Journal Of Al-Imam University Collage

Countries still deal with crucial issues with a kind of selfishness based on the priority of national interests at the expense of comprehensive universal values, including, of course, environmental sanitation, in a world that still lives in a clear Hobbesian atmosphere and is surrounded by conflict at the level of interests, values, and identities, especially between the North and the South, or developing countries and emerging industries. Among advanced industrialized countries, this has pushed regions to engage in addressing these problems, a phenomenon known as environmental or green diplomacy. However, these diplomatic efforts have not yet decisively reduced the differences and conflicts on environmental and climate grounds. This led to the outbreak of major disagreements between the most important international powers, whether in interpreting the purposes of international agreements and treaties related to environmental conservation, or the goals of the policies of the major countries themselves. These disagreements later led to real conflicts between the major powers, centered around mutual accusations that the competing powers were exploiting the environment and climate issue to achieve victory in economic competition or in the field of managing conflict in general within the framework of the game of influence and global hegemony.

The phenomenon of climate change is one of the most prominent natural phenomena that has significantly affected the environmental reality of the world through the emergence of many environmental challenges, which was represented by the acceleration of climate change, which led to an increase in environmental pollution rates in many countries of the world, especially Iraq, as it is one of the countries facing severe climate challenges represented by high temperatures, low water rates due to lack of rainfall and high desertification, and with the continued aggravation of these challenges, the need to follow new diplomatic methods in light of the escalation of environmental crises, perhaps the most important of which is "climate diplomacy" to meet environmental challenges, and thus the role of diplomacy In addition to the weak financing provided by the state for renewable energy projects, as well as conflicts and disputes over water, it can be said that the effectiveness of the role of climate diplomacy in Iraq remains limited in many challenges, so meeting these challenges lies in achieving the will and transformation strategies to improve the Iraqi climate.

Climate change is increasingly impacting political stability in many countries, as scarcity of essential resources like water and food fuels internal conflicts among local communities. It also exacerbates economic crises and increases rates of forced migration, placing additional pressure on governments and infrastructure. The failure of political systems to respond swiftly and effectively to these challenges erodes citizens' trust and jeopardizes their legitimacy. Additionally, climate change heightens the likelihood of armed conflicts in fragile regions and increases opportunities for foreign intervention under humanitarian pretexts. At the same time, the environment is becoming a new arena for political struggle and public protest, particularly among youth. As a result, "climate change is not just an environmental challenge, but a test of humanity's ability to survive and cooperate in the face of a shared threat." Nevertheless, solutions remain possible through international cooperation and proactive policies to address the crisis.

Despite the challenges Iraq faces due to climate change, its commitment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change reflects its efforts and determination to confront the impacts of these changes and achieve sustainable development. Through local and international cooperation, Iraq can strive to enhance its adaptive capacities as well as mitigate the effects of climate change.

In recent years, environmental issues have risen to the forefront of global political and economic agendas. Environmental scientists—specialists in biology, earth sciences, and other fields related to life on and around the planet—have come to realize that achieving their goals in environmental protection requires more than scientific research alone. It has become essential for them to be knowledgeable about legal aspects and proficient in negotiation skills, a practice now commonly referred to as “environmental diplomacy.”
While theoretical sciences reveal objective facts, they often overlook or downplay critical factors such as population growth, the urgent need for food, and the demands of industrialization to combat poverty, hunger, and promote human development. As a result, the voices of environmental advocates have remained faint and distant from exerting real influence on public policy. Moreover, support for environmental issues has, in many cases, become part of political maneuvering aimed at securing electoral gains or attaining positions of power, rather than a genuine commitment to the principles of protecting the planet.

This study examines South Korea’s experience with climate justice as a pioneering model in Asia, where the country has successfully integrated the concept with its intellectual, economic, and social dimensions within an effective legislative and institutional framework, supported by appropriate economic and social policies. The study highlights South Korea’s ability to address future challenges, such as reliance on fossil fuels, the economic costs of the green transition, resistance from traditional sectors, and social inequality, while transforming them into strategic opportunities to enhance regional and international leadership. It further emphasizes the role of technological innovation, green finance, and climate diplomacy in consolidating South Korea’s position as an influential actor in global climate policies. The study concludes that this integrated approach represents a practical framework from which developing countries can benefit in designing and implementing sustainable climate justice policies, ensuring a balance between economic development, environmental sustainability, and social justice.

Climate change constitutes one of the most significant global challenges, exerting profound impacts on human life and the environment. Addressing this phenomenon necessitates comprehensive strategies and concerted efforts at both national and international levels. Many countries, including Arab nations, have devoted substantial attention to mitigating the effects and implications of climate change; The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has emerged as a regional leader in this regard, implementing ambitious policies and initiatives aimed at reducing the adverse impacts of climate change locally and globally. As part of its Vision 2030, the Kingdom launched the Saudi Green Initiative, with objectives that include reducing carbon emissions, expanding the share of renewable energy, and combating desertification.
Empirical studies indicate that the Kingdom, similar to other states in the region, faces persistent challenges such as rising average temperatures, declining precipitation rates, the expansion of drought conditions, and rising sea levels—all of which exacerbate the risks associated with storms and broader environmental changes, In recent years, Saudi Arabia has successfully increased the proportion of renewable energy in its energy mix by 15%, and it has set forth plans to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Nonetheless, the Kingdom continues to confront pressing challenges, notably the need to enhance public environmental awareness and to strengthen infrastructure capable of withstanding the impacts of climate change.

Climate change and environmental challenges are two phenomena that affect all countries to varying degrees. Climate change and environmental challenges are not necessarily the same in all countries; rather, their impact varies from one country to another. It is noteworthy that some countries are preparing to address their negative impacts through various plans and programs.
The Kurdistan Region faces environmental challenges, just like Iraq. It has adopted several necessary mechanisms to address these environmental challenges, including increasing green spaces around cities, developing agricultural projects, developing rapid water extraction projects, lighting projects that reduce the use of gas generators, controlling oil and gas refineries, and enhancing water security in the region through the construction of dams.
This study primarily aims to present the plans and strategies of the Kurdistan Regional Government to address these environmental challenges. To analyze the content of the study, we relied on an approach to analyzing data and plans from official institutions. On this basis, our study is divided into three axes: In the first, we provide a brief overview of the environment as an important issue for countries in general. In the second, we present the most prominent factors affecting environmental pollution in the Kurdistan Region within the context of the topic. In the third, we review plans and strategies for addressing environmental challenges in the Kurdistan Region at various levels.

This research examines the impact of public policies on climate change by analyzing selected international experiences from Germany, India, and Chile, and comparing them with the Iraqi context. Using a comparative analytical approach, the study highlights similarities and differences in climate policies, emphasizing that effectiveness depends on clear legislation, sustainable financing, and coordination among the state, private sector, and civil society. The findings show that Germany advanced through strict regulations and a rapid shift to renewable energy, India succeeded in balancing economic growth with environmental policies despite structural constraints, while Chile demonstrated that developing countries can achieve tangible progress through political will and binding legal frameworks. In contrast, Iraq faces major challenges such as water scarcity, heavy dependence on oil, and weak institutions. The study recommends adopting a comprehensive national climate strategy based on legal reform, innovative financing, investment in renewable energy, and community engagement to achieve sustainable development capable of addressing climate change.

This study examines global climate change from a knowledge-based perspective, exploring the epistemological foundations of climate change and analyzing them to better understand and predict its future trajectories. The paper begins with the premise that climate change is not merely an environmental or technological problem, but rather a knowledge-based and cultural challenge that reflects a fundamental misunderstanding of humanity\'s relationship with nature. Based on a critical analysis of scientific discourse and international practices, this research demonstrates that approaches to addressing climate change often reduce the issue to quantitative dimensions and mathematical models, while neglecting the contextual factors and social dynamics that shape climate responses.

This research aims to shed light on international efforts to protect world cultural heritage from climate change. The international community has placed considerable importance on tangible cultural heritage, particularly given the proliferation of environmental risks and threats, such as climate change, and the threat it poses to the heritage of nations and humanity. This has been achieved by adopting treaties, agreements, declarations, and initiatives related to the protection of tangible cultural heritage. International organizations also play a role in protecting it by issuing resolutions and recommendations that urge the management of the repercussions and risks of climate change on tangible cultural heritage, as well as its preservation and conservation.

Climate debt represents one of the central challenges in contemporary political economy, embodying the intersection between climate justice requirements and financial stability necessities. Its importance stems from being a fundamental mechanism for financing climate change adaptation and mitigation processes, particularly in the most affected developing countries. However, the main problem lies in how this financing model may increase existing debt burdens and restrict developmental policies. This dilemma necessitates the development of innovative financial mechanisms that link debt terms to environmental objectives. Analyses indicate that the success of these mechanisms depends on international political will to transcend traditional debt management patterns. Thus, climate debt could become either a tool for just transition or a means of reproducing dependency. This research concludes that the future of this instrument will reshape the principles of global solidarity and intergenerational justice.

This research addresses the topic of climate justice in light of the historical responsibility of industrialized nations for the climate change crisis, focusing on the right of developing countries to sustainable development. The study begins with the fact that developed countries have contributed the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions since the Industrial Revolution, while developing countries bear the brunt of the consequences despite their limited contributions. Thus, the concept of climate justice emerges as a link between the environmental dimension and social and economic equity, relying on the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" as a legal framework. The research also discusses proposed mechanisms to achieve climate justice, such as fair climate financing, technology transfer, debt-for-climate swaps, and compensation mechanisms for losses and damages. It concludes that climate justice is not merely an academic luxury but a fundamental requirement for building a more equitable and sustainable international system.

It can be argued that international attention to the issue of climate change began to assume an institutional dimension during the last decade of the twentieth century, as it emerged among a set of core variables on the global agenda—particularly with regard to international security and its sources of threat. The United States, as the leading power in the post–Cold War international order, played an active role in fostering this attention, which culminated in the Paris Climate Agreement of 2015. This agreement represented a fundamental shift in the nature of states’ commitments and consolidated the growing global recognition of the significance of climate change. No longer viewed as a purely environmental matter, climate change has increasingly been approached as an issue of foreign policy and a tool of economic competition and geopolitical influence. The U.S. experience with the Paris Agreement exemplified the fragility of international consensus on this critical issue and illustrated the degree of inconsistency in political behavior toward it

This study seeks to highlight the importance of green investment as a strategic option to address environmental and climate challenges, particularly in Iraq, which is facing escalating crises in its natural resources and increasing environmental and economic degradation. The study examines the concept of green investment and its scope, explaining its role in achieving sustainable development by balancing economic growth, environmental protection, and social justice. The study highlights the unique nature of Iraq's reality, characterized by water scarcity, deteriorating agricultural land, and high rates of pollution and desertification. This necessitates adopting an alternative development model based on green economy principles. The study concludes that
investment in renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, clean transportation, and waste management represents a strategic opportunity not only to mitigate environmental degradation but also to diversify the economy, reduce dependence on oil, and create new job opportunities. Therefore, supporting green investment is an essential step toward ensuring a more sustainable future for Iraq in the face of current climate challenges.

In recent years, environmental issues have gained increasing importance as a major threat to national security in many countries, including Iraq. Critical environmental challenges such as climate change, global warming, desertification, water scarcity, and the degradation of vegetation cover have emerged as significant threats to state stability. These issues require a collective response from countries and the international community to reach serious solutions that address these challenges and provide effective measures to prevent environmental crises and conflicts over energy resources.
At the level of Iraq, environmental security represents one of the most pressing challenges it faces. The country suffers from complex environmental problems, such as shortages of financial and human resources, deteriorating infrastructure, and high rates of poverty and unemployment, which complicate efforts to improve the environmental situation. This requires coordination among various governmental and executive institutions to develop comprehensive strategies that support environmental protection and ensure the provision of basic services, especially under the current circumstances.
This study aims to explore the relationship between environmental security and Iraqi national security, analyzing the negative impacts of environmental challenges on state stability. It seeks to present political and practical mechanisms to address these challenges in the future, as well as highlight the importance of improving environmental policies in the long term while providing practical solutions to confront upcoming environmental changes.

the present study examines the intensifying risks of climate change in Egypt, a regional “hotspot” characterized by its dependence on a single river and the concentration of economic activities in a low-lying delta. It links warming trends, accelerating extreme events, and sea-level rise to direct threats against sustainable development. The study seeks to provide an integrated assessment of the scale of the problem, its sectoral impacts, and the national policy landscape for mitigation, adaptation, governance, and financing—thereby supporting evidence-based decision-making and enhancing the resilience of state and society. The methodology is based on a systematic desk review up to 2025, combining descriptive and critical analysis of outputs from national and international reports (World Bank, United Nations agencies) and peer-reviewed academic studies. Evidence is classified within a vulnerability framework (exposure/sensitivity/adaptive capacity) across sectors. Findings reveal a trajectory of intensifying warming and hydrological variability exacerbating water deficits and salinization in the northern Delta. Results also highlight high vulnerability of wheat and maize yields under heat stress and irrigation shortages, as well as risks to infrastructure, health, and air quality, alongside potential coastal losses due to sea-level rise. At the same time, notable progress is observed in mitigation policies (expansion of renewables, efficiency improvements, promotion of clean transport, and green hydrogen projects) and in adaptation measures (water conservation and reuse, desalination, coastal protection, climate-smart agriculture, and early warning systems). However, gaps remain in institutional coordination, financing, and availability of localized data. The study recommends strengthening policy integration by empowering the National Council and mainstreaming climate-impact assessments in policymaking; mobilizing finance through innovative tools (green bonds/debt swaps) and scaling “NWFE” partnerships; investing in high-resolution climate modeling and capacity-building; adopting community-based adaptation approaches targeting vulnerable groups; and establishing a monitoring and evaluation system with measurable indicators. Priority should be given to “co-benefit solutions” that simultaneously reduce emissions and enhance resilience.

In recent decades, the world has witnessed an unexpected decline in extreme climate phenomena, such as drought, forest fires, and floods, including levels of correspondence. These are transformations that threaten the safety of the planet and the security of peoples. In light of this detail, international law has become and is moving and countries are moving towards the East. By establishing legal principles and multilateral cooperation mechanisms aimed at reducing these phenomena through binding agreements and multiple negotiating frameworks, the Paris Agreement represented a qualitative shift in how the international community deals with the climate crisis

Iraq has recently faced a water scarcity and an increasing risk of desertification, which came after many of armed conflicts, that it witnessed, in which various types of weapons were used, it causes to increase the level of pollution in it, and it leads to a reduction of the size of plants cover, and a decline of the percentage of water in dams. In addition, Iraq has witnessed moderate scientific diseases among its population. Therefore, it decided to activate the legislations of protection for the environment as well as seeking to ensure that it will be application in correct way. Such as: Iraqi environmental protection and improvement law No. (27) of 2009, and the air quality standards regulations 2010. To raise awareness among people regarding to the risks of interference in the infrastructure has wavered. Iraqi's awareness of the dangers of the environment and the lack of preservation of as affected by economic activity and political tensions, which have a significan;;t impact on the infrastructure summit. This has not been accompanied by a gradual development in this area. Therefore, we will examine the most important challenges facing environmental protection in Iraq and ways to participate through analysing international and national texts and their implementation. We will also examine the requirements of the international community in this regard in order to enhance the reality of the environment on the one hand and its sustainability on the other. This requires the establishment of tools that monitor pollution levels to control it in an integrated manner, and spread awareness of the importance of the environment and ways to protect it.

This study explores the concept of international responsibility in addressing climate change by analyzing the legal and moral obligations imposed on states under international agreements such as the Paris Agreement and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. It highlights the global failure to adequately protect the environment, manifested in weak enforcement and lack of political will, particularly among major industrialized nations. The study also examines the disparity in responsibilities between developed and developing countries and its impact on climate justice. Emphasis is placed on the need for international cooperation and the activation of accountability mechanisms to ensure environmental protection for present and future generations.

Civil liability is considered one of the most important legal mechanisms for compensating damages suffered by individuals or groups. Climate change, however, presents new challenges to this form of liability, particularly due to the nature of climate-related harm, which is often prolonged, indirect, and multi-causal.
Civil liability traditionally relies on three essential elements: fault, damage, and causation. Yet, applying these elements to climate change cases poses significant legal difficulties, most notably:
The difficulty of identifying the specific party responsible for the emissions.
The complexity of proving a causal link between certain emissions and specific environmental harm.
The delayed manifestation of damage, which sometimes occurs only after a considerable period of time.
Some legal systems, such as the French and American systems, have started expanding the scope of civil liability to include environmental harm, even in cases where no direct fault is proven (strict liability). At the international level, legal instruments are still evolving, including mechanisms such as the Loss and Damage Fund, established under the Paris Agreement.
As for Iraqi law, the legal system still relies on general provisions of civil liability (Articles 202–220 of the Iraqi Civil Code), with no specific provisions addressing environmental or climate-related harm. This highlights the urgent need for legislative reform to align national law with the evolving environmental context.

In recent years, climate change and the resulting environmental damage have become significant issues in all countries around the world, particularly given the weak legal framework governing the right to climate safety. Through this research, we seek to shed light on the role of national law in addressing climate change.
Through this research, we have sought to determine the legal basis for criminal liability for environmental damage resulting from climate change in order to limit the damage to the climate caused by errors committed by individuals as a result of failure to adhere to the safety and caution requirements stipulated in the laws and failure to take measures that limit damage to the climate, especially since the negative effects of failure to fulfill the obligations stipulated in the law may not be realized immediately and directly, as the matter may extend for a period during which it is difficult to track down the real perpetrator.

This study explores the legal characterization of climate change within the scope of civil law, examining whether it qualifies as a force majeure event that exempts contractual liability, or as a foreseeable risk that must be accounted for in legal obligations. The research conducts a comparative analysis of civil law systems in France, Egypt, and Iraq, focusing on the core concepts of force majeure and the distinction between unforeseeable and foreseeable risks. It also evaluates the adequacy of traditional legal frameworks in addressing emerging environmental challenges and proposes a redefinition of legal concepts to align with the evolving climate reality.

This research examines civil liability for damages resulting from climate change under Iraqi law, with a comparative view of foreign legislation. The first part addresses the conceptual framework of climate change, focusing on its definition, causes, and impacts on the environment and humanity. The second part analyzes the legal basis of civil liability, exploring fault-based liability, both proven and presumed, as well as strict liability. The study concludes that traditional fault-based approaches are inadequate in addressing the specific nature of climate-related damages, while strict liability offers a more effective mechanism for protecting victims and ensuring compensation. The research ends with several conclusions and recommendations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of the Iraqi legal framework in confronting this global challenge.

International and domestic law is an essential tool for addressing the climate challenges resulting from the developments accompanying the industrial revolution in the twentieth century, as well as the wars that directly affect the climate. This has coincided with the spread of desertification, a decline in trees, and the establishment of many factories within or near cities at the expense of green areas, which are considered the lungs of the Earth, playing a crucial role in purifying the air and providing oxygen for life.
Therefore, it has become necessary for the international community to intervene and develop laws that protect the climate and mitigate the effects of industrial development. Countries are striving to keep pace with these challenges by updating their legal legislation to maintain a clean and healthy environment, especially since the waste generated by industries has negatively impacted life on the Earth's surface, leaving significant effects in communities affected by wars and desertification due to water scarcity.
As a result, many laws have been established, both international and domestic, and various international agreements and volunteer organizations have emerged to reduce pollutants, whether resulting from noise, thermal pollution, or any other type of pollution. Among these efforts are the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Paris Agreement on climate, and local laws such as the Iraqi Environment Improvement Law No. 27 of 2009 and the Noise Control Law No. 14 of 2015. Additionally, the "National Youth Team for Climate Change" emerged in the field of volunteer work on June 5, 2025, which we will address in this research.

Climate change has harmful effects that represent one of the greatest challenges facing the international community, both now and in the future, as it is linked to environmental, economic, political, and technological factors. Therefore, it is essential to mitigate these effects, which include extreme weather events, global warming, floods, sea level rise, droughts, desertification, and polar ice melting. These consequences, in turn, lead to severe outcomes such as the spread of poverty and famine in many parts of the world.
In recent years, climate change and its impacts have become a major concern for the international community, especially as it has become a tangible reality that transcends borders and poses dangers no less severe than those of war and its disasters. Climate change is among the most serious results of human interference in the environment. The growing human activities have caused environmental degradation, leading to climate change, which has in turn altered weather patterns and significantly affected food production—representing a critical threat to humanity now and in the future, due to its direct impact on human rights.
Evidence of this includes recent phenomena caused by global warming, such as unusual seasonal changes, which have alerted the international community to the need for mitigating the harmful effects of climate change and adapting to them. This can be achieved through international cooperation and the establishment of global agreements aimed at reducing pollutant emissions. Consequently, countries are now required to eliminate or reduce the adverse effects of climate change.
Given the importance of this topic, it requires international, local, academic, political, and economic attention. This research will address the various aspects of this pressing issue.

There is no doubt that the chapter of the general framework of research in research and scientific studies is of great importance, as it lays the foundation stone for the topics covered by scientific research. Research objectives, identifying key terms and concepts in the research
The importance of the research, the objectives of the research, defining the basic terms and concepts in the research, in general, there are several goals for presenting previous studies, including knowing the shortcomings, shortcomings and obstacles that these studies faced to avoid. Another goal is to benefit from the results reached by those studies in order to compare them with the current research results. In order to know the similarities and differences and try to use this to achieve the current research objectives, In order to know the similarities and differences and try to employ this in achieving the current research objectives, and accordingly, the topic included the explanatory theory of the research. As for the research methodology, the research used the descriptive analytical method that fits with the nature of the research and the use of the social survey method by the sampling method, if the research sample consisted of (148) Among them were (14) supervisors and administrators concerned with the literacy program, as well as a random sample of teachers amounting to (134) teachers in the governorate. (148) questionnaires were distributed, the percentage of the sample to the original community amounted to (62.71%).

There is a growing awareness of the need to preserve the green environment and protect it from all forms of pollution, especially oil pollution and its waste, which also affects human health and threatens its stability. As a result of this pollution, serious disasters occur that are difficult to control. Water, air and soil are polluted due to the rapidly spreading physical and chemical properties of this element, which is oil. These pollutants have become solid, liquid and gaseous, Oil spills are an increasingly difficult problem, so we must work to find solutions, means and a specialized cadre to stop this problem that threatens human security and life and threatens all elements of the environment, from plants and animals due to the release of oils and petroleum products into the aquatic and terrestrial environments. To solve this pollution, several methods must be used, including prevention, which means using clean, energy-saving technology, continuous maintenance of oil fields, continuous cleaning and collection of spilled oils with mechanical, chemical and biological equipment, as well as education and awareness about the dangers and harms of this pollution, which plays a major role in reducing it, and disseminating information through the media to raise the level of awareness.

This study aims to examine the impact of green human resource management practices on achieving strategic recovery in Tikrit Municipality and to diagnose the level of implementation of these practices within the municipality. The research problem is represented by the question: Is there an impact of green human resource management practices on achieving strategic recovery in Tikrit Municipality? The study was based on a main hypothesis stating that there is no impact of green human resource practices (green recruitment, green training and development, green performance evaluation and development) on achieving strategic recovery at a statistical significance level of (0.05). The research population included employees in Tikrit Municipality Directorate, and the study relied on a sample of 27 valid questionnaires for analysis with a response rate of 92%. The researchers used a set of statistical methods including descriptive statistics (arithmetic mean and standard deviation), arithmetic mean test, simple correlation coefficients (Spearman), and simple linear regression analysis using SPSS software. The study reached its most important conclusion, which is the existence of a highly statistically significant effect (at a significance level of 1%) between green human resource practices and strategic recovery, as these practices enhance operational efficiency, reduce costs, and stimulate creativity and innovation among employees. It also proved that green recruitment is the most influential dimension on strategic recovery. The most important recommendation was the necessity of training employees in flexible green skills to make the organization more capable of adapting to environmental and legal variables, and integrating green management practices into the municipality's long-term strategies.

This study aims to clarify the impact of energy production from renewable resources on sustainable development indicators in general, and environmental indicators in particular. The study relied on analyzing available data on environmental performance indicators issued by governmental and international institutions. It employed historical and descriptive statistical analysis methods (tables and figures) for assessing environmental sustainable development performance indicators in Iraq and some oil-producing countries.
The study focused on analyzing the three main components of the Environmental Performance Index (EPI): Climate Indicator, Health Indicator, and Ecosystem Vitality Indicator, in addition to the Carbon Dioxide Emission Volume Indicator.
The study concluded that Iraq suffers from poor environmental sustainable development indicators and declining environmental performance quality, with an Environmental Performance Index score of 30.3—the lowest among Arab countries. Globally, Iraq ranks 172 out of 180 countries, placing it among the ten most environmentally polluted countries. This situation is largely due to air pollution, as Iraq’s carbon emissions amount to approximately 199 million tons, which constitutes about 0.5% of the total global carbon emissions estimated at over 37 billion tons in 2024. More than 95% of Iraq’s emissions come from fossil fuels.
Finally, the study proposed a gradual transition from the use of polluting fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas, uranium) in energy production to clean and environmentally friendly renewable energy sources (solar, water, wind, geothermal, and biomass.(

This research aims to analyze the impact of climate change on the path of sustainable development by constructing a standard model that includes a set of climatic, environmental, and economic variables. The study relied on temporal data representing temperatures, rainfall rates, vegetation cover, artificial water bodies, emitted gases, global warming indicators, as well as mitigation and adaptation measures, to explain changes in sustainable development indicators. The results showed that the model has high explanatory power (R² = 0.818), reflecting the strong influence of climate variables on shaping the path of sustainable development. The results of the estimated model showed the impact of economic variables (temperature, rainfall, vegetation cover, water bodies, greenhouse gases, global warming, mitigation, adaptation) on sustainable development, using a multiple regression model in the double logarithmic formula. It showed a statistically significant direct relationship between sustainable development and the elements influencing it, represented by each of (temperature, rainfall, vegetation cover, water bodies, greenhouse gases, global warming, mitigation, adaptation). The elasticities indicate that an increase of (0.01) in the number of units of each of the climate change elements included in the aforementioned model, assuming other factors are constant, leads to an increase in sustainable development by (-0.05%, 0.12%, 0.35%, 0.03%, -0.06%, -0.03%, 0.15%, 0.19%) for each of them, respectively. To know the relative importance of each of these elements in sustainable development, we divide the elasticity of each element by the elasticity The total and multiply it by 100, as it becomes clear that the contribution rate of the vegetation cover element, which amounts to (35%), is higher than its counterpart, meaning that it is more influential than other variables in increasing sustainable development, followed by the contribution rate of adaptation, which amounts to (19%), while the mitigation element ranked third with a contribution rate of (15%), then the rainfall variable comes in fourth place, as its contribution rate reached (12%), then the greenhouse gas element recorded fifth place with a contribution rate of (6%), then the temperature variable comes in sixth place with a contribution rate of (5%), and finally came water bodies and global warming with a contribution rate of (3%), which is less influential than other variables in influencing sustainable development. Through the total elasticities of the estimated model, which amounts to (0.98), which means that the variables of the climate change model that affect sustainable development in the research operate in the stage of diminishing returns to scale. The analyses showed that temperatures, emitted gases, and global warming represent limiting factors for development, as their impact coefficients came Negative and significant. In contrast, rainfall rates, vegetation cover, artificial water bodies, and mitigation and adaptation policies were found to contribute positively to promoting sustainable development, with vegetation having the strongest impact among all variables. The study recommends the adoption of national and regional strategies to reduce emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change by expanding afforestation, developing irrigation and rainwater harvesting technologies, and developing renewable energy projects, in addition to enhancing the capacities of communities and economies to adapt to climate risks. Achieving sustainable development requires integrating the environmental and climate dimensions into economic and social policies to achieve resource sustainability and ensure the well-being of current and future generations.