Surra Man Ra'a

The hadith narrated by Lady Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) states: \\\\"The Prophet (peace be upon him) entered upon me while a man was with me. He asked, \\\\'O Aisha, who is this?\\\\' I replied, \\\\'He is my brother by breastfeeding.\\\\' The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, \\\\'O Aisha, look at who your siblings are, for breastfeeding comes from hunger.\\\\'\\\\" Doubts have been raised about this hadith, including its apparent contradiction with the hadith of Salim\\\\'s easy breastfeeding, as the hadith of \\\\"breastfeeding from hunger\\\\" seems to contradict the hadith concerning easy breastfeeding for Salim. They argue that the Prophet (peace be upon him) allowed breastfeeding after the age of two, which leads to doubts about the authenticity of the \\\\"breastfeeding from hunger\\\\" hadith. My goal is to refute these doubts and demonstrate the consistency of the prophetic traditions and their harmony with the Qur\\\\'an.

The research addresses the Divine Address to the Prophet (sala Allah alyh wa salam), discussing the types of Divine Address in the Holy Qur’an. Some of these are general, and some are specific. The specific address is divided into direct and indirect. The direct address can be identified through the use of certain expressions in the Qur’an such as “Say”, “O prophet”, or “O messenger”.

The perspective of this study focuses on Imam al-Tirmidhi\\\\'s method in constructing chains of narration (isnads), and his influence by Imam Muslim’s methodology in this regard. I began by introducing Imam al-Tirmidhi — his name, birth, death, upbringing, teachers, and students. I then introduced his book Al-Jami‘, highlighting its most well-known titles, its structure, and its subject matter. I also discussed his methodology in terms of brevity, repetition, and transition, as well as his judgment on hadiths and their wording, providing clarifications where necessary. Finally, I summarized the findings in the conclusion.

This research examines the role played by Orientalists in shaping contemporary Islamic thought, whether through methodological influence in the study of religious texts or through epistemological impact on modern Islamic discourse. The study adopts a historical-analytical approach to trace the evolution of Orientalism—from a colonial phenomenon to an academic institution—with a focus on its effects on various Islamic intellectual movements, including reformist, modernist, and critical trends.
The research also addresses the responses to Orientalist thought, both from intellectuals who were influenced by it and those who opposed it through civilizational resistance. It concludes that the relationship between Orientalism and Islamic thought is not one-directional but rather dialectical and multifaceted. Orientalism posed a significant challenge to Islamic thought, yet also provided opportunities for renewal and methodological advancement.

This research aims to shed light on the narrations of Imam Abu Ali al-Hafiz (Ibn al-Sakn) regarding the Prophetic hadiths mentioned in the book Bayan al-Wahm wa al-Iham fi Kitab al-Ahkam by Ibn al-Qattan. The subject of this research is an important topic related to explaining his missing narrations, collecting them, and identifying his teachers in them. Therefore, I attempted to shed light on these narrations by studying them and explaining the chains of transmission of this eminent scholar through the book Bayan al-Wahm wa al-Iham fi Kitab al-Ahkam by Ibn al-Qattan. I provided a brief introduction to Imam Ibn al-Sakn, as well as Imam Ibn al-Qattan and his book Bayan al-Wahm wa al-Iham fi Kitab al-Ahkam. I then collected the hadiths mentioned by Imam Ibn al-Qattan through Imam Abu Ali al-Hafiz, and I limited myself to the chains of transmission of the hadiths mentioned by Ibn al-Sakn. I then compared them to arrive at satisfactory conclusions. I concluded my study of the hadith by providing a summary of my judgment on it.

This research deals with the narrations of Imam Malik bin Dinar in the work of Ibn Abi Shaybah، may God have mercy on them. I am trying to shed light on those narrations as an analytical study of these narrations as a simple contribution to giving this man his right to research، out of loyalty to him and to the people of hadith، among the imams of this religion and the divine scholars، may God have mercy on them all. Follow us. It contains its narrations and traces in the work of Ibn Abi Shaybah، and we mentioned the ruling on each hadith if there is a ruling for it. And what is not found for it has a ruling from its traces، we left it without investigating it. It contains traces that are not noble prophetic hadiths, so that we can commit ourselves to following its rulings، as the matter in the traces is broad.

Social references play a major role in knowing the social history of nations and the prevailing customs in them; therefore, we see that these references emerged in the production of writers, whether poets or writers, as the customs and traditions that surround social custom in the societies of the Ayyubid era were characterized by a conservative religious character, as we see that any deviant social behavior is met with strangeness and disgust despite the openness of society in that period, especially since it represents an extension of the Abbasid era, which mixed in the Persians with the Arabs and at that time the melody in the language and flirting with boys and debauchery in actions became widespread, and what concerns us in this research is to focus on the references that are the basis and foundation on which the descendants rely on the customs of the ancestors and their social customs, which were previously mentioned, such as neighborhood, generosity, loyalty to the covenant, and others. Thus, the poets focused on including in their poetic production those social customs that represent (a treasure) in which every society boasts and raises its nose, especially since the Arabs love to boast about lineages. 

Abdul Razzaq Al-Rubaie\'s poetry is known for its precise language, structured compositions, and rich vocabulary. He has established himself as one of the significant contemporary Arab poets due to these qualities. His poetic depiction of women is diverse, both in form and content. Women have a continuous, influential, humane, and authentic presence in his poetry. Al-Rubaie views women as mothers, wives, and lovers, consistently recognizing their identity as women in every aspect. He believes that women have the ability to express their innermost thoughts and convey their unique feminine concerns. This is because women encompass a world of astonishment, beauty, and sadness, shaped by their cultural and social context.
For Al-Rubaie, poetry is a form of expression that precedes its reflection of reality and the self. Poetry goes beyond the self and the subject matter, creating its own new world. His poetic texts are not abstract works; they emerge from personal experiences that shape his aesthetic visions and expand his horizons. His poems reveal a poetic technique that incorporates personal experiences, forming symbols, images, characters, and transformations.

This research discusses the descriptive approach of one of the most prominent scholars of the Arabic language in the third century AH, Abu al-Abbas Muhammad bin Yazid al-Mubarrad (d. 285 AH), in one of his most prominent books, the book (al-Muqtabas). In this book, the features of al-Mubarrad’s descriptive approach appeared in his reliance on linguistic texts that represent the language at a specific time and place and within a single level of performance. This reflects the existence of ancient Arabic origins for the descriptive approach that appeared clearly in the nineteenth century at the hands of the linguist De Saussure in his book (General Linguistics)

This research aims to explore the concept of pride in pre-Islamic Arab society and analyze its influence on various aspects of life, ranging from political decisions to tribal conflicts and social interactions. Pride was a pivotal value in shaping Arab identity, as it was reflected in the positions of individuals and tribes, and was manifested in pre-Islamic poetry, proverbs and wisdom, reflecting the extent to which it was rooted in the Arab conscience.
The study concluded that pride was not just an individual behavior, but a collective principle governing social relations. The research recommends conducting comparative studies on the concept of pride in other cultures, and analyzing its development over the ages, with a focus on employing this value in modern societies to enhance pride and dignity without falling into fanaticism or conflicts.

This study examines the efforts of Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi in establishing the United Arab Emirates in 1971. This study examines the efforts of Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi in establishing the federation of the United Arab Emirates in 1971, given the absence of academic studies or specialized publications directly addressing this topic. Given the importance of the role he played, I decided to delve deeper into this vital aspect of the history of the United Arab Emirates.
It is impossible to discuss the establishment of the United Arab Emirates without considering the leading figures from the first generation who played a pivotal and effective role in supporting and advancing the federation project, including Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi.
In the early days of its federation, the UAE faced a number of political challenges, starting with the refusal of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah to join the federation in its initial phase, followed by the assassination of Sheikh Khalid bin Muhammad Al Qasimi, the then Ruler of Sharjah (1965–1972), and ending with border disputes between the emirates. However, the country\'s wise leadership, along with the continuous support and tireless efforts of Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi since assuming the rule of the Emirate of Sharjah in 1972, were decisive factors in overcoming these obstacles and continuing to consolidate the foundations of the union.

This study aims to analyze the hypsometric curve and coefficient, highlighting their derivation methods and significance in applied geomorphological studies. These quantitative tools are essential for interpreting landform development and the stages of erosional cycles within drainage basins. The research selected the Wadi Al-Sukran basin, located in the Barwana area, as a case study due to its geomorphological features within an arid environment. The basin covers an area of approximately 270 km². The study employed a contour interval of 25 meters and a vertical interval of 150 meters to derive the hypsometric curve and calculate the hypsometric integral using established equations. The results revealed that the curve clearly reflects the stages of the basin’s erosional cycle, including processes of erosion and deposition. The final shape of the hypsometric curve indicates that the basin is currently in the mature stage of geomorphic development. These findings underscore the importance of utilizing the hypsometric curve as an analytical tool in evaluating basin characteristics and morphological evolution, despite the challenges researchers may face during its practical application.

This study aims to analyze the morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the Mirka Valley Basin, located in Duhok Governorate, using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and relying on the ArcGIS Pro V3.0.2 software. The study examined the natural factors influencing the basin, in addition to assessing its geometric and drainage characteristics. The results of this study showed that the basin area reached 20.12 km², while the basin perimeter measured 21.37 km. The geometric parameters indicated that the shape of the basin closely resembles an elliptical form, which aligns with the actual boundaries of the basin in reality. The study also revealed that the area features rugged terrain, with a roughness index of 68.047 m, indicating a high probability of flash floods due to the presence of steep slopes, which contribute to rapid surface runoff. Additionally, the study found that the basin has a drainage network with low density. The longitudinal drainage density coefficient was recorded at 9.95 km/km², while the numerical density was 54.12 streams/km, indicating a limited formation of tributary channels due to the influence of solid terrain, which restricts their development. This study contributes to the establishment of a geographic database for the basin, which can be relied upon for environmental planning and sustainable water resource management in the region. Furthermore, the study emphasized the importance of utilizing modern geographic technologies, particularly GIS, in morphometric and hydrological analysis.

Maritime transport is one of the most prominent means of transportation worldwide, as the vast majority of goods and commodities are transported through it. Approximately 86% of the total global cargo transported is carried by sea. Therefore, control over choke points or shipping lanes is a distinct characteristic of the countries that manage or own these choke points or cargo lanes. This control gives countries geostrategic importance, as it facilitates the transport of goods and the passage of ships, in addition to imposing transit fees, which increases their revenues. This research aims to highlight the geostrategic importance of the Turkish straits, especially the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, in international oil trade. These straits are located in a region with a unique geopolitical and geo-economics character, and have been the scene of conflicts throughout the ages. The results show that the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits are considered among the most important straits in the world, surpassing the Danish Straits and the Strait of Panama. A large percentage of ships pass through these straits, and a large amount of seaborne oil is transported. The amount of oil transported through them represents approximately 10% of the total oil transported globally by sea. This allows Turkey to generate financial revenue by imposing fees on these ships and cargoes, including oil and petroleum products.

Modern cities, especially those witnessing rapid urban growth, suffer from the phenomenon of urban heat islands, which leads to high temperatures in urban areas compared to neighboring places, due to the high population density, and the absence of green spaces, and this affects the quality of life of the population, the research aims to analyze the relationship between population density variation and urban heat islands, using satellite visualization data and (GIS) techniques to detect the thermal variation of the research area to extract the earth\'s surface temperatures according to approved scientific equations. In addition to studying the influential party, which is the population, in terms of comparing the population density between the residential neighborhoods and their neighboring outskirts, in addition, the natural difference index of vegetation cover was used to measure the density of natural vegetation cover and its impact on reducing temperatures.

The new interactive website technology for publishing half-hourly global precipitation estimates derived from CMORPH and CPC MORPHing provides global precipitation analyses with very high spatial and temporal resolution. CMORPH data from the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) features low latency. The Global Drought Monitor website (Drought.gov) was used, which includes multiple climate data, including the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) for the year 2024, covering timescales of 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The data were analyzed for Iraq as a case study. The research produced maps of SPI values for Iraq in dry and wet conditions, revealing variations in SPI values between timescales depending on drought phenomena and their impact on weather conditions, including temperature, rain, and evaporation. The research also identified several SPI indices based on different climate models, whose maps were prepared for various time scales. The produced maps show that the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) value in Iraq ranged from -1.9 to -1.6 in most areas of Iraq, indicating severe dry conditions (D3). SPI values ranged from 0.8 to 1.2, indicating moderate wet conditions (W1).

The research sample consists of 400 male and female students from the University of Mosul, who were selected using a stratified random method and distributed appropriately. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher developed a scale for psychological flourishing based on Seligman\'s theory (Seligman, 2011). It was presented to a panel of experienced arbitrators, who evaluated the validity of the scale\'s items before determining its psychometric properties. The reliability coefficient using the Vattenbach method reached (75%) and the re-test method (76%), and the researchers also built a measure of self-disclosure Based on the harmonic theory as well as it was presented to a group of experts and the psychometric properties were extracted for it, where the coefficient of stability of the scale by the method of Alpha Cronbach (84%) and by the re-test method of (81%), after confirming the validity of the scale, it was applied to the research sample and after the completion of the application, the researchers used the appropriate statistical means to analyze the data, using the statistical bag of the social sciences.

The study aims to identify the effectiveness of the global café strategy in developing imaginative thinking among students of fourth preparatory school and increasing their classroom interaction in literary text topics. To achieve the study objectives, the quasi-experimental approach was adopted. The sample consisted of (58) students, (30) students represented the control group and (28) students represented the experimental group who belong to Abdul Rahman Al-Ghafiqi Preparatory School for Boys. An imaginative thinking test was prepared consisting of (20) multiple-choice paragraphs.
The validity and reliability of the test were confirmed by presenting it to a group of expert judges, and an observation card to measure classroom interaction in literary text topics. It included (21) paragraphs distributed over three skills, namely (the skill of performing duties and the ways of presenting them, the skill of motivation, and the skill of communication, helping students, and developing relationships). Each skill had (7) paragraphs. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the imaginative thinking test and in the observation card. In light of the results, a number of recommendations were made.

The study focuses on news values in modern digital journalism by analyzing a sample of Arab online newspapers to understand the impact of the digital environment on news.
It employs descriptive-analytical and comparative methods, concluding that news values combine both Western and Arab standards, with newspapers becoming increasingly open to their audience. The study highlights the importance of human rights and development but notes that Arab digital journalism has yet to achieve the desired level of independence and technological advancement.

The importance of this research is evident in that the media often resort to using specific terms and expressions when dealing with certain topics. Some may think that the term used in media coverage is an essential part of the journalist\'s profession. Who is doing everything in his power to enlighten public opinion about what is happening? We may find that reality is different when we examine the accuracy of the expressions used and the extent to which they correspond to the reality that the media aims to describe. Hence، the research topic was limited to the concept of media deception، its methods، its desired goals، and models of media deception. I addressed the descriptive approach that characterizes this media phenomenon in some modern media outlets. This research consisted of an introduction and two chapters، each containing several subtopics، and concluded with a conclusion that summarized the most important results I had reached.

This study investigates errors in using cohesive devices (e.g., adverbial links, pronouns, ellipsis) by 125 Iraqi university students (75 male, 50 female) at Baghdad University in their oral and written English. The most frequent errors involved pronouns and conjunctions, with males struggling more with ellipsis and conjunctions, while females faced challenges with pronouns and lexical cohesion. Errors in ellipsis, substitution, and referential cohesion were less common. The findings highlight difficulties Arabic-speaking learners face in maintaining coherence in English, though gender differences were not statistically significant. The study also explored the impact of a pilot test and validity assessments on cohesive device use, revealing notable conjunction and pronoun errors, especially in writing. It suggests further research on group dynamics and second language acquisition to improve EFL teaching methods.

This study aims to examine the state of qualitative research in the media applications sector to satisfy a scientific need. An exhaustive survey of scholarly work in this area is the goal. In addition, to assess the merits and shortcomings of the theoretical and methodological strategies. This study examined recent developments in media studies, focusing on how Arab and Western schools have begun to apply semiotic methods. In order to do this, we reviewed 153 papers spanning the years 2015–2020, with a mix of Arab and non-Arab studies included. The research found that Arab and international colleges in the area of media use different techniques to analyze. Not to mention that the majority of Arab school studies only employ a handful of methods, ignoring advances in semiotic application. On the other side, Western educational institutions sought to reap the benefits of this approach by broadening the scope of their studies. These considerations lead us to believe that qualitative research in the media industry will be required in the future. This is particularly true within the Arab school, where recent advances in the application of the semiotic method have enabled a widening of disciplinary perspectives.

The problem of the study focuses on how intonation is utilised in selected lines of Eliot’s poem and what phonological insights can be established to analyze the poem's complex emotional and psychological aspects. This paper investigates the pitch contours of some selected lines of the poem and tries to find out how Eliot's prosody contributes to the thematic and emotional depth of the narrative. Basically, the analysis rests on the interplay between linguistic features and literary meaning, which would render a fine-grained understanding of how phonological elements enhance the poem in its entirety. It is hypothesized that pitch can make the interpretation of poems easier, more flexible, and more enjoyable. The data of analysis is limited to (4) lines of the poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" written by T. S. Eliot. PRAAT program will be adopted to analyse the concerned lines in terms of pitch. It has been observed that pitch facilitates the task of comprehending poems and makes them easier and more pleasurable.