Iraqi Journal of Science and Technology

Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matters at the scale of atoms and
molecules, is rapidly converging with biotechnology and information technology to
radically change food and agricultural systems. Over the next two decades, the impact
of nano-scale convergence on farmers and food will exceed that farm mechanization or
of the Green Revolution. Agriculture, according to the new nano-vision, needs to be
more uniform, further automated, industrialized and reduced to simple functions. In our
molecular future, the farm will be a wide area biofactory that can be monitored and
managed from a computer and food will be crafted from designer substances delivering
nutrients efficiently to the body.
This review article is an attempt to identify the key nano-scale technologies which are
reshaping our agricultural and food systems, and identifying the most recent scientific
development in this vital field.

This study tried to show the effects of display hydrolysis of rain water non
contaminated (which was collected from the area of Kadhimiya, north of Baghdad in
Iraq) and polluted once (which was collected from the Dora district of the southern city
of Baghdad in Iraq), the creep resilience modulus resilience Novolak and their
composites that include either glass fibers one time or asbestos glass the other time and
different rates of Hexamethylene- Tetraamine (HMTA)and the nature of the
relationship between the hydrolysis and the accumulation of flexural strain energy. It
was evident from the study that the wasteful deep in the exposure of phenolic
composites for rain water, especially acid which accelerated the accession of large
failure significantly occurred in the ability of these materials on the return of absorbed
mechanical elastic energy after the demise of carrying bending moving them depending
on the amount of the increase in the accumulated flexural strain energy in one hand and
the amount of the increase of creep resilience modulus on the other hand, according to
the type of reinforcement and the ratio of (HMTA) and thus get a very low rebound
elastic age creep shorter than expected in the normal circumstances.

In this research, the growth of young carp fish Cyprinus carpio L. which treated with
three cryoprotectants (DMSO , Methanol , Glycerol) in different concentrations in
gastrula stage was observed. In the first month (April 2006) there was significant
differences (P < 0.05) in weight between the control group and the fish embryos treated
with concentrations (5, 10, 15%) of DMSO, while there was no significant differences
in the length , growth and weight of fish in (June and July 2006) and this agreement
with the results of using methanol as cryoprotectant. Whereas, there was significant
differences (p <0.01) in length and weight in the first month, but there was significant
differences in the weight only in following months.

Four types of traditional yoghurt products were collected from local market in
order to isolate Lact.bulgaricus to study some factors affected lactic acid production.
Results of thermal treatment for yoghurt milk showed negative relationship between
sterilization temperature and chain length and lactic acid production. Yoghurt starters
Canon, Aynes, Abu graib and Alwessam showed survival rate of 3.1 , 2.5 ,1.5 and
1.02% respectively, when incubated for 3 hours at media pH of 3. Results also showed
that starter resistant to bile salts and Canon starter illustrated 3.9 % survival rate at
concentration of 0.3%.Therefore, depending on the results Canon isolate, was selected
for preparation probiotic for poultry. Prepared probiotic was added to drink water for
broilers at different concentrations, results showed increase in dressing percentage and
decrease mortality rate by addition of 150 gm /Liter drinking water for 8 weeks.

The study was conducted to study the effect of ultraviolet radiation on eggs
development of three stored insect pests , Callosobruchus maculates , (Coleoptera :
Bruchidae ) , Ephestia cautella (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae ) and Sitotroga cerealella
(Lepidoptera : Gellichidae ) through exposing the eggs at three age groups : 1 , 2 and 3
days old, the wavelength of ultraviolet radiation was 312 nm which exposed for
different durations : 5,10 and 15 minutes to determine the effects on egg hatching and
percent of egg lied reduction . The highest reduction in percent of an egg – hatching
was: 98.8% and 97.7% for E. cautella and S.cerealella respectively for two days egg
old and for the longest exposure period which was 15 min. while Callosobruchus
maculatus eggs appeared to be highly resistance to U.V. radiation for all tested ages and
exposing periods.

The Zerovalent Iron (ZVI) synthesized for Pb+2 removal application from
contaminated water, the particle size measured by X Ray diffraction XRD and Laser
Diffraction Particle Analyzer LDPA, the particle size was between (0.405-0.792) µm.
The study conducted according to a Randomized Complete Design, the (ZVI) particles
were added in four treatments (0, 1, 2, 4) ml, and four shaking lapses
( 15, 30, 60, 120 ) minutes and three replicates for each treatment, the using
concentration of Pb+2 was 1mg.l-1. The removal rate of Pb+2 for 15 min. shaking was (0,
38.85, 58.07, 100)% respectively, while the Pb+2 removal rate for 30 min. shaking was
( 0, 100, 100, 100 )% respectively . Whereas the removal rate of Pb+2 for the
( 60 and 120 ) min. shaking lapses were the same as for 30 min. shaking removal. The
treatment of 1ml nZVI applied and 30min. shaking was the best treatment because it
was the less applied and shaking lapse.

For the purpose of knowledge and to determine the effect of lead and iron elements on
some types of perennial plants such as Balnbak (Ziziphus spina), (Nerium oleander) and
date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) in the city of Baghdad, which selected from several
locations near areas occupies by different industerial commercial and residential. The
study included process modeling and analysis of a number of models of the leaves
plants. The results revealed that the elements of Fe and Pb showed clear variation from
one location to another, with the existence of positive correlation between them.
The study showed lower correlation coefficient (r) between elements (Fe, Pb) in the
models of plant leaves after washing incomparison with the same models of not washed
leaves. The distribution of the concentrations of the elements in the leaves of the plants
and concentrations of sediment on the leaves in the following order Ziziphus
spina,>Neriumoleande>Phoenix dactylifera. Also noted that the plant buckthorn
Ziziphus spina more sensitive and less tolerant of pollution from the plant Nerium
oleander, while the palm date Phoenix dactylifera less sensitive and more tolerant to
levels of environmental pollution.

In the present study, twenty five common carpCyprinus carpio of variable sizes
ranging from 132- 1438.5 g in weight and 20.3- 42.3 cm in total length were sampled
from Sulaimaniya reservoir. The length-weight relationships (LWR) and condition
factors of common carp were studied. The straight line equation is Log (W) =Log (a)
+3.455*Log (L), so b=3.455 and Log (a) =-2.453==>a=10^-2.453= 0.0035
For an efficient fisheries management of the stocks it was interest to know the important
of biological parameters of the commercially exploited species. Therefore, the aim of
this study was to obtain necessary growth- length relationships, condition factor and
liver index of common carp in the study area.

Abstract
Silver is powerful natural antibiotic noble metal has been used for thousands of years
with no harmful side effect since have being observed, today colloidal silver is rapidly
gaining favor in the medical community and water treatment reflecting a kind of revival
in the public health community sector. We made design of colloidal silver generator
(CS)by using pulsar DC. power supply to get electrical arc discharge between two high
purity silver rods., AFM, UV-Visible Spectrometry, OM, AAS, and electrical
conductivity were applied to each sample. Results showed that CS prepared with (ADT)
indicate good efficiency in producing colloidal silver with size ranging (40-560) nm.
Variation in optical properties , color and electrical conductivity could be related to
practical size distribution and to ionic/particle(Ag+/Ag0) silver concentration which in
the rang (3-10)ppm

A visibility analysis was performed with ERDAS Imagine Ver. 9.2, using Digital
Elevation Model (DEM) produced from SRTM. Digital elevation models (DEMs) were
already widely used and play an increasing important role in geomorphology,
hydrology, soil erosion and many related geo-analysis fields. Visibility analysis did not
really become popular in archaeology until the late of 1980\'s. There were a number of
ways that visibility analysis could be applied to archaeological problems. Frequently
archaeologists were concerned with whether one site was visible from another site.
View shed depends on the height of the viewing point. The alteration of this height
brings alteration of the view shed.