lending to the private sector, in addition to adopting government policies that support economic diversification, which contributes to achieving more sustainable and inclusive growth.

In this research, I discussed the phenomenon of women’s work and its consequences, which is knocking on the doors of Islamic society at the present time. Islam did not remain silent about it, but rather established a comprehensive approach to it that preserved the chastity and dignity of women and respected them when they went out to work and participated with men in public life. He warned her very carefully against showing off, as it leads to temptation, especially when working with men. The Holy Qur’an has set out basic rules for her that must be followed. And the same applies to the rest of the religions that preceded Islam. These basics are shared between religions because they come from one Lord. Work is permissible for everyone, male or female, but each has its own conditions. It is the woman’s duty to stay away from what is harmful to life, and it is the man’s duty to lower his gaze. Finally, praise be to God, my research plan consisted of an introduction, a preface, and two chapters. The first chapter was entitled “Adhering to Chastity.” When women go out to work and relieve themselves outside the home, the second topic is women going out for the purpose of temptation and seduction, and the conclusion crowns the end of my research.

A criminal offense is any act or omission that the law imposes a penalty for if it constitutes an assault on public order, peace, and security. It has elements, including the material element, represented by the act criminalized by law; the moral element, represented by criminal intent in any form; and the legal element, represented by the existence of a legal text criminalizing the act or omission, and the status of the perpetrator as a public employee or entrusted with a public service. The criminal offense has effects on employment relationships, including those that lead to the termination of employment due to complementary or consequential penalties that affect the employee's legal status as a public employee. There is a relationship between criminal and disciplinary offenses. An employee may commit two offenses simultaneously, both criminal and disciplinary, and the administration has the discretion to impose a disciplinary penalty without awaiting the outcome of a criminal trial.

Jalut (Goliath) was a corrupt king who embodied tyranny and arrogance, relying solely on physical power without justice or faith. He was defeated by Prophet David (Dawud), proving that true victory comes not from strength but from faith and truth. The story teaches that corruption leads to downfall, and true leadership Is based on wisdom and justice. It is a powerful reminder of God's laws in grantIng victory to the righteousThis character has been briefly discussed by commentators, but has not received sufficient attention from scholars, despite its dimensions and the potential for lessons to be drawn from it and applied to real life. Hence, this study aims to shed light on this character as one of the kings mentioned in the Quran.

Books of interpretation have addressed the concept of coercion in the Holy Quran as an exceptional case that lifts legal responsibility for actions or statements made under pressure or threat. They base this on the Almighty's statement: "Except for one who is forced [to speak] while his heart is at rest in faith" (An-Nahl: 106).
The majority of interpreters have agreed that coercion permits a person to utter something he does not outwardly believe in, provided his heart is at rest in faith, provided that the threat is real and concrete, and that there is no means of escaping it.
Interpreters have differed on some details, including the extent to which this permission encompasses speech and action, the limits of coercion considered legally valid, and its effect on waiving prescribed punishments and penalties. Interpreters have also discussed the distinction between coercive and non-coercive coercion, and the extent to which each type affects responsibility. It can be said that the interpreters' view represents a compassionate approach to understanding Islamic law, combining the preservation of religion and life, and emphasizing the balance between the outward appearance of an action and the inner intention.

Slums were the most crucial problems befalling the city of Baghdad at large, and the study area played a critical role in it. The characteristics of the study area played a major role in the population growth and the emergence of slum areas in it. This was especially important since the study areas were experiencing a housing crisis: the lack of administrative units against the number of housing units against the number of families in which such crises trickle down to develop a crisis in the services on all fronts. This study has thus brought an expression worthy of observation and attention due to its negative effects on the city and the citizens therein. It creates a distorted residential pattern to the aesthetic of the city. The study has shown clarity to the features of this problem for consideration. It is of no random places to be scattered and be found here and there, but a clear and large phenomenon with its area, the number of families, and the number of housing units.

The Umayyad era witnessed a significant development in the purposes of Arabic poetry, as the image of Islam crystallized and its teachings and images were imprinted on Arab life, and its culture, language and pure teachings were imposed on it. Poetry withdrew from its ignorance and its stale language to a soft era in which the new civilization imposed itself, and it presented us with a poetic color that we had not known before, especially in platonic love, as we see in it a sincere color of human emotion that is consistent with the spirit of Islam and its teachings that have stagnated in the souls of the Arabs. They write about beloveds who make lovers reach death or almost, and they write in a language that drips with chastity and realistic truth without any of the colors of the senses and description of the body that were common in previous eras. Therefore, the modern semiotic approach comes and applies its modern procedures to this poetic text, and reveals the signs, symbols, connotations, and purpose contained in the text, and attempts to provide a new meaning for this text and an interpretive reading that was not known to the ancient interpretations of this poetry, which constituted a turning point in Umayyad poetry.

Metaphor is one of the most prominent rhetorical phenomena that has witnessed a remarkable development in modern Arab criticism, as it has moved from being a traditional rhetorical tool to a multidimensional hermeneutic concept. This research examines the development of the concept of metaphor in modern Arab criticism, reviewing the shifts in its understanding between traditional rhetoric and contemporary interpretation. It also reviews the contributions of Arab critics in reformulating the concept of metaphor, influenced by modern Western trends, especially in light of hermeneutic theories and textual linguistics.

The language of the Qur’an is eloquent classical Arabic, and understanding both the Qur’an and the Sunnah fundamentally depends on the knowledge of the Arabic language and the rhetorical arts through which they were revealed. Our Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, the seal and most distinguished of all messengers, was sent to all of humanity. His message was addressed to both Arabs and non-Arabs in the Arabic language — the most suitable of all languages. Among the rich and beneficial sciences of this language are the enchanting rhetorical styles, particularly the techniques of tawriya (double entendre) and ta‘rīd (indirect expression), due to their significant role in the missions of prophets and messengers, peace be upon them. These styles embody subtle guidance and a refined methodology indispensable to every caller to the truth (dā‘iyah).
Tawriya serves as a shield for the caller’s core message against potential harm, while ta‘rīd provides a lawful and expansive alternative to lying. It also allows for a praiseworthy way to engage the opponent and attract them to accept the truth through a gentle, agreeable, and acceptable manner.
Accordingly, this study is structured into two parts: the first focuses on tawriya and its practical applications, and the second on ta‘rīd and its applications, aligning with the research title and aiming to produce satisfactory results and convincing examples that benefit both the one being invited (to Islam) and the inviter.
The study reveals that the styles of tawriya and ta‘rīd have a profound psychological impact — often surpassing that of direct speech — by employing emphasis, reproach, warning, caution, and threat in a more powerful manner. This is due to the fact that indirect expression, when deeply contemplated and understood, leaves a stronger impression on the soul and finds deeper resonance in the heart, especially when coupled with refined etiquette and the avoidance of explicit confrontation. These rhetorical tools enable the speaker to discreetly express blame, criticism, reproach, or requests without openly confronting the audience. They also serve to draw the opponent in and invite their acceptance of the truth, while subtly correcting deviations that may have occurred among Muslims in the past or present.
It is important to note that tawriya and ta‘rīd derive their meanings from external contextual clues rather than from the literal wording itself. These contextual elements may be apparent only to the intended audience and not necessarily to all listeners.

This study delves into the landscape of constitutional oversight within Iraq, with particular emphasis on the Federal Supreme Court's functions. A core element involves comparing its operational dynamics with those of similar constitutional courts in nations such as Egypt, France, and Germany. The research seeks to scrutinize the Court's scope of authority, the procedures it utilizes, and its overall performance in safeguarding the constitution's integrity and ensuring the principles of the rule of law are upheld.
The initial section introduces the concept of constitutional oversight itself. It examines its primary goals in fortifying the rule of law and elucidates the varying methods through which oversight is implemented. These methods encompass preemptive assessment and post-facto review processes. The subsequent segment pivots to a detailed examination of Iraq's Federal Supreme Court. It considers the Court's evolutionary trajectory, its underpinning legal architecture, the limits of its jurisdiction, and the specific mechanisms used to review the constitutionality of actions.
Chapter three presents a comparative perspective, juxtaposing Iraq's Federal Supreme Court against the judicial bodies of Egypt (Supreme Constitutional Court), France (Constitutional Council), and Germany (Federal Constitutional Court). The comparison highlights critical distinctions concerning jurisdiction, degrees of judicial independence, and the practical efficacy of each court's constitutional oversight role.
The fourth chapter concentrates on the significant hurdles encountered by Iraq's Federal Supreme Court. These difficulties encompass obstacles of both a legal and political nature, alongside the repercussions stemming from the ongoing absence of a comprehensive new Federal Court Law. Further, the study offers specific recommendations designed to enhance constitutional oversight capabilities within Iraq. Suggestions involve expediting the enactment of the Federal Court Law, fortifying the court's autonomy from undue political pressure, and improving the execution of its judgments to ensure they are properly respected and implemented.
In conclusion, the research argues that the Federal Supreme Court of Iraq necessitates specific reforms, both legal and administrative in nature, to elevate its overall efficacy. Recommendations include updating the existing legal framework and fortifying its independence, ultimately bolstering its capacity to fulfill its critical mandate in upholding constitutional protections and ensuring a proper balance of governmental powers.

This study examines civil liability for damages resulting from the use of modern technologies. It addresses how to assess and compensate for such damages, particularly those that are difficult to financially estimate, such as moral damages. It also reviews relevant laws and legislation, as well as the legal theories governing the liability of users and producers.
It aims to provide a comprehensive legal overview of the position of liability and compensation for modern technological damages, particularly in light of the increasing use of robots and artificial intelligence, which requires the development of appropriate legal mechanisms to guarantee the rights of those affected and hold perpetrators accountable.
It aims to determine the validity and compatibility of current legal theories, such as product liability and liability for things, with modern technological developments in terms of compensating for damages resulting from them, particularly non-material and moral damages, which pose difficulties in assessing and providing appropriate compensation.
Traditional theories of civil liability, such as product liability, are not fully compatible with the nature of damages resulting from modern technology, particularly non-material and moral damages. This requires the development or adoption of new or modified legal theories that are consistent with technological developments. The study adopted a descriptive and analytical approach, reviewing legal texts, previous studies, and judicial rulings, as well as analyzing various legal theories, with the aim of understanding their suitability and developing proposals to improve the framework of liability and compensation.
Traditional theories, particularly product liability, are inadequate in light of modern technology and require amendments or the adoption of new theories that are more in line with the complexities of the resulting damages.
Moral damages and the difficulties in assessing them require the establishment of clear legal mechanisms for compensation, whether through monetary or non-monetary compensation.
Current laws and judicial decisions tend to divide liability between parties according to the context and circumstances of the case, noting the need to update legislation to keep pace with technological developments and effectively secure the rights of those affected.

This research presents a critical edition and analytical study of the section titled “Chapter on Disability and Death in the Case of the Mukātab (Contractual Slave)” from the book "Al-Farāʾid: Sharḥ Multaqā al-Abḥur" by the eminent Ḥanafī jurist، Ismāʿīl ibn Sinān al-Siwāsī. This work is among the later commentaries in Ḥanafī jurisprudence، characterized by its precision in legal branching (tafrīʿ) and adherence to the foundational principles of the madhhab.
The study focuses on presenting the various juristic opinions regarding issues such as the accidental incapacity (ʿajz ṭāriʾ) of the mukātab، the death of either the mukātab or the master (mawlā)، and the consequent legal effects on the contract of kitābah. It further analyzes the principles of preference (tarjīḥ) among these opinions.
The research highlights al-Siwāsī’s treatment of intricate legal matters such as the judicial estimation of the grace period granted to an incapacitated mukātab، the court’s stance on proven disability، the transfer of walāʾ (allegiance) after death، and the impact of existing or expected funds on the continuity of the contract. These discussions are framed within the authoritative sources of the Ḥanafī School.
Moreover، the research demonstrates al-Siwāsī’s reliance on foundational uṣūlī principles such as the concept of conditionality (mafhum al-sharṭ)، argument from the contrary (mafhum al-mukhālafah)، and the authority of solitary reports (khabar al-wāḥid) outside the domain of qiyās (analogical reasoning)، reflecting a profound integration of uṣūl al-fiqh and substantive law in his juristic method.