Journal of College of Education

Food waste is one of the most important problems that most countries in the world suffer from, especially developing countries, which leads to negative results in the economic, social and political fields. This study dealt with the spatial analysis of the phenomenon of food waste in the city of Daquq for the year 2024, a study in population geography. The study aims to know the volume of weekly, monthly and annual food waste in the city of Daquq and to show its geographical distribution at the neighborhood level in the city and to study demographic variables and their relationship to family characteristics. Therefore, countries are interested in food security and sustainability in order to create a safe and stable environment that the population enjoys. Among the phenomena that are widespread in our Iraqi society in general and the society of the study area in particular for the year 2024 is food waste and extravagance, which affects human development and food sustainability. Therefore, three main types of food (bread, rice and cooking oil) were studied in the study area, where the total waste in it reached (202.9), where rice came in first place, reaching (99.1), then bread (76.3), and then cooking oil (27.4). The research was divided into three. The first section includes the theoretical framework of the research, the second section includes waste (bread, rice, and cooking oil), and the third section includes waste and its relationship to family characteristics, as well as statistical analysis.

Unemployment is considered one of the most pressing and dangerous issues affecting many countries around the world, including Iraq. This phenomenon has significant negative consequences on economic, social, and political levels. This study presents a geographical analysis of the unemployment phenomenon in Chamchamal District for the year 2024. The research aims to identify the scale and rates of unemployment, the percentage of the population that is unemployed in the district, and the key contributing factors and underlying causes. Additionally, it seeks to highlight the most significant consequences resulting from unemployment.
The study adopts both descriptive and analytical methodologies, focusing on the spatial relationships of population-related phenomena and identifying the influential factors. The statistical software SPSS v23 was utilized to obtain accurate results related to the phenomenon under investigation and to determine its spatial distribution. Furthermore, ArcGIS 10.7.1 was employed to represent visually the phenomenon in all its forms with high precision.
The findings reveal a notable rise in the number of unemployed individuals in the district in 2024, reaching a total of 8,257 individuals. Chamchamal Center ranked first in terms of unemployment numbers, with 3,210 unemployed individuals, while Takya Jabari sub-district ranked last with 107 unemployed individuals. The research concludes that unemployment has various causes and consequences, including political, economic, social, and other contributing factors. Unemployment leaves a wide range of impacts on society—economic, social, and political—and directly affects individuals and their families, often leading to crimes such as theft, murder, and other forms of violence. The study concludes with a set of key findings and recommendations.

This research addresses The Position of Woman from the Perspective of Man in the Light of the Holy Qur’an, aiming to uncover Qur’anic standards that transcend human perceptions and man-made criteria in evaluating women. It traced the transformation of women’s status from marginalization to honor. It adopted the inductive-analytical methodology, analyzing Qur’anic verses related to the woman-man relationship in light of exegetical interpretations, connecting them to historical and social contexts. What distinguished this research, that its avoidance of the commonly discussed rights and duties, instead focusing on the value-based structure of the Qur’anic discourse. It cited examples of both believing and disbelieving women to demonstrate that the Qur’an's criterion of dignity is piety and righteous action, not lineage or proximity to men.

This research aims to clarify the meaning of pagan origins both linguistically and terminologically, as well as their impact on religions and sects. The study begins by defining the term “origin” as the foundation of something, and “paganism” as derived from “idol” or “image.” It then addresses the concept of the Trinity in both linguistic and doctrinal contexts—specifically, the idea of attributing three hypostases to the one God. Furthermore, the research introduces the Nuṣayrī (Alawite) sect, which is considered a branch of Islam that deviated in its creed, was influenced by pagan foundations, and incorporated the doctrine of the Trinity into its beliefs.

The objection method is one of the argumentative methods used in grammatical discourses, and it was used by Rukn al-Din al-Istrabadi (d. 715 AH) in his grammatical discourse in his book Al-Basit, to convince the recipient of the correctness of his choice in his reasoning in his grammatical discourse. The purpose of argumentative methods is to refine the grammatical inferences made by the arguer, relying on the documents of grammatical rules. The objector cites evidence of disagreement with a ruling or term, or with a textual or rational proof, or with a ruling in a grammatical issue or a reason or objection to a part of the grammatical phenomenon. Through the method of objection, the pillar of religion rises to the rank of the objector, who in turn demands evidence for the statement being objected to, with the intention of making it clear, The objection in grammatical discourse is a new argumentative starting point within the discourse, which is represented by those facts and truths that are included within the grammatical rules represented in the book (Al-Basit) with the sayings of Ibn Al-Hajib and Al-Qayyim, and the positions, These are fixed foundations in every discourse. The objection style in Al-Basit appears in various forms and for several purposes. These are among the most prominent types of arguments addressed in the Arabic grammar corpus. These include: objection by denial, assumption, affirmation, and objection by interrogation. The purposes of objection are either evidence-based, in which case the objection is intended to refute and reject this opinion, or to oppose it. The objection may also be based on denial due to the lack of evidence.

The letters of Abu ishaq Al-Sapi represent an exemplary model of Arabic prose in the 4th century AH where he succwssfully transformed historical and administrative reports into literary texts characterized by poeticism and eloquence. AL –Sabi employed diverse stylistic techniques such as narrative storytelling, linguistic deviations infusing his texts with an aesthetic and rhythmic quality akin to poetry. He also drew upon Arabic-Islamic heritage-including the Quran, proverbs, and poetry- to reinforce the political discourses legitimacy and psychological impact. His letters skillfully utilized rhetorical devices and repetition, enhancing persuasion and emotional engagement, particularly amonq rulers and ministers. Thus, his correspondence transcended mere informational function to become a literary art that combined entertainment and persuasion, establishinq a model for studying the rhetoric of classical Arabic prose and its influence on shaping political and literary discourse.

I argue that the subject of this study, which I have chosen to write about, deserves focused attention in morphological analysis. This is due to its concern with the omission of a root letter—specifically the "lām"—from the triliteral word structure in ways that deviate from the conventional morphological patterns. This phenomenon occurs frequently in Arabic words for several reasons, including the pursuit of ease and lightness in pronunciation, without compromising the morphological form or semantic integrity. Al-Fayūmī notably addressed this linguistic feature in Al-Miṣbāḥ al-Munīr, and his work merits close observation and analysis. Therefore, our discussion will follow his approach from beginning to end, and this is

This study aims to shed light on the depiction of the beloved woman in Arabic literature, on the one hand, and the image of the beloved in the Diwan of Suleiman the Magnificent, on the other. This study utilizes a comparative approach, employing an analytical and descriptive approach. This approach analyzes the image and examines the differences and similarities between them, through the influence and impact between the Diwan of Suleiman the Magnificent and Arabic literature. The study also addresses the presence of women in literary eras and aims to address the most important qualities of the beloved woman, so that the recipient has a complete picture in mind and can form a specific impression of the research.

This research deals with a comparative study between Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah Al-Qasimi’s interpretation in “Mahasin Al-Ta’wil” and the interpretations of other interpreters, reviewing how Al-Qasimi attributed their opinions and ideas in interpreting the Quranic verses. A number of verses that Al-Qasimi relied on were analyzed, while comparing his interpretation with the interpretations of scholars such as Ibn Kathir, Al-Tabari, and Al-Zamakhshari. The research showed that Al-Qasimi followed a balanced approach that combined accuracy in understanding the texts and depth in analysis, while relying on the predecessors and presenting new visions in some topics. The rhetorical and linguistic style used by Al-Qasimi was also highlighted, which made him stand out as one of the distinguished interpreters of his time The results confirmed that “Mahasin al-Ta’wil” is not limited to merely conveying opinions, but rather provides a comprehensive interpretation that reflects a deep understanding of the objectives of the Shari’ah. Ultimately, the research enhances the value of Al-Qasimi’s interpretation as a primary source in Qur’anic studies, and calls for further academic studies that explore the various aspects of this pioneering work.

"Plural forms in the verses of worship constitute a highly significant morphological aspect that contributes to understanding the internal structure of words, their numerical significations, and their patterns of (pluralization) within the context of worship. Indeed, the diversity of plural forms in the Holy Qur'an is not limited to quantitative indication, but rather reflects precise morphological patterns with semantic impact in expressing the concepts of worship. Therefore, this research aims to study the morphological structures of plural forms and their various types, along with an applied study of the morphological manifestations of plural forms in the verses of worship.
The aim of writing a research on (Plural Forms in the Verses of Worship: A Morphological-Semantic Study) is to reveal the close connection between the morphological structures (plural forms) and the profound effects of worship on the human psyche and the building of a sound society. Knowing that the methodology followed in my study is the artistic approach through morphological and semantic description and analysis, relying on the most important ancient and modern sources in morphology and semantics.

Abbasid poetry is a live record For Arab heritage, the importance of poetry appears in the recording and documentation of Arab values, historical events, various situations, and their transfer to subsequent generations, and poetry in general represents a part From the identity of the Arab nation, it is the Diwan of the Arabs and on this basis. .Among her poets is the son of Abdus, and he was a lot of travel, and he left for Mosul, Baghdad and Damascus, and this research is a modest attempt to highlight and document what the old sources mentioned about The life of this poet, and an attempt to collect his poetry from these sources.
The research divided into two parts: the first section of the poet’s life, his attributes and morals, his prayers with the flags of his time, his culture and his position Poetic and the opinions of the ancients in it, and his death, and the talk was about the topics of his poetry and his artistic characteristics. The sources remember his office, and the research concluded with the most prominent results.

The poet Samih al-Qasim represents a poet of Palestinian resistance par excellence, as his poetry was devoted to defending the Palestinian cause. It served as a catalyst for resistance and a source of hope and liberation from the enemy, attempting to awaken Arabs from their long slumber. He revealed to them a brutal enemy that must be watched and guarded, and that must be united to confront. Samih al-Qasim's poetry, particularly his poem "A Letter from the Unemployment Market," is among his most famous poems, representing resistance literature. This poem highlights the steadfastness of his stance on the Palestinian cause and the refusal to compromise on this issue. Our selection of this poem is intended to explore the concept of resistance and its forms, as well as to highlight the poetic value of the imagery represented in this poem. The main focus of this poem is resistance, which the poet presents in various images that excite the reader and convey connotations consistent with the poet's resistance approach.
In this research, it presents the life of the poet Samih al-Qasim, the concept of resistance, and the history of Palestinian resistance. We also address the poetic image, its concept, and its dimensions in this poem, building on previous studies that have specialized in resistance literature and the analytical approach we adopted to analyze the poetic images in this poem.

This research provides a historical overview of the role of Soviet diplomacy at the Genoa International Economic Conference held in Italy in early April 1922. This conference represented a pivotal opportunity and a historic moment for Soviet foreign policy. The Soviets' participation aimed to break their international isolation from capitalist nations, particularly after Soviet Russia had been experiencing diplomatic isolation from the capitalist world since the Bolsheviks came to power in October 1917 and waged an existential war until the eve of 1921. However, following the end of the civil war, they implemented a new economic policy, historically known as the New Economic Policy (NEP), in early 1922. This policy gained acceptance and approval from the Western capitalist countries, which were hostile to the Soviets. These countries hoped to consider resuming investment in Russia. Indeed, during the Cannes International Conference in France in early 1922, the capitalist countries extended an invitation to the Soviet leadership to attend the Genoa International Economic Conference. The Soviet leadership immediately accepted the invitation, considering it a historic opportunity to present their proposals and policy program on various issues. International, but when the conference was held, there was a hardening of positions from all international parties, so the Soviet delegation took advantage of the lack of agreement on international issues and rushed to conclude a secret treaty with the Germans known as the “Raplu” Treaty in mid-April 1922. This provoked the displeasure and anger of the representatives of the capitalist countries, and was considered a political and diplomatic victory for the Soviet leadership in terms of foreign relations with Europe.

This research examines the obstacles that Imam Ali (peace be upon him) faced in implementing social justice, as presented in the book Nahj al-Balagha. The study focuses on the major challenges that hindered his efforts, such as internal political conflicts and divisions within the Islamic community, as well as the resistance from ruling elites and wealthy individuals who opposed change. It also highlights the significant social disparity that posed a serious challenge to the effective implementation of social justice policies. Despite these difficulties, Imam Ali (peace be upon him) persistently sought to overcome these barriers with determination and firmness, remaining committed to the principles of justice and equality among all segments of society. His wise stances and profound sermons recorded in Nahj al-Balagha and his continuous pursuit of justice—especially for the poor and marginalized—can be clearly observed. Imam Ali (peace be upon him) also demonstrated a strong commitment to promoting equal opportunities and reducing social and economic gaps among members of society, affirming that justice is the foundation of social and political stability.

The spy Carmen Mori from the characters controversial some researchers classify her as an example of duality and contradiction due to her life story. She is thorny, cunning, intelligent, charismatic and has an overwhelming presence.
Carmen Mori's travels across Europe and her mastery of several languages enabled her to work as an espionage agent for the Gestapo in Germany. The experiences she lived and the various situations she encountered also shaped and changed her personality, particularly during her time in Ravensbürk, ending with her dramatic trial and appearance in a fur coat, making her look like a movie actress rather than someone accused of brutal crimes. This prompted the researcher to start from this problematic and attempt to answer the central question: "Was Carmen Mori convinced and willing to serve the Nazi regime through her work as an espionage agent for the Gestapo, or did her desires, personal ambition, and love of adventure play a role in determining her choice to serve the Nazi regime?"
Carmen Mori found her calling and someone who embraced her aspirations and desire for adventure and social advancement in the Gestapo, especially after her disappointment at not being able to achieve her dream of singing. The operation became a mutual benefit for both parties. It is worth noting that she enjoyed espionage operations, not because she believed in
Nazi ideology, especially since she was of Swiss origin, but because through these missions she enjoyed money, power and influence.
The years Carmen spent in prisons in France after spying on the Maginot Line, then in Germany after the fall of France at the hands of German forces, ending with years of solitary confinement in the infamous Ravensbrück camp, may have played a major role in influencing her behavior, which many considered brutal, deserving of harsh titles despite her justifications in court that she was acting this way to stay alive. Certainly, circumstances can play a role in influencing human behavior, but without the presence of sediments or a basis for this behavior, it cannot be transformed into real behavior on the ground.

The policy of purging the government apparatus was one of the first steps of the July 14, 1958 Revolution, in the administrative aspect, to establish the principles of integrity. Therefore, it was necessary to address the issue due to its importance, given that Iraqis have been practicing civil service since the Ottoman and British eras. The study aimed to reduce corruption, including bribery and favoritism, eliminate dishonest elements, and develop a sense of national responsibility through efficient and dedicated work. Legislative purification procedures began with the issuance of Law No. (20) of 1931 on the Discipline of State Employees, to remove corrupt employees; Law No. (36) of 1936 on Discipline, which adopted the principle of gradual punishment; and Law No. (66) of 1956 on the Coordination of the Government Apparatus, to remove those proven to have misconduct. Despite the measures taken during the royal era, the results were negative, due to political reasons and the increasing number of unqualified employees, until the outbreak of the July 14 Revolution, which gave importance to the issue and enacted a law entitled "Purification." Governmental apparatus No. (2) of 1958 AD, to get rid of the weak elements that controlled administrative positions as a result of corruption, the republican era was crowned by dispensing with the services of some state employees, especially those who followed the previous administration without taking into account the experience possessed by these employees. The law went through four amendments in accordance with the requirements of the administrative and political stage. Therefore, the purification of the government apparatus was accompanied by major harbingers as a result of the work of the purification committees in the ministries and departments that worked according to personal and partisan interests, and the emergence of the military governor’s department as the highest authority in the country due to the prevalence of martial law and the organization of popular resistance and republican maintenance committees.

This study seeks to elucidate the representation of women in Eastern Islamic travel literature from the third to the seventh century Hijri through critical analysis of texts by Eastern Muslim travelers during this period. It reveals that women in these travel narratives were not merely social subjects; rather, they appear as mythological symbols embodying meanings shared between mythology and history, intertwined with social and popular beliefs, as well as religious and cultural worldviews. Women were associated with natural phenomena, wonders, and cosmic marvels. They assumed the role of the mythical maiden emerging from the belly of the fish, evolving into an image symbolizing annihilation and companionship in death with their lord, the king, at the moment of his passing. Moreover, the mythology of women contributed to shaping the collective imagination of the travelers, as projections linked to the hidden powers of plants and waters were attributed to them through the connection of female fertility with the Ghabeera trees or the alteration of women's natures upon drinking sulfurous waters. This reflects the disposition of Eastern Muslim travelers in synthesizing geographical reality and popular traditions with metaphysical interpretations of historical events.
The study concluded that the woman in Eastern travel literature serves as a cultural mirror reflecting the nature of humanity in the medieval Islamic centuries, as humanity grappled with concerns surrounding the body, desire, the sacred, and nature, portraying her as a being embodying fertility, mortality, awe, and seduction. This characterization positioned her as a central figure for comprehending the relationship between humanity, history, nature, and mythology.

This research studies the personality of Hossein Qoli Khan, The Sultanate of Mavi regime. He is one of the lranian personalities who assumed the position of Prime Minister in lran during the reign of Mohammad Ali Shah. His reign witnessed many events, the most important of which was the tension in relations between Mohammad Ali Shah and the National Consultative Assembly. The first thing that Sultanate of Mavi regime did was to improve the relationship between the Shah and the National Consultative Assembly. He was keen to make the two parties swear by the glorious word of God to abide by the constitution, but this relationship did not last long, especially after the assassination attempt on Mohammad Ali Shah, as the Shah accused the council of the assassination attempt, but Minister Hossein Qoli Khan, the Sultanate of Mavi regime, wanted to improve that relationship, but he was unable to do so.

The philosophy of history has held significant importance among historical and social sciences, as it plays a guiding and directing role in shaping the foundational knowledge in philosophical and ideological systems that contribute to outlining strategic, political, and economic projects. Europe has been considered a case since the emergence of the philosophy of Aryan supremacy leading up to modern America. Despite this, the Islamic nation, with its diverse national components, remains unaware of all this, until the actual value of the philosophy of history and its significant impact in providing the ability to delineate suitable social and political systems emerges, which leads to providing opportunities to take the initiative in planning for a civilizational resurgence that changes the nation’s reality for the better. Hence, this study is based on the claim that the product of Islamic thought in the philosophy of history represents a rich intellectual treasure on the distinctive historical level, as it also has a variety of perspectives while always retaining its identity. It is a treasure of clear authenticity drawn initially from the inspiration of the Quran, and then the awareness of historical experiences and the development of methods among Muslims. The notion of "the end of history" is not a product of the modern era but is as ancient as humanity itself. The first human, from an anthropological perspective, believed in the idea of the end of the world associated with history; the end for him did not exceed a day or a month but was ideologically linked to the sorcerer and the astrologer. Prophecy played a prominent role in shaping this idea, namely - the end of history and the last human - which was proposed by the American philosopher of Japanese descent Francis Fukuyama, where Fukuyama presents his fundamental theory that liberal democracy with its values of freedom, individuality, equality, popular sovereignty, and principles of economic liberalism shapes the end of humanity and humankind.

Babylon Governorate is located in the central part of Iraq. It is astronomically defined between latitudes (-32.7°-33.8°) and longitudes (43.43° - 45.50°). It is geographically defined to the north by Baghdad Governorate, to the east by Wasit Governorate, to the west by Karbala and Anbar Governorates, and to the south by Al-Qadisiyah Governorate. Its area is (5307) km2, constituting (1.2%) of the total area of Iraq, and includes (5) districts. The desert climate prevails, characterized by low rainfall and high temperatures in the summer, which reach more than 50 degrees Celsius, and it is characterized by a warm winter. Therefore, it receives quantities of water and at the same time suffers from evaporation processes. Therefore, it is necessary to study and calculate the water balance, which depends on estimates of the volume of water import, which depends on quantitative relationships between climatic factors and phenomena represented by precipitation and evaporation/transpiration quantities, in order to identify the amount of water surplus and deficit, which is directly affected by some climatic elements, especially rainfall and temperatures, which determine the amount of evaporation. On this basis, the climate data of the Babil Governorate station were relied upon, and this data was distributed to the districts that were studied (Hillah, Al-Mahawil, Al-Musayyab, Al-Hashimiyah, Al-Qasim), which included the area of Babylon Governorate for the period (1992 - 2022). The Ivanov equation was relied upon to calculate the monthly amounts of evaporation/transpiration, as it is one of the inputs of the water balance, which was subtracted from the amount of rainfall to determine the amount of surplus. Water deficit: It was found that the study area suffers from water deficit for all months of the year except for December, which has a water surplus, and this surplus and water deficit are reflected in the hydrological reality in Babylon Governorate.

The research aims to identify the diseases affecting livestock in the Al-Shuhaymiyah
sub-district based on agricultural districts. Al-Shuhaymiyah possesses a large livestock population, estimated at around 34,603 heads, distributed among cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats. The role of labor and experience in animal husbandry plays a significant part in explaining the spatial variation in livestock numbers between one district and another for the year 2023–2024. In addition, the size of the agricultural areas across different parts of the study region also plays a role, Despite the large number of livestock, the diseases affecting them result in reduced production of milk and meat, and in some cases, lead to animal deaths, which negatively impacts livestock numbers in the Al-Shuhaymiyah sub-district. This is despite the availability of large areas suitable for growing fodder crops such as alfalfa, clover, and mixed feeds, As for the key findings of the research, the total number of recorded disease cases reached 10,516. Among them, miscellaneous diseases had the highest incidence with 4,035 cases, while fungal diseases had the lowest, with 874 cases. The study also concluded that some diseases, such as hemorrhagic fever, cannot be controlled and may result in the death of the infected animal.

The study addresses the concept of human development, its characteristics and features, such as productivity, fairness, equality, empowerment, and sustainability, and how these features are closely linked to human security. It indicates that any decline in development levels affects, in one way or another, the human security of the individual or group. The research demonstrated that human development seeks to achieve the security of individuals living within the state to meet the needs of current and future generations, as well as to strive to achieve sustainable human development. It highlighted the most significant problems of insecurity, including inadequate health and educational levels, poverty, destitution, and unemployment, all of which contribute to a decline in development levels. The researcher adopts the descriptive approach in his study to reach the desired results. The study highlights the importance of achieving sustainable human development and warned about the risks associated with losing human security and its effects on society. The research reached several conclusions and recommendations, including: Human security is of extreme importance in achieving stability and well-being for society. For human development to be sustainable and effectively meet the needs of current and future generations, it must be characterized by fairness, equality, continuity, empowerment, and productivity. It is necessary for relevant authorities to develop the necessary plans and programs to provide human security, as it is necessary to activate legislation that requires the individuals to enjoy a high level of education, health, and income to achieve personal security and development for the individual.

This research examines "the factors contributing to the development of archaeological and religious tourism and their impact on enhancing tourism activity in Samarra," by analyzing the most prominent determinants affecting the reality of religious and archaeological tourism in the city. It seeks to identify the challenges and available potential, and to determine the roles of official bodies, the local community, and tourism and religious institutions in supporting the tourism sector. The research relied on a descriptive and analytical approach, employing tools such as interviews with stakeholders and analysis of official documents and academic sources. It concluded that there are key factors controlling the course of tourism development, most notably: infrastructure, the security environment, tourism marketing, and community awareness. The research proposes a set of recommendations that would contribute to revitalizing archaeological and religious tourism in Samarra, if implemented in a thoughtful and integrated manner.

Iraq’s geographical location has been one of the most prominent factors granting it advanced strategic importance throughout the ages, due to its position at the heart of the ancient world and its connection to vital commercial, economic, and political axes. This research analyzes the strategic significance of Iraq based on global geopolitical theories such as the Heartland Theory (Halford Mackinder), the Sea Power Theory (Alfred Mahan), and other relevant theories. The study also explores how these theories explain the regional and international competition over Iraq and illustrates how its geographic position has historically attracted major global powers, continuing into the modern era. Furthermore, the research highlights Iraq’s role as a crossroads between East and West, a central hub for trade and energy transit routes, and a key player in shaping regional balances. The study concludes that, despite existing challenges, Iraq possesses geopolitical advantages that, if effectively utilized, can enable it to play a pivotal role in shaping both regional and international systems.

Unemployment is considered one of the most pressing and dangerous issues affecting many countries around the world, including Iraq. This phenomenon has significant negative consequences on economic, social, and political levels. This study presents a geographical analysis of the unemployment phenomenon in Chamchamal District for the year 2024. The research aims to identify the scale and rates of unemployment, the percentage of the population that is unemployed in the district, and the key contributing factors and underlying causes. Additionally, it seeks to highlight the most significant consequences resulting from unemployment.
The study adopts both descriptive and analytical methodologies, focusing on the spatial relationships of population-related phenomena and identifying the influential factors. The statistical software SPSS v23 was utilized to obtain accurate results related to the phenomenon under investigation and to determine its spatial distribution. Furthermore, ArcGIS 10.7.1 was employed to represent visually the phenomenon in all its forms with high precision.
The findings reveal a notable rise in the number of unemployed individuals in the district in 2024, reaching a total of 8,257 individuals. Chamchamal Center ranked first in terms of unemployment numbers, with 3,210 unemployed individuals, while Takya Jabari sub-district ranked last with 107 unemployed individuals. The research concludes that unemployment has various causes and consequences, including political, economic, social, and other contributing factors. Unemployment leaves a wide range of impacts on society—economic, social, and political—and directly affects individuals and their families, often leading to crimes such as theft, murder, and other forms of violence. The study concludes with a set of key findings and recommendations.

The current research aims to identify:
The level of positive social behavior among university students.
The level of personal lifestyles among university students.
The statistically significant correlation between positive social behavior and personal lifestyles according to the variables of gender (male, female) and specialization (scientific, humanities) among university students.
To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher followed the descriptive approach. The sample size was selected using a stratified random method with proportional distribution. The sample size of the current research amounted to (400) male and female university students. The researcher used tools to measure the research variables, including the Positive Social Behavior Scale (Ali, 2020) and the Personal Lifestyles Scale prepared by (Al-Bashar and Al-Hamidi, 2021). After verifying the validity of the scales' items, they were applied to the target sample. The psychometric properties of the scales were extracted and their items were statistically analyzed using a set of statistical methods, including the t-test for a single sample, the t-test for two independent samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. These were statistically processed using the SPSS statistical package. The researcher reached the following results:
1- Some students engage in harsh behaviors that conflict with ethical principles and values.
2- The level of personal lifestyles is lower compared to the level of the society to which they belong.
3-There is an inverse correlation between positive social behavior and personal lifestyles among university students.
4-There are no differences between the research variables (positive social behavior and personal lifestyles) according to gender (male, female) and specialization (scientific, humanities).

The present Study aims to identify the degree of doublethink systematic intelligence and academic resilience according to the gender variable, as well as to reveal the relationship between. The current research community was identified as students of Wasit University for the academic year (2023-2024), numbering (25983). The current research (400). After the researcher reviewed the literature and previous studies, she adopted the (alazzi,2018)scale for doubiethink which consists of (30) paragraphs distributed over four areas,nameiy exchanging ideas, hnteiiectual flexibility , and the (alkarkhi,2020 )scale for emotional which consists (30)items distributed across there domains : perseverance, reflection, and adaptaion to seeking help male and female students was relied upon to find stability using the two methods (test and retest, and Cronbach's), and the data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Spss) and the results appeared as follows:
1-Wasit university students are characterized by systematic intelligence.
2-There are statistically significant differences in systematic intelligenes among university students according to the gender variable ( males , female ) in favor of males .
3-wasit university are students characterized by academic resilience .
4-There are statistically significant differences in systematic academic resilience university students according to the gender variable ( males , female ) in favor of males .
5-There is asignificant positive correlation between the variables of systemation intelligence and academic resilience university students.

The current study aims to identify the level of academic communication competence among graduate students and to determine the significance of differences in academic communication scores according to the variables of specialization and type of study. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed a scale consisting of 24 items based on Erickson's (2019) definition of academic communication. The psychometric properties of the scale were extracted; validity indicators were verified through two methods: face validity and construct validity. Reliability coefficients were also calculated, with a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.94 and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.84, both considered statistically acceptable. The results indicated that graduate students possess a moderate level of academic communication competence. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant difference according to the specialization variable, favoring the humanities, while no significant difference was found concerning the type of study. The study concluded with a set of recommendations and future suggestions.

Psychological problems have a negative impact on various aspects of daily life. The study aims to determine the level of psychological problems among students in this college. Additionally, it examines whether there are differences in psychological problems based on certain variables, such as students’ specialties (Humanities versus Sciences), gender (male and female), and academic stage (second and fourth years). Two hundred and twenty-nine students from eight different departments within the College of Basic Education participated in the current study. To measure psychological problems a questionnaire was prepared by the researchers after assessing various psychometric properties, including validity and reliability. A satisfactory Cronbach’s alpha of 0.76 and a split-half reliability coefficient of 0.72 were obtained respectively. The normality of the data was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, which indicated no significant deviations from normality (p-value for the Kolmogorov test > 0.05). Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations), one-sample t-tests, and independent sample t-tests were utilized for data analysis. The findings revealed that students in the College of Basic Education exhibited a low level of psychological problems. Notably, there were no statistically significant differences in psychological problems based on students’ specialties and gender. However, a statistically significant difference was found based on academic stage, suggesting that students in the fourth-year experience more psychological problems than those in the second year. In the light of these findings, several recommendations and suggestions were highlighted.

This study aims to investigate the effect of electronic learning strategies on the academic achievement of first intermediate grade female students in Arabic grammar, in light of the increasing trend toward integrating technology into the educational process. The researcher adopted the experimental method using a post-test control group design. The experimental group was taught using electronic learning strategies, while the control group received Usual instruction. A post-achievement test was administered to measure students' learning outcomes.
The sample consisted of 60 female students from the first intermediate grade, divided equally into two groups (30 students in each). A balanced achievement test was developed to cover the six cognitive levels, and its validity and reliability were confirmed. After applying the experiment and analyzing the data using appropriate statistical tools such as the t-test and F-test, the results revealed statistically significant differences in the post-test scores in favor of the experimental group. This indicates the effectiveness of electronic learning strategies in improving students’ achievement in Arabic grammar.

The current research aims to identify the level of knowledge that geography teachers possess regarding the three dimensions of sustainable development: social, economic, and environmental. A questionnaire consisting of 26 items was prepared, with 19 items covering the three dimensions, and was administered to a sample of 100 male and female teachers from various secondary schools in the Karkh and Rusafa directorates in Baghdad Governorate. The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach, and data were analyzed using Excel. A three-point Likert scale was used to determine the level of responses (Disagree, Neutral, Agree).
The results revealed that the social and economic dimensions each had two items with a high level of agreement, while the remaining items scored a moderate level. In contrast, the environmental dimension received only one item with a high level of agreement and five items with a moderate level. The overall average for all dimensions indicated that the level of knowledge falls within the "moderate" range. This suggests that teachers have a basic understanding, but it needs further development and deepening, particularly in environmental aspects. The study recommended the need to strengthen the dimensions of sustainable development in the training programs for geography teachers and to effectively integrate them into the school curricula.

Among these strategies is the strategy of the mantle of the expert, which was used by the researchers as an independent variable to show their effect of scientific. The objective of the research was determined by comparing the results of the effect of the expert cloak strategy and the usual method of acquiring scientific concepts in science. The research sample consisted of (64) students distributed equally to the research groups (experimental and control). In order to achieve, the following zero hypothesis.
In order to conduct the experiment, the researcher identified 15 main concepts in the first and second chapters of the first unit (living organisms) of the science book, and it has formulated sub-concepts, Behavioral objectives were defined by three levels of conceptualization: discrimination, classification and generalization. The number of students reached (45) a behavioral purpose, and the researchers prepared (11) a teaching plan for each group. The test of the scientific concepts was prepared as a research tool. The test included the acquisition of the three concepts: discrimination, classification and generalization in the form of objective tests. The validity of the test, its stability, its ability to discriminate, the difficulty of its paragraphs and the effectiveness of its alternatives were verified.

The aim of this research was to identify the effect of using the SSCS model on the level of academic achievement and formal thinking among third-grade middle school students.
To achieve this goal, the following null hypotheses were formulated:
1. There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group, who will study the subject according to the SSCS model, and the average scores of students in the control group, who will study the same subject using the traditional method, on the mathematics achievement test.
2. There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group, who will study the subject according to the SSCS model, and the average scores of students in the control group, who will study the same subject using the traditional method, on the mathematics formal thinking test.
The research sample was intentionally selected from Yahya Bin Zaid Secondary School, consisting of (64) third-grade middle school students. Two groups were selected: (32) students for the experimental group and (32) for the control group.
To collect information related to the study, two tests were constructed. The first tested achievement levels and contained (31) items, while the second measured formal reasoning skills. It was finalized to include (40) multiple-choice objective questions.
Appropriate statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS program. The results showed the following:
1. Students in the experimental group outperformed their counterparts in the control group on the achievement test.
2. Students in the experimental group performed better than students in the control group on the formal reasoning skills test.

This study explores the role of digital media—particularly social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube—in shaping public opinion and encouraging political participation in Iraq. It focuses on a field study conducted in the cities of Kut, the center of Wasit Governorate, and Ramadi, the center of Salahuddin Governorate. The study is based on 200 questionnaires distributed in both cities, aiming to assess the extent to which these platforms influence users’ political behavior and awareness. The findings indicate that social media provides users with freedom of expression, access to political information, and motivation to engage in public affairs, especially during times of crisis. It also helps reduce political apathy and strengthens digital opposition capable of influencing actual political change. Despite challenges related to the credibility of online content, digital platforms have become vital political tools that promote awareness, participation, and civic discourse in transitional societies.

This study sheds light on the importance of Iran's cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) within the framework of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). It examines Tehran’s suspension of inspections and the implications of this move for international monitoring mechanisms. The research investigates the extent of Iran’s compliance with its legal obligations by analyzing the IAEA Statute and the oversight powers of the Board of Governors. Furthermore, it assesses the consistency of the suspension decision with the principles of international responsibility and the obligations enshrined in general international law. The study also explores the consequences of the suspension on the implementation of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and the legal response options available to the Agency and its member states. The research concludes by offering recommendations aimed at strengthening the legal framework and ensuring the continuity of transparent nuclear oversight and cooperation.

Current developments in any country impose a complete review of its legal system in general and the penal system in particular, because the legislation in force may not be consistent with the contemporary stage that followed the previous stage. This development that follows that stage must be in line with the criminal policy adopted by the legislator in the areas of criminalization and punishment to achieve the optimal level of achieving the interest of the group and ensuring that the development keeps pace with the prevailing social values that guarantee the state’s right to impose punishment, protect society from violations, and confront deviations and forms of behavior that disrupt the security and order of society. Therefore, the legislator may find himself facing a major task represented in reviewing all legislation that may conflict with the new conditions. In doing so, he takes legal paths that enable him to amend or abolish the legislation in force to be consistent with a modern criminal policy.

David Shimoni appeared on the scene of Hebrew literature in the first decade of the twentieth century and quickly joined the group of poets of his generation who were contemporary with Bialik, as they became pioneers in modern Hebrew literature.
It is known that that era left its mark on all the creators of the generation and their works. Hence, the essence of the problems faced by Jews who were in the diaspora, especially those living in Europe, is diminished by aspiring to a new life in the homeland of their fathers, as they described it, in the East (Palestine).
In most of his poems, Shimoni sang about his birthplace and the homeland of his family (Moscow). Likewise, Jerusalem was a large part of those poems, as this writer mixed his homeland in the north and compared it to the homeland of his ancestors “according to his claim” in order for this to be a means of influencing the reader.
Stylistically, his poems are characterized by dense language, rich poetic imagery, and a melancholic rhythm, which lends the text a dramatic tone. It is noteworthy that, despite the tragic content, there is an implicit call for reflection and reconciliation with pain as part of the human experience.
Shimoni wrote some of his poems that were characterized by sadness, and this reflects the psychological state of the poet. That is why we saw that this topic is worth examining, which is the tragic trend. Since Shimoni has given quite a bit of space. The poet created tragedy from the womb of pastoral chant and from the medium of his lyrical poetry, and mixed the two together to produce extremely beautiful poems that have a great impact on his audience.

This study explores the importance of phonetic training in investigating theeffectiveness of improving English pronunciation among teacher trainees at the Open Educational College in Al-Suwaira, Wasit Province.
The research compares the impact of phonetic training to traditional pronunciation teaching methods, focusing on its ability to enhance speech sound production, especially difficult English consonants and consonant clusters not found in Arabic (e.g., /p/, /ʒ/, /ŋ/, and /tʃ/). The study adopts a quasi-experimental design with two groups: an experimental group receiving phonetic training and a control group receiving traditional instruction. A pre-test and post-test were conducted with 50 EFL learners, assessing their ability to correctly pronounce English consonants and clusters.
The research explores the impact of phonetic training on improving pronunciation skills, compares the effectiveness of phonetic training versus traditional methods, and investigates the specific pronunciation challenges faced by Iraqi teacher trainees. It also examines how phonetic training can address these challenges and improve overall pronunciation accuracy.
Results indicate that phonetic training led to significant improvements in pronunciation accuracy, particularly in producing problematic consonant sounds and clusters. The errors observed in the pre-test were mainly due to phonological differences between Arabic and English, such as challenges with prevocalic consonant clusters. In contrast, the post-test results showed a noticeable increase in pronunciation accuracy for the experimental group, highlighting the effectiveness of phonetic training informed by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
The findings suggest that phonetic training can improve pronunciation skills and, by extension, the quality of English language teaching in Iraq. This research underscores the potential for integrating phonetic training into teacher preparation programs to enhance the pronunciation skills of future educators, ultimately benefiting English language learners across Iraq.

In this study, the praising expressions used in Donald Trump's speech during his visit to Saudi Arabia in 2025 are structurally analyzed. With an emphasis on declarative and exclamative sentence types, the study looks at how particular syntactic forms are employed to express political acclaim.
The grammatical structure of 26 praise expressions was examined using a qualitative-quantitative methodology. The primary purpose of declarative phrases was to confirm political affiliation and common beliefs, but exclamative forms were employed to convey praise and elicit strong feelings. To show how each type is distributed and what its purpose is, a frequency table was created then the occurrence percentage . The results show that praise functions as a strategic language instrument in political speech, increasing diplomatic relations and influencing public opinion.
The study emphasizes how syntactic structure influences political language's expressive aim in addition to stylistic variance.