Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences

Software Defined Networks (SDNs) are one of the most important modern technologies in the field of networks,
because of their advantages in the architecture and management of networks and control of their full functionality.
SDN is distinguished from traditional networks by the presence of a central control element, which is the controller
that is responsible for all operations that occur in the network. The controller is the main element that determines
the success or failure of software-defined networks, so it was necessary to study and compare the different types
of controllers that exist today. This paper proposes an empirical mathematical model to choose the best controller
for SDN by using a Mininet emulator, concerning two performance metrics (Throughput and latency) for diverse
parameters such as different types of topologies, diverse numbers of hosts, diverse numbers of switches, and
diverse numbers of threads. These performance metrics have different weights depending on the needs of the users.
We employ OpenFlow as a southbound protocol and five SDN controllers (Ryu, POX, OpenDaylight (ODL), and
Floodlight). The results demonstrate that the suggested mathematical model is effective and flexible in choosing
the best controller since the weights of performance measures are selected based on the needs of the user. The
performance of the SDN network is better with ODL than with other SDN controllers.

The dissipation of excessive heat flux is presently a significant issue that needs to be addressed due to the use of
microdevices in fields such as nuclear energy, electronic devices, aerospace engineering, building engineering,
and more. Because of their increased heat transfer and compact size, microchannel cooling systems have become
an effective way to manage the temperature of microdevices and equipment upgrades. However, due to the
increasing demands placed on microdevices for thermal load, controlling the temperature, and conserving energy,
efficient heat exchangers, in particular microchannels, are attracting a growing amount of interest. A key passive
technique for successfully increasing the heat transfer of the microchannel cooling system and improving the
performance of microchannels is channel shape optimization. Therefore, the characteristics of microchannel
geometry from prior research have been reviewed, categorized, and summed up in this article. The analysis focuses
primarily on structural features and microchannel geometry attributes that enhance the impact of pressure drop
and heat transfer. It also presents the relationship between boiling heat transfer and the geometrical features of
microchannel flow and discusses the potential study directions for microchannel geometry design. The current
review of microchannels will provide researchers working on these microchannel components with specialized
expertise. In an effort to improve the impact of heat transfer, this study reviews, categorizes, and summarizes the
characteristics of prior studies’ microchannel geometry.

The emergence and spread of digital technology in architectural design and professional practice has resulted
in a restructuring of architectural education. Different approaches have emerged to integrate digital design into
architectural curricula. This paper aims to identify accredited digital design courses and the nature of the content
provided to enhance students’ knowledge and skills. The research problem revealed the diverse and different
ways to integrate digital design into architectural education curricula in general, and there is no clear vision
of the knowledge content of digital design courses. The research questions were determined to investigate the
main aspects of digital design courses, the types of knowledge provided, and the levels of knowledge provision
for these courses. To answer the questions, the study adopted a conceptual analysis of the published literature
on university experiences in teaching digital design courses. The content of these courses was analyzed and
revealed that the types of provided content ranges from preparing design projects at different scales, conducting
exercises on implementing digital models, or presenting purely theoretical knowledge. The levels of implementing
computer technology in teaching digital design range from representative, formative, generative, performative,
and manufacturing levels. The relationships between traditional design education and digital design education are
found in three ways: the digital design education replaces the traditional design education, the parallel application
of both traditional and digital design paths or adopting digital design education later after traditional design
education

Multidimensional consequences may arise from an accident in the flare system of any chemical or petrochemical
plant due to the improperly managed flare system, which can lead to the presence of the toxic and flammable
gases. The Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) is a systematic method used to assess and identify risks that
can occur during operation, ensuring risk reduction and the safety of using equipment or units. This study aims
to apply the HAZOP technique to identify the hazards associated with the gas flaring process in an air-assisted
flare. The air-assisted flare system was subdivided into four sections (nodes), which were analyzed separately.
These nodes included the gas supply line, air supply line, pilot flame line, and flare unit. A total of 11 potential
high-risk factors related to gas flaring were identified and measured to eliminate or mitigate these risks, which
were recommended to reduce the negative effects on human health, the environment, and the economy

The utilisation of UAV imagery for the creation of digital maps is a compelling subject within the domains of
photogrammetry and remote sensing. This work introduces a hierarchical method for automating the process of
building, extracting, and outlining using images captured by drones. The flight plan should be initially planned
to provide about 60-70% overlap to guarantee thorough coverage and precise image matching. The altitude
of the drone should be adjusted based on the intended resolution to achieve a balance between capturing fine
details and covering a larger region. Next, the technique of photogrammetric image matching was utilised to
generate orthophotos and the Digital Surface Model (DSM). Moreover, the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) was
extracted from the DSM to differentiate non-ground objects, including buildings. Subsequently, building segments
were identified by applying a threshold to the difference between the Digital Surface Model (DSM) and the
Digital Terrain Model (DTM), enabling accurate extraction of building segments. Finally, building polygons were
generated involving two stages: coarse and refined, considering the least squares adjustment process to guarantee
accuracy and detail. The proposed method was applied to drone images captured on the campus of Al-Muthanna
University in the southwest of Iraq. The qualitative and quantitative investigation indicated that the building
polygons obtained were highly promising, with approximately one-meter geometric accuracy. Nevertheless,
accurately differentiating between buildings and other human-made structures (such as tents) and resolving issues
related to mismatching error still pose significant difficulties, highlighting the need for additional investigation
and development.

This study investigates the influence of electrical transformer shape and fin configuration on the cooling process,
emphasizing performance under varying ambient temperatures. Cooling efficiency is critical for transformer
reliability, longevity, and operational safety. Traditional transformer shapes often face limitations in heat dissipation,
leading to potential hotspots that can affect performance. This research utilized numerical simulations and
experimental validation to compare various transformer shapes and fin configurations, focusing particularly on a
250 KVA Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN) type transformer designed with real-world specifications. Key findings
indicated that a hexagonal transformer shape and zigzag-shaped fins with rib configurations spaced at 7 cm
intervals provided superior cooling efficiency. This optimized design resulted in a maximum stable temperature of
approximately 332.31 K, significantly lower than that observed in traditional rectangular designs. The zigzag fins
increased the effective surface area for heat dissipation, facilitating improved thermal performance. Numerical
analysis using ANSYS Fluent demonstrated enhanced coolant flow and uniform pressure distribution, with
higher coolant velocity reaching 0.252 m/s. This uniformity mitigated potential hotspots and mechanical stress,
contributing to overall structural integrity. Experimental validation was conducted under Iraqi weather conditions,
reinforcing the numerical results. Temperature tests confirmed that the optimized hexagonal design consistently
maintained lower oil and component temperatures than traditional shapes. This study used Finite Element Analysis
(FEA) to investigate the impact of changes in geometrical parameters. A theoretical approach based on classical
mechanics was applied, where force distribution was modeled using elasticity theory. The percentage difference
represents 5.26% of Coil temperature, 5.1% of Oil temperature, and 5.25 % of fins temperature, where the
percentage difference represents 1.52% of all coil temperature, comparing the optimum case with previous
research with experimental tests.

Biodiesel is a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels, so effective catalysis is essential to enhance the
efficiency and selectivity in biodiesel production. This article discusses one of the methods used to synthesize
these catalysts and their effectiveness in biofuel production. A catalyst was synthesized from palm frond waste,
which is abundant in Iraq. Palm frond dust acquired magnetic properties by adding iron (III) chloride by the
impregnation method. Palm frond dust was carbonized for 3 h at 700 C°and then sulfonated using (H2SO4)
depending on variable factors such as reaction time, temperature, and acid concentration. The change of these
factors on the acidity value of the catalyst was studied. The catalyst was characterized using techniques such
as FTIR, SEM, acid value, and BET. The study successfully prepared an effective magnetic catalyst with the
possibility of recovery due to its magnetic properties. The surface area determined by BET was 585.12 m
2/g,
indicating a high specific surface area value. The highest expected acid value was 4.23 mmol/g at a reaction time
of 2.6 h°, a temperature of 50 C°, and a concentration of 10 M.

The labor market has been constantly changing in recent decades, so choosing the type of construction materials
in general and floor finishing materials in particular is of great importance for construction projects. This research
helps to determine how to choose the flooring materials used in major halls in Iraq and how to employ TOPSIS,
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution technical foundation in evaluating them. The
study involves determining the criteria used to find the optimal alternative, as well as determining the quality
index of those alternatives through the value engineering methodology in order to choose the best from this aspect.
Therefore, arriving at appropriate alternatives for the purpose of construction works that can be implemented in
the region, For the purpose of achiev-ing the goal of the research, the data was collected from the literature that
dealt with the topics of the system’s preference by similarity to the ideal solution and value engineering, Finally
from field visits and personal interviews with specialists from company managers and department and project
managers. Descriptive, analytical, and statistical approaches were adopted for the study, and the results of data
anal-ysis showed for sample members that carpet is the most relatively important alternative that can be cho-sen
for the purpose of constructing floors for large halls, based on the standards studied. Also, the sound insulation
standard is followed by the ease of maintenance standard, and then safety is more important than the rest of the
standards in evaluating alternatives to flooring materials.

The work aims to investigate the MHD Casson fluid flow over an exponentially long sheet via a thermally stratified
permeable medium. All facets of chemical processes, Joule heating, and exponential heat sources are covered in
this subject. By using the appropriate similarity conversions, the leading partial differential equations (PDEs) of
the model are transformed into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The description of the
previous technique was made simpler by applying the Keller Box methodology. The results reveal that when the
viscosity factor is increased, the velocity profile improves, but when the thermal profile improves, the opposite
trending impact is evident. The temperature profile exhibits the opposite tendency, despite a decline in the number
of observations of the Casson fluid constraint. Joule heating parameters allow for more precise measurements of
the heat source’s properties by raising the temperature. The concentration graph shows a reduction as the number
of observations for the chemical reaction parameter increases. The validity of the problem is investigated by
computing the Nusselt number for cumulative Prandtl number observations and comparing the results with the
literature.

Ru porcelain is part of China’s traditional culture, and in recent years, the use of Ru porcelain as
a design element of hotel space has gradually increased. The primary purpose of this study is to
explore the integration of Ru porcelain and contemporary theme hotel design from the perspective of
regenerative design and to create a Ru porcelain hotel space design that meets contemporary people’s
artistic and aesthetic characteristics. The researcher uses the dual literature research methods and case
study analysis to achieve the research purpose. Literature research has meticulously combed through
the concept of Ru porcelain, the redesign and innovation of Ru porcelain, and the regenerative nature
of Ru porcelain in hotel design, providing reference material for scholars and practitioners. Meanwhile,
the case study classifies and summarises the characteristics of Ru porcelain, the decorative elements
of Ru porcelain, and the relevant examples of Ru porcelain hotels, and puts forward the regeneration
design strategy of Ru porcelain hotels, emphasizing that the integration of Ru porcelain and hotels
expands the development space of hotels, and will play a positive role in the improvement of the
international influence of Ru porcelain culture.

Conflict with subsurface utilities during project implementation is a growing concern for many municipalities as
it increases time and budget. Subsurface utilities refer to buried infrastructures such as water, gas, and electric
lines, which vary in material, size, and configuration. Many existing subsurface utility studies proposed to assist
in decision-making use traditional computer or paper log methods, exhausting time and affecting accuracy. In this
study, a fuzzy logic model is used to develop a complexity number named Fuzzy Logic Index for Subsurface Utility
Engineering (FLI-SUE) to determine the appropriate investigation level of subsurface utilities for engineering
project implementation. This complexity number does not have units, and its value spans between 0 and 100.
The higher the FLI-SUE number, the higher the investigation level of subsurface utilities. FLI-SUE number may
assist planners, operators, engineers and decision-makers in determining the most appropriate response to the
subsurface utility conflicts in projects construction. A set of input parameters presented in the literature were
considered in the current fuzzy logic model

Given the restrictions and complexity of EMG-based hand prostheses, the present work chose to investigate the
possibility of a much simpler method based on voice-operated. Voice commands are simpler to understand than
EMG signals to regulate the prosthetic arm. Therefore, the first and most important benefit of this method is that
the related prosthesis is simple to use. Speech recognition is a vital focus in artificial intelligence, serving as a
prominent mode of human interaction. Researchers have developed speech-driven prosthetic hand systems using
traditional speech recognition frameworks and neural network models. This work intends to employ the Raspberry
Pi 4 Model B – 4GB RAM embedded inside the prosthetic limb instead of Arduino without requiring a computer
to lower hand weight; this offers simplicity of usage. The proposed system captures and transforms speech input
into features resembling spectrograms. It processes them using the MLFFNN to categorize speech as signals
(words) and forward it to the prosthetic hand, fingers, and wrist control system involving six servo motors. 3D
printers created a light and sturdy prosthetic locally. This work stands out for the freedom of usage amputees of
this limb have, with the ability of the researcher to increase the movements by adding more signals (words). The
entire system is implemented in Python using Keras and a deep learning framework with a TensorFlow backend.
The simulation results demonstrate an accuracy of 99.4%, real-time test accuracy of 96.05%, and operational
validation efficiency of 97.6%. These findings indicate that the MLFFNN can be effectively utilized for real-time
control of prosthetic hands

The urban milieu of a campus comprises an intricate constitution of interconnected elements that collectively
shape a complex environment. The interrelationships among these elements play a pivotal role in the design of an
efficient and sustainable urban framework. This study aims to elucidate the impact of specific physical factors
on the visual sustainability of the urban fabric. The University of Mosul campus serves as the case study for
this investigation. The research identifies and categorizes the components that influence the mental image of
the campus, encompassing both built and unbuilt elements. The methodology employed integrates qualitative
and quantitative approaches, utilizing a questionnaire and computer software to analyze the visual properties of
the influencing factors. The findings of the study reveal that these characteristics and relationships contribute
differentially to the formation of a sustainable urban image, with several factors being instrumental in enhancing
and developing the visual sustainability of campus environments, both presently and in the future.

This study investigates the properties of 3D printed concrete mixtures, focusing on rheological characteristics,
compressive strength, anisotropy, and printing path effects. Two mixtures were compared: M-1 (90% cement, 10%
metakaolin) and M-2 (85% cement, 10% metakaolin, 5% silica fume). M-2 demonstrated superior performance
in flowability, shape retention, and buildability, allowing for 164% more printed layers than M-1. Compressive
strength tests revealed that 3D-printed specimens consistently exhibited lower strength compared to cast specimens
due to layering effects and anisotropy. M-2 showed higher compressive strength in both cast and printed cubes.
Significant anisotropy was observed in mechanical properties, with compressive strength highest in the X direction
and lowest in the Y direction. Flexural strength and elastic modulus also varied depending on the loading direction.
Among printing patterns, the zigzag pattern with 90-degree rotation between layers (P1) exhibited the highest
compressive strength, while circular patterns (P2) showed the lowest. These findings emphasize the importance
of optimizing mix design, printing parameters, and loading direction considerations for 3D-printed concrete
structures.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been widely used, especially in concrete applications. Further
studies reveal that nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) is also used in concrete to intensify the properties of concrete.
This study investigates the effects of adding various percentages (0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%) of MWCNTs and nano
TiO2 to M40 grade self-compacting concrete. The mechanical properties compressive, split tensile, and flexural
strength along with durability aspects such as water absorption, rapid chloride penetration, and acid resistance were
evaluated. The findings indicate that with the addition of 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% multi-walled carbon nanotubes
(MWCNTs) 2%,8% and 21% average increment, respectively in compressive strength for various molds casted is
observed after 28 days, whereas other tested parameters are also showing significant increment. Similarly, with
the addition of 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% of nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) 5%, 6%, and 10% average increment,
respectively, in compressive strength was observed after 28 days. The durability parameters are also enhanced
for both the nano materials, but MWCNTs show a greater increment when compared to nano TiO2. The cost
comparison of both the nano materials is also taken into consideration, which shows that around 14 lakhs of
material cost is required for 0.1% MWCNT is more when compared to 0.1% nano TiO2 required for casting
100 m
3 of self-compacting concrete.