The White Dome Journal

This study explores the personality of Hisham ibn al-Hakam, one of the most prominent figures of Imami theological thought in the second Islamic century. He played a pivotal role in defending the doctrines of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) and confronting various intellectual currents of his time. The research aims to provide an in-depth analytical reading of his personal and intellectual journey, and to trace his positions in both the political and cultural arenas.
The study is divided into three main sections:
The first section is dedicated to his personal biography, documenting his name, lineage, upbringing, and death.
The second addresses the claims that he underwent different intellectual phases, such as being influenced by Abu Shakir al-Daysani or associated with the Jahmiyyah sect. The study, based on various historical evidences, establishes that
Hisham was raised in a committed Imami environment and was, from the outset of his intellectual life, connected with the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) and firmly aligned with their theological path.
The third section is devoted to examining his positions in the political and cultural spheres, as reflections of his engagement with the issues and doctrinal conflicts of his time.

This study aimed to identify the effect of using mind maps on developing analytical thinking in mathematics among fourth-grade science students. The study used a quasi-experimental approach. To achieve the study›s objectives, an analytical thinking test was developed and employed as a study tool. Two groups from the fourth-grade science class were randomly selected and divided into two groups (experimental and control), with (35) students in each group. The study results showed a statistically significant effect at the significance level of (0.05) of using mind maps on developing analytical thinking in mathematics among fourth-grade science students. Based on the study results, the study recommended the need to focus on developing students› analytical thinking skills.

This research aims to explore the role of Facebook as an educational tool in English language learning among students in the English Department at the College of Basic Education, focusing on the intellectual challenges students face and their awareness of information verification mechanisms. The researcher relied on a questionnaire directed to a sample of 350 students, and the data was statistically analyzed using descriptive and inferential methods.
The results showed that Facebook is widely used in educational activities and has a positive impact on developing English language skills such as reading, writing, and listening. The results also revealed the intellectual challenges students face, most notably exposure to misleading or extremist content, in addition to a significant disparity in their level of awareness of methods for verifying the authenticity of digital information.
Based on these findings, the researcher made several recommendations, the most important of which are:
1. Integrate the concepts of critical thinking and information verification into academic curricula.
2. Direct students to follow trusted educational pages and groups on Facebook.
3. Organize workshops on digital security and the skills of conscious interaction with digital content.
4. Encourage faculty members to use Facebook as a targeted educational tool that supports safe language learning.
5. Develop awareness campaigns to raise students› awareness of the intellectual risks associated with uncontrolled use of social media.
These recommendations aim to promote the positive and safe use of Facebook as an effective educational tool in university education and to develop students› language skills.

Popular proverbs are an integral part of any society’s cultural heritage, reflecting its experiences, values, and social norms. In Iraq, popular proverbs are rich and diverse, offering a profound insight This is the image of men. This research aims to explore the image of men in Iraqi popular proverbs, by analyzing a selection of proverbs and highlighting the values ​​and norms associated with masculinity in Iraqi culture.

Crafts and industries were an essential part of social and economic life among pre-Islamic Arabs. These crafts contributed to providing the basic needs of society and were a source of livelihood for many families. The Arabian Peninsula has been a popular tourist destination since ancient times, having achieved the pinnacle of civilization. Along with Yemen and the Arabian Peninsula in general, it formed a center of civilization. The basics of many industries, and the importance of industry is highlighted in that it is a basic factor in raising the standard of living.

Enhancing the relationship between teachers and students is a fundamental aspect of the educational process, as it fosters a positive learning environment that encourages understanding and interaction. Surah Al-Hujurat can be utilized in this context, as it contains important educational principles such as respect, reconciliation among people, and communication based on good faith. On the other hand, narrative texts provide practical models of teacher-student relationships, offering inspiration for dialogue techniques, moral guidance, and positive interaction through fictional characters that embody this relationship. This research is divided into three topics, each consisting of three sections: The first topics explores the theoretical foundations for strengthening ethical bonds. The second topics analyzes the content of Surah Al-Hujurat and its educational impact, The third topics examines narrative texts and their role in enhancing educational ethics. The study concludes that teachers has a crucial role in guiding students both morally and behaviorally. A positive teacher-student relationship contributes to boosting students› self-confidence, ultimately helping them achieve academic and personal success.

The moral dimension of fulfillment of the covenant and the contract is one of the most important dimensions in Islamic legislation, where the commitment to the era is considered one of the characteristics of the righteous believers, we see many verses that focused on the moral aspect in the world because of its good qualities that are essential to preserve the social fabric and their distance from the reprehensible qualities such as treachery, and the eschatological side is to win the satisfaction, and the verses of fulfillment are manifested It is clear in the pledge of allegiance to Al -Ghadeer, where the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, commanded, by the command of God Almighty, took the pledge of allegiance to Ali, peace be upon him, from all Muslims, in confirmation of his mandate and his imam, peace be upon him, after him, and the commitment of all Muslims to fulfill this covenant and acknowledge his obedience to his successor after the most honorable Prophet, may God bless him and his God.

The United States Advanced Book on Modern American History, Volume 2, From Independence to the End of the Great Civil War, comes in 2022 from the United States and Adnan House, as a continuation of the first volume, or what Dr. Hashem called the first phase of the Central Study Series on the History of the United States. Which was titled «Introduction to the History of the Modern United States of America from Exploration to Independence» published in 2013 In the second part, Dr. Hashem takes the reader of his book through the events from the stage of exploration and the establishment of the American colonies and their attainment of independence to the post-independence stage, when the United States of America began taking rapid steps to strengthen its central authority, develop its economic resources, and expand its territories. And confirming its position in the international community, until the most difficult and important event in its history, which is the civil war.

The main findings of this research can be summarized in the following points:
1. The hadiths in which Imam Al-Bukhari used the phrase «most authentic» (aṣaḥḥ) amounted to fourteen. Eleven of them referred to issues in their chains of transmission (isnād), and three concerned their textual content (matn).
2. Therefore, the meaning of Al-Bukhari’s use of the term aṣaḥḥ varied: at times referring to the text, at other times to the chain of narration, and sometimes to the strength of deduction.
3.One of the practical outcomes of this research is the realization that Imam Al-Bukhari, may Allah have mercy on him, differentiated between hadiths within his Ṣaḥīḥ, deeming some more authentic than others.
4. An authentic hadith is not necessarily of a single degree; one hadith may be preferred over another, not because the latter is weak, but because the former is stronger—either due to the number of narrators or the higher trustworthiness of its transmitters.
5. Imam Al-Bukhari may narrate two opposing versions of the same hadith—as seen in the narration of Abu Hurayrah about the Prophet (peace be upon him) saying: «Solomon, son of David, said: ‹Tonight I will go around to seventy women.›» Both narrations appear in his Ṣaḥīḥ, and he prefers one over the other based on jurisprudential reasoning or harmonization, not due to weakness in either. Sometimes he even includes both narrations in multiple chapters of his book.
6. Al-Bukhari gives preference to the sayings and actions of the Prophet (peace be upon him) over contrary opinions, even if they come from leading scholars. For example, he says: «Chapter: The statement of a man: ‹We missed the prayer.› Ibn Sirin disliked saying, ‹We missed the prayer,› and preferred to say: ‹We did not catch it.› The saying of the Prophet (peace be upon him) is more authentic.»
7. Imam Al-Bukhari may prefer one statement of a Companion over another when both are attributed to the same Companion, as seen in his saying: «Yahya ibn Salih told me: Mu›awiyah ibn Salam narrated to us from Yahya, from Umar ibn Al-Hakam ibn Thawban, who heard Abu Hurayrah say: ‹If one vomits, it does not break the fast; it only exits, it does not enter.› It is also narrated from Abu Hurayrah that it breaks the fast. The first is more authentic. Ibn Abbas and Ikrimah said: Fasting is broken by what enters, not by what exits.»
8. One of Al-Bukhari’s aims in using the term aṣaḥḥ is to compare different transmission routes, as in his statement: «The narration of Jabir is more authentic than the narration of Yunus,» meaning: more authentic than the narration of Muhammad ibn Al-Salt from Abu Hurayrah. Thus, the narration of Jabir is preferred.
9. Sometimes Al-Bukhari uses the phrase to refute a legal opinion that contradicts the apparent meaning of a hadith, as in his comment: «The Prophet (peace be upon him) said to Abu Talhah when he said: ‹The most beloved of my wealth to me is Bayraha’, and I give it in charity for the sake of Allah.’ The Prophet approved it. Some said it is not valid until the beneficiary is specified, but the first opinion is more authentic.»

This study aimed to evaluate the reality of using artificial intelligence in designing virtual learning environments for teaching science at the primary level in Iraq. It also sought to reveal the advantages and benefits of this technology in improving students› learning of science, and to identify the challenges and obstacles facing its application at this educational stage.
The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach and the quasi-experimental approach. Data were collected using a variety of tools, including a questionnaire for teachers, semi-structured interviews with administrators, field observations, and content analysis. The study sample included (10) primary schools in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq, in addition to (150) teachers, (300) students, and (20) administrators.
The results of the study showed that the technological infrastructure in most Iraqi primary schools does not meet the requirements for the effective application of artificial intelligence, and there is a lack of teacher competencies in this field. It also showed that there are organizational challenges represented by the absence of policies and legislation regulating the use of artificial intelligence in education, in addition to concerns about security and privacy.
On the other hand, the study results confirmed the advantages and benefits of using artificial intelligence in virtual learning environments for science, such as increasing student interaction and engagement in learning, providing immediate feedback, adapting educational content to students› needs, improving the evaluation and analysis process, and providing immersive and realistic educational experiences.
Based on these results, the study presented a set of recommendations to enhance the use of artificial intelligence in designing virtual learning environments for teaching science at the primary level in Iraq. The most prominent of these are: developing the technological infrastructure in schools, developing the competencies of teachers and administrators in the field of modern technologies, adopting policies and legislation regulating the use of artificial intelligence in education, and enhancing partnerships and cooperation between educational and technical institutions.
The study also proposed a number of related future research, such as conducting similar studies in other governorates of Iraq, evaluating the effectiveness of virtual learning environments based on artificial intelligence, exploring applications of artificial intelligence in other educational fields, and studying the social and ethical impacts of using this technology in education.

Interpretation of the Qur›an with the Qur›an is a wide door and the interpreters between many and less in the interpretations that begin with Al-Fatihah and end with people, and did not single out the authorship of only a few of them such as Allama Tabatabai, and Al-Shinqeeti who adopted the interpretation of the Qur›an with the Qur›an, which is the color of the interpretation that depends on clarifying the verses of the Qur›an by other verses to show their connotations and intention, so the verses of the Qur›an serve as a source for the interpretation of other verses and for this purpose the focus was on the applied study by balancing between two interpretations, one of which is from the interpretations of the Imami Shiites It is the interpretation of the balance of the scholar Tabatabai and the other for the public, which is the lights of the statement by Muhammad Amin Al-Shanqeeti, in an attempt to show how these two interpreters dealt with the Qur›anic verses and identified the strengths and weaknesses, and the participation and separation between them, using the analytical and comparative approach to reach the most important results that the interpretation of the scholar Tabatabai of the Qur›an with the Qur›an is the most comprehensive and optimal interpretation.

The research aims to identify the effect of the inquiry strategy on the achievement of fourth-grade science students in Arabic grammar and their attitudes toward the subject.
The researcher formulated the following two null hypotheses:
1. There is no statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental group students studying Arabic grammar using the inquiry strategy and the scores of the control group students studying Arabic grammar using the traditional method on the achievement test.
2. There is no statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental group students studying Arabic grammar using the inquiry strategy and the scores of the control group students studying Arabic grammar using the traditional method on the post-test propensity scale.
The current research is limited to a sample of fourth-grade science students in middle and secondary day schools in the Third Rusafa district of Baghdad Governorate, and a number of topics from the Arabic grammar book scheduled to be taught to fourth-grade students in Iraq for the first semester of the academic year (2024-2025).
The researcher followed a partially controlled experimental design as the research design. The researcher selected Amna Al-Sadr Preparatory School for Girls. The research sample amounted to (69) students. The researcher rewarded the two research groups on some variables, and verified the internal and external integrity of the experimental design. The researcher prepared the research requirements, an achievement test, and a scale of inclination. The experiment continued for the first semester for (8) weeks, starting on Wednesday, October 9, 2024, and ending on Wednesday, December 4, 2024. The research results showed that the students in the experimental group, who studied Arabic grammar using the inquiry strategy, outperformed the students in the control group, who studied the same subject using the traditional method, in the variables of achievement and inclination.

Praise be to Allah , the All -Knowing, the All-wise, and peace and blessings be upon the intercessor of the fountain-head of wisdom, our Prophet Mohammed and his pure family .
That said : The importance of this research lies in its revelation of the types of deduction contained in the book of Al-Zahir fi Ma’ani Kalimat Al-Nas by Ibn Al-Anbari (d. 328 AH) through the following distributions : Deduction in language and terminology – types of deduction in the book of Al- Zahir , which are distributed as follows : Deduction by hearing , Deduction by analogy (Qiyas) (analogy of the absent to the present ), Deduction by reference to the original , Deduction by presumption of continuity , and Deduction by analogy , while taking care to clarify what is rarely mentioned of other types , such as reasoning by division, reasoning by exploration, and reasoning by cause , this is within the context of presenting the types of reasoning that occupy a large space in the book .

Since 2003, Iraq has witnessed the re-establishment of the state structure that was formed in 1921, according to concepts and a model intended to carry out radical transformations in the structure of society and restructure the political, economic and social system. It is natural that this process is linked to the concept of comprehensive development, as the Iraqi state, since its formation in general and the political life it witnessed in particular, has remained in need of real development that transcends the state of stagnation, authoritarianism and inertia and the growing indicators of the severity of political development crises and the reflection of their repercussions on all societal dimensions. Therefore, the researcher adopted in his study the systematic analysis approach that seeks to study the phenomenon, analyze and define its general framework. The research was divided into two axes. The first included the crises that the authority in Iraq went through and was divided into (domesticated concepts, the bitter decade after the occupation, the reflection of social values on political behavior). The second axis included the methods of influencing the culture of the contemporary Iraqi individual by authority and was divided into (weak citizenship, the crisis of the intellectual and authority, the alienation of the Iraqi person

The Sunnah of the Prophet is the second source of legislation, and paying attention to it and supporting it is a religious duty. From this standpoint, I decided that the title of my research would be (The doctrines of the scholars of the principles of jurisprudence regarding the weak reports that the nation received with acceptance). Therefore, the beginning was a definition of the research terms, the concept of a weak report, its types, the reasons for its weakness, and a statement of the doctrines of the scholars in working with a weak hadith. As for the second topic, it was in explaining the effect of the scholars’ acceptance of a weak hadith in using it as evidence in branches and principles, and explaining the concept of reception and fame, and mentioning some applications as examples to support what we mentioned from the scholars’ statements about accepting the work of a weak hadith, and its being an argument for building fiqh issues upon it.

The martyred Sayyid Muhammad Baqir (may God sanctify his soul) witnessed rich transformations in the local arena and on major and global issues. This period was marked by a civilizational conflict in various dimensions. The Sayyid shared the most important social doctrines that have dominated memory entirely, and which, thanks to an intellectual and political struggle, were able to discover the extent of their social presence in human life. These four doctrines were represented by: a democratic capitalist system, communist programs, socialist programs, and the Islamic system. Since Iraq was embroiled in conflicts after a distinct period, beginning on July 14, 1958, between a secular civilizational project and an Islamic civilizational project, and various groups supported the secular civilizational project, such as capitalism, communism, and Marxism, including political parties and advocates from Lebanon, along with the ferocity that sought to destroy Islam before them, the martyred Sayyid Muhammad Baqir (may God sanctify his secret) entered this fray, due to his unique understanding of Islam and its transcendence, and his profound understanding of the reality he faced. From this thought, he produced an Islamic civilizational project. In this research, we have benefited from analytical and historical concepts, not from the perspective of the Sayyid source, on the topics we are dealing with in these lines. We have focused primarily on the civilizational dimension that Sayyid al-Sadr (may God sanctify his secret) provided in this important Islamic project. The most important of these, in his view, is the social system that is suitable for humanity and that brings happiness to humanity in social civilization, because it is safe from the injustice and tragedies that humanity suffers from, and which remain unchecked in the absence of oversight of the social peace it enjoys.

This research aims to examine innovative solutions that can contribute to alleviating educational problems in areas affected by armed or political conflict. These areas suffer from the collapse of educational infrastructure, a shortage of qualified personnel, and student dropouts, threatening the future of entire generations. The research reviews a range of successful initiatives, such as online education, mobile classrooms, and psychosocial support, focusing on analyzing their effectiveness and ways to disseminate them ,It also discusses the challenges associated with implementing these solutions in unstable environments. The research relied on a descriptive-analytical approach through a review of previous literature and field experiences, in addition to analyzing quantitative and qualitative data from reports by international organizations ,The study concludes that educational innovation based on adapting technology and utilizing local resources can bring about real and sustainable change in these environments.

Social studies are considered important studies, especially in the humanities disciplines that are subject to the historical research method, which can be considered the basis of many political, administrative, economic, intellectual and urban studies, in addition to other historical studies, as they depend primarily on the nature of those societies. Therefore, we find differences in many customs, traditions, population appearances and religious backgrounds, and the reflection of that on society in general. Human races and population structure differ from one country to another, knowing that the population structure and societal classes depend on the nature of society and the diversity of its races, in addition to its religious beliefs.

The present study aimed to explore the levels of digital identity and social adjustment among university students, as well as to examine the significance of differences in digital identity based on gender (male/female), academic specialization (humanities/sciences), and age group (18–20 / 21–22). Additionally, the study investigated differences in social adjustment in relation to the same variables, the nature of the correlation between digital identity and social adjustment, and whether this relationship varies significantly according to gender, specialization, and age.
To fulfill these objectives, the researcher developed two measurement instruments: a Digital Identity Scale based on Turkle’s model (2011), and a Social Adjustment Scale grounded in Daniels’ model (2001). The former consisted of 24 items, while the latter comprised 30 items. Both tools were psychometrically validated and administered to a randomly selected clustered sample of 200 university students.
Findings indicated that participants possess a level of digital identity and social adjustment above the hypothetical mean. No statistically significant differences were observed in digital identity across gender, specialization, or age. Similarly, social adjustment did not significantly differ by gender; however, statistically significant differences were found in social adjustment according to specialization and age, favoring the younger group (18–20 years). Furthermore, the study revealed a weak, negative, and statistically significant correlation between digital identity and social adjustment. No significant differences were found in the strength of this relationship across gender, specialization, or age groups.Based on these results, the researcher proposed several recommendations and suggestions for future research and practice.

There is no doubt that climate plays a fundamental role in determining tourist destinations, as it controls the tourism industry. This is one of the most important economic sectors upon which the economies of many countries depend, and it plays a significant role in their economic growth. The current research aims to identify the types of tourist climate comfort during the four theoretical seasons in the governorates of Sulaymaniyah and Basra, by applying the Tourism Climate Index (TCCI), as it is one of the accepted international standards that is widely applied worldwide. The research reached several results, perhaps the most important of which are:
There is a clear temporal and spatial variation in tourist comfort conditions within the climatic stations of Basra and Sulaymaniyah. It was found that winter in the Sulaymaniyah station (K1, K2, February) is one of the coldest climatic seasons, with these months receiving repeated categories (very cold, unacceptable cold). However, these frequencies vary in the Basra station for the same months, as it was classified as (unacceptable cold), while the category (unacceptable very cold, unacceptable cold, and suitable acceptable) was recorded for the spring months (March, April, May). Temperatures begin to rise gradually during this season at the Sulaymaniyah station. In Basra station, the frequencies for the same months were classified as (unacceptably cold, acceptable suitable, very suitable, and unacceptably hot). As for the summer months, which are considered the hottest seasons (June, July, August), the repetitions were classified within the climate (acceptable hot, very hot) within the Sulaymaniyah station, while for the Basra station, the repetitions were classified between (unacceptable hot), while the repetitions for the autumnal equinox for the months (September, T1, T2) were represented within (unacceptable hot climate, acceptable very suitable, acceptable suitable, and cold unacceptable) in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate, while the categories (unacceptable very hot, unacceptable hot, acceptable suitable) within the Basra station.

The text highlights the importance of Islamic jurisprudence as a methodology that regulates Muslim life and contributes to social stability, emphasizing the status of scholars and the virtue of religious scholarship. It emphasizes that the verification of manuscripts is a process of reviving intellectual heritage, purifying texts of errors and enabling researchers and the general public to gain a deeper understanding of Islamic law. It provides an example of this by verifying the manuscript «Al-Wasla fi Mas›alat al-Qiblah» (The Connection on the Question of the Qibla) by Abd al-Basit al-Malati, which is believed to have never been verified before. It demonstrates its author›s genius in determining the direction of the Qibla with geometric precision, in keeping with modern technology, and praises the efforts of advanced scholars in preserving knowledge for future generations.

Jizya is one of the important topics in Islamic history and is one of the key elements of the economic income of the Islamic state. Therefore, jizya has attracted the attention of many researchers, and many critical studies have been written about it, including those by Orientalists. Daniel Dennett addressed this issue and critically analyzed a group of Orientalist views with objective criticism supported by evidence.
Among the matters discussed by the Orientalists is that Arab historians deliberately falsified information and attributed later developments in the financial administration system to the early Islamic period to confer legitimacy and sanctity. Dennett proved the falseness of this claim, demonstrating that historians attributed each event to its true time, supported by a collection of narratives. He also accused the Orientalists of failing to provide evidence for their claims and of being selective in their reliance on historical narratives, taking only parts of the narrative that align with their theories while denying the rest, which is not a correct historical methodology. He clarified that the terms kharaj and jizya are not synonymous, as seen by Wellhausen and others; rather, they have a general meaning of tax, with the specific type determined by the phrase in which they appear, whether it is a head tax or land tax. The specific meaning is that jizya refers to the head tax, while kharaj refers to the land tax. The Arabs distinguished between them since the early era, contrary to Wellhausen›s view after the year 121 AH.As for the claim that the Arabs imposed a general tax on the inhabitants of the lands they conquered, Dennett effectively demonstrated that each land had its own system according to the nature of its submission to the Muslims, whether it was opened peacefully or by force, and that there was no existence of a general tax. Moreover, Islam does not exempt its adherents from all financial obligations. Proving these two matters, in turn, demonstrates that the populations did not bear financial burdens when their neighbors converted to Islam due to the absence of a general tax.

Noise pollution is a prominent feature of contemporary society, which negatively affects the mental health of the population and increases cases of stress, anxiety and a sense of discomfort, that the Wasit district has suffered during recent years from an unprecedented rise in noise rates for several reasons, including the increase in the number of residents, the increase in transportation, urban expansion and the accompanying construction work and the spread of industrial workshops, shops and electric power generators in addition to street vendors, as the study showed after conducting many surveys to measure noise pollution levels in more than 20 different locations in district of which they often exceed acceptable limits according to global health standards, which leads to serious health effects on society in addition to a decrease in the production capacity of the individual.

The research began with an introduction that included paragraphs from the fragrant biography of Imam Hassan al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him), his birth, upbringing, fragrant biography, and his high status in Islam. After that, the research addressed the impact of the results of the peace treaty on the development of Islamic political jurisprudence, and the extent of its impact and benefit from it on the Islamic political reality, as Imam Hassan’s (peace be upon him) approach in His dealings with the difficult circumstances he lived through are a model to be emulated. The research includes some of the results learned from the reconciliation and recommendations that can be implemented to develop the Islamic political jurisprudential reality.