Journal of Al_Anbar University for Language and Literature

Objectives: research aims to focus on the most important components of the novel, namely the technique of chronological construction in the narrative of (The Hunchback of Baghdad) by the narrator Riyadh al-Qadhi, and attempts to trace the strategy he implemented in the technique of time and its formation in the novel. Methods: This research tracks the movement of characters and their relationship to time through textual analysis of the novel. Results: Explaining time in the story and in the novel. The purpose is that time in the story relies on imagination, which is the time of the signifier, while the time of the novel includes false time (the time signified). In this study, we demonstrated the structure of time in the narrative discourse through the nature of relationship between the two times, relying on flashback and anticipation. This is the prevailing approach among critics and the most widely applied and mature approach to narrative texts, at both levels: chronological order and time duration. Conclusion: The novel "The Hunchback of Baghdad" is a human experience presented by the narrator in a simple narrative style that closely connects with the reader. It contains narrative parallels and paradoxes between war and life following the fall of Baghdad, and how the years passed for Iraq and the pain they brought. The study demonstrates the effective experience of the narrator inshaping time through a set of techniques used in the novel.

This study aims to examine the depiction of time in the poetry of thieves during the Jahili and Islamic eras, and its interaction with characters in constructing an active dramatic structure that reveals its value and semantic and artistic depth. It also seeks to trace the strategy adopted by this group of poets in shaping the meaning of the text and its dramatic structure.
Methodology: The study relied on an analytical approach to trace the process of meaning production, as well as on certain artistic aspects related to narrative text analysis, particularly those proposed by narratology theorists.
Findings: The study concluded that it is possible to uncover the latent meanings within texts by embracing interpretive and reader-oriented approaches. The reader plays a key role in re-producing the text based on methodological and interpretive tools that enable
them to penetrate the coherence of textual structures and deconstruct their units to reach deeper meanings. Another significant finding is that the discourse of these poets was shaped by a relationship of “confrontation and opposition” between the main actors. Accordingly, this employment of time was based on the intense conflict among them. The study also places the reader in a participatory position in constructing the text’s meaning—not merely as a recipient. All of this reflects an effective strategy in intensifying the dramatic dimension of time and its relationship with character.
Conclusion: The study focuses on revealing the concept of time and its capacity in shaping the structure and defining the meanings of the text, along with its forms and the semantic patterns it entails, by tracing and interpreting meanings in literary texts. These texts require methodological and interpretive tools to uncover what the text seeks to express—that is, an attempt to grasp and explore its intended meaning by the reader.

Objective: This article aims to review the most important Arab studies that addressed Islamic poetry up to the end of the Umayyad era from a feminist critical perspective. It focuses on analyzing their approaches and their positions on the problematic of gender representation. In addition to that, it also shows the position of women as whether she is a producer or recipient of discourse. The article then evaluates the contributions of these studies. The article also aims to reveal their strengths and shortcomings and unveil the extent of their success in uncovering the gender dimensions within the structure of Islamic poetic discourse.
Methodology: This article adopts a methodology that is virtually unique among academic research. In the sense that it represents an objective and analytical review—with a critical, comparative character—based on a feminist theoretical framework. It focuses on highlighting the intellectual, social, and cultural dimensions reflected in these studies, as well as their strengths and weaknesses.
Conclusion: The article concludes that feminist studies in this field still need further methodological expansion, new approaches that employ semiotics and cultural analysis to highlight the overlooked dimensions of ancient Islamic poetry. The article also deduces that an expansion of the field of Arab feminist criticism is required to include an approach to religious poetry itself, including its concepts of purity and honor.
Findings: Till the end of the Umayyad era, Islamic poetic discourse continued to treat women as a dual symbol. Women are strongly present in imagery and descriptions, but they are more of a subject of discourse than an active subject in shaping discourse. The patriarchal constant is practiced not only through law and fatwas, but also through poetic rhetoric itself. This means that the male perspective persists in Islamic poetry despite the shift in religious reference, which calls for a deeper feminist interpretation.

This research aims to develop a methodology for comparative literature by grafting it with critical thinking and its skills that enhance capabilities in argumentation, analysis, and evaluation. The research adopts an analytical approach based on both induction and deduction, to first trace some of the problems that hinder objective thinking in comparative studies, particularly those related to methodological ambiguities, biases, and cultural differences between nations and societies. To resolve these problems, the research proposes, deductively, the adoption of six mechanisms derived from critical thinking, and explains how to apply them in comparative studies, providing illustrative examples. Thus, the research concludes that critical thinking can contribute methodologically to providing tremendous horizons and possibilities for critics and scholars in the field of comparative studies, far from the barriers to thinking or those that limit comparative literature to the elitist interest of a minority of scholars. The research consists of two sections. The first section traces some of the methodological problems that have accompanied comparative literature throughout its history, while the second section proposes a way to overcome these problems by introducing mechanisms derived from critical thinking, after formulating relevant terms and adapting them to suit comparative literature.

The study employs a qualitative method; it examines the protagonist’s fragmented memory in Elizabeth Bowen’s short story “The Demon Lover,” exploring the critical role of narrative structure in reflecting the psychological toll of war. The study aims to investigate how Elizabeth Bowen’s war fiction utilizes diverse tools and narrative strategies to convey the psychological impact of war turmoil to the reader. Fragmented memory plays a decisive role in the narrative; the story focuses on Mrs. Dover, the main character in the story, who returns to her house in London to collect some of her belongings during the Second World War. As she moves through the house, memories from her past reappear, particularly scenes from her relationship with her fiancé, who was lost during the First World War. The study adopts Cathy Caruth’s definition of trauma, which is a wound that has a voice to convey the unspeakable truth through certain patterns of actions and language. The study tackles the u se of fragmented memory to convey Mrs. Dover's state of mind. The methodology includes a close reading of the narrative, showing that Mrs. Dover’s thoughts are fractured and incomplete, which reflects the psychological trauma caused by war. The reader feels a blurring line between the past and the present. The findings of the study help reveal the narrative techniques writers use to depict the characters' psychological state, which demonstrates the lasting impact of war trauma.

Learning a foreign language includes the development of various linguistic subsystems, involving phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. This study aims to examine the production of English gliding vowels among Iraqi EFL learners, with a special emphasis on the role of first language (L1) transfer. Gliding vowels, such as diphthongs and triphthongs, present significant phonological challenges for learners whose L1 lacks equivalent structures. Despite the importance of gliding vowels, limited research has investigated how Iraqi learners produce them. To achieve this, thirty Iraqi learners from the University of Anbar, College of Education for Women, English language department were selected to participate in this study. To exclude the potential effects of gender and age factors, all participants were females and ranged in age from 19 to 25. A list of 107 target words with gliding vowels were utilized to evaluate learners’ production. The production test was used to identify learners’ pronunciation abilities. Overall, the production test findings showed a large proportion of learners struggled to produce English gliding vowels correctly. Results showed that gliding vowels like /ʊə/, /ɪə/, and /aɪə/ were the most difficult to produce, whereas diphthongs like /eɪ/ and /aɪ/ were more accurately produced. This study concludes that L1 has a major role in these difficulties. It recommends explicit articulation instruction to develop EFL pronunciation teaching.

The study socio-pragmatically investigates Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot. Language in this play is full of deviations from pragmatic norms including repetitive language, nonsense words, redundancy, interruptions and frequent use of offensive words and insults. The socio-pragmatic analysis focuses on both the verbal and non-verbal impoliteness strategies. The study adopts a pragmatic contextual approach to analyze the impoliteness strategies in the interactions among the characters in the paly. Specifically, the study aims at (1) examining the pragmatic strategies of power and solidarity in the slave-master interaction, (2) investigating the frequency of power and impoliteness strategies, (3) identifying the verbal and non-verbal impoliteness strategies, and (4) identifying the implications behind using the verbal and non-verbal impoliteness strategies in the slave-master interaction. To achieve these objectives, (11) typical illustrative examples are randomly selected for analysis by adopting an eclectic approach. The analysis is conducted by identifying the power and solidarity strategies affecting this interaction. Impoliteness is analyzed from the verbal and non-verbal facets of interaction adopting Culpeper’s (2005) strategies for the former, and Segarra’s (2007) and Infante and Rancer (1996) for the latter, while power of the verbal and non-verbal impoliteness is analyzed in view of Tannen (1993). The findings reveal that the non-verbal impoliteness strategies are connected with rudeness and aggressiveness, yet rudeness is more frequently used than aggressiveness. Moreover, the most powerful character often uses Negative and Positive impoliteness strategies, Bald on record, and Mock impoliteness at different rates. Some of these strategies also cooccur specifically when the interaction becomes more violent and aggressive whereby the powerful person would multiply the strategies to damage the addressee’s face simultaneously.

This research aims to highlight the evolution of French feminist literature during the twentieth century through the study of two prominent authors: Simone de Beauvoir and Annie Ernaux. The importance of the research lies in revealing the intellectual and literary connection between these two figures and demonstrating how the representation of women and their feminist aspirations have evolved over time. The study used diverse methodological tools, including comparative analysis of texts, intertextuality, feminist rewriting, as well as analysis of diaries and personal memoirs to understand the subjective and political dimension in the works of both authors.
The results showed that Simone de Beauvoir laid the foundations of existentialist feminist theory by analyzing the social construction of femininity and the role of society in shaping women’s identity, emphasizing that women are not born but become through their choices and free actions. As for Annie Ernaux, she developed this legacy by integrating personal experience with social analysis, focusing on amplifying the voices of marginalized women and renewing feminist writing with an intimate and realistic style.
The research concluded that feminist writing, as embodied by Beauvoir and Ernaux, is not just an expression of the self, but a militant and liberating act aimed at changing stereotypes and promoting women’s empowerment. The results also emphasized the role of personal and collective memory in building women’s identity and shaping their collective consciousness.

En este trabajo, nuestros objetivos son dos: en primer lugar, demostrar que el modo es procedimental, en el sentido de Wilson y Sperber (1993), fundamentando nuestra argumentación en el tipo de inferencias a las que conduce, y en segundo lugar, ofrecer una explicación, a partir del primer punto, de ciertos problemas relacionados con la distribución del subjuntivo en español. También esperamos ilustrar el papel de la teoría pragmática a la hora de ofrecer soluciones a problemas de difícil resolución en términos puramente gramaticales. Una vez presentadas algunas nociones básicas de la Teoría de la Relevancia TR en la sección 2, abordaremos el problema del uso del subjuntivo en las oraciones subordinadas de relativo en contextos extensionales (sección 3), y el de la alternancia de modos en las oraciones subordinadas argumentales (sección 4), para acabar con unas conclusiones generales (sección 5).

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מחקר זה עוסק באתגרים פרגמטיים בתרגום השיח הטיעוני בקוראן, באמצעות ניתוח ביקורתי של תרגומו של אורי רובין לפסוקים נבחרים מסורת "אל-אסרא" לעברית. מטרת המחקר לבחון באיזו מידה מצליח התרגום לשמר את הפונקציות הטיעוניות ואת פעולות הדיבור, והאם הוא שומר על המבנה הפרגמטי של השיח הקוראני המקורי. המחקר מבוסס על מסגרת פרגמטית-טיעונית אשר מדגישה את השפעת ההקשרים התרבותיים והדתיים על עיצוב וקליטת הטקסט המתורגם.
הניתוח מגלה מקרים של סטייה סמנטית ואובדן הפונקציה הטיעונית בתרגום העברי. ממצאי המחקר מצביעים על כך שרקעו האמוני של המתרגם והבחירות הסגנוניות שלו השפיעו באופן משמעותי על השיח המתורגם, ופגעו בדיוק העברת הכוונה הפרגמטית של המקור. המחקר מבקש לתרום לפיתוח גישה פרגמטית-ביקורתית בתרגום טקסטים דתיים, וקורא לבחינה מחודשת של גישות התרגום הנהוגות ביחס לקוראן בשיח הלשוני והאקדמי בן-זמננו.
בעיות פרגמטיות בתרגום הארגומנטציה הקוראנית: מחקר יישומי על סורת אל-איסראא' בתרגומו של אורי רובין לעברית.