Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

Our study focused on clarifying the hidden meanings of the structures of the exaggerated form and explaining their structures and weights in the dictionary of Al-Abab Al-Zakher and Al-Lubab Al-Fakher by Al-Saghani (d. 650 AH).
The reason we chose this dictionary was because it contained eloquent and eloquent vocabulary. It did not leave any of the purposes of speech without hitting it, and did not allow thought a passage without proceeding with it, and also for the abundance of its linguistic material, in addition to the fact that it is a creative text in which the accuracy of choosing the characteristics of artistic creativity was evident and in which there was a variety of evidence. The Arab protest took into account the choice of words, the sophistication of their content, and the quality of their wording, as its phrases included distinct connotations that the author of the book recognized.
Our research included an introduction and introduction in which we defined exaggeration linguistically and terminologically in the thought of the ancients and moderns, and in it we touched on the methods of formulating the structures of exaggeration.
The study was built on two sections: In the first section, we focused on the standard forms of exaggerated structures and their connotations, and in the second section, we focused on aural forms and their connotations, and we concluded the research with the most important results that we obtained in our research.

This study tries to stop at the importance of personal references (pronouns) to the Quranic discourse in the scenes of the Day of Resurrection; because of the uniqueness of this discourse and its uniqueness from other discourses and highlighting its effective role and its impact on communication, understanding, linking between the scenes, and influencing the recipient.

This research explores the concept of opposites in language and terminology, examining the differing opinions of scholars regarding their occurrence in the language of the Quran. It also compiles the relevant works and writings by scholars on the subject and gathers vocabulary that embodies opposites as interpreted by Al-Baqa’i, analyzing and studying them as thoroughly as possible. It is well-known that opposites enrich language with vocabulary, as a single term can convey two different meanings, with context determining the intended meaning in the verse.

The researcher tracked the vocabulary of opposites in the "Nizam al-Durar," presenting the interpreter's text alongside the corresponding Quranic verse containing the term that embodies the opposite meaning. She then proceeded with explanation and analysis, following an analytical approach, comparing and commenting on the contributions of linguists, interpreters, and scholars of meaning. The research concludes with a summary of the key findings, followed by a bibliography of references and sources.

This research explores the phenomenon of antonyms in the Arabic language, where a single word denotes both a meaning and its opposite. The study examines several terms found in the Holy Qur’an that exemplify this phenomenon, such as: “ishtarā” (purchased), “fawq” (above), “al-qur’” (period), “al-qisṭ” (justice), “al-bayyīn” (clear/proof), “al-ẓann” (assumption), “al-ikhtifā’” (disappearance), “al-ṣārikh wa al-muṣrikh” (the caller and the responder), “baraḥa” (to leave), and “al-qāniʿ” (the content or the beggar). The research clarifies the multiple meanings of these words and connects each intended meaning to its Qur’anic context. It also addresses the scholarly debate on whether these terms represent true antonyms or merely homonyms. In conclusion, the phenomenon of antonyms in Arabic presents a rich semantic dimension that enhances the beauty of the language, despite the interpretive challenges it may pose

This research, entitled (Interpretation by deletion according to Arif al-Shirazi in his book - Pardon al-Afiya fi Sharh al-Kafiya), included the methods of grammatical interpretation by deletion that Arif al-Shirazi used in the contents of this explanation. The researcher began with a preface to include the introduction to the author of the explanation, the text, and the explanations that were based on it, then two sections followed. The first section included an introduction to interpretation linguistically, terminologically, and its causes according to Arif Al-Shirazi. The second section mentioned interpretation by deletion, and the researcher presented examples including deleting nouns, deleting verbs, and deleting letters..

This study explores derivatives in the Arabic language as presented in the book “Al-Muqtafa fi Dabt Alfaz al-Shifa”, focusing on five main types: the active participle (ism al-fa‘il), the passive participle (ism al-maf‘ul), the adjective of resemblance (al-sifah al-mushabbahah), hyperbolic forms (sighat al-mubalaghah), and the noun of instrument (ism al-alah).
The research emphasizes the morphological structure of each derivative and the methods of forming them from both triliteral and augmented verbs, providing examples derived from the texts of al-Shifa and the commentaries of Sibt Ibn al-Ajami. Additionally, it examines the semantic differences among the various patterns and highlights cases where derivation follows regular rules and where it deviates from standard analogy

The research includes two sections:
The first section provides an introduction to the surah, followed by a brief biography of the two scholars, Al-Zamakhsharī and Ibn ʿĀshūr, and then a summary of the concept of morphological semantics.
The second section discusses morphological semantics as presented in the two interpretations: Al-Kashshāf and Al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr, focusing on Sūrat al-Muʾminūn. It highlights the impact of morphological semantics in the surat al-Muʾminūn and clarifies the points of agreement and divergence between the two interpretations through a comparative approach.

The motivation for this academic research to study this topic lies in the methodology of the author in his dictionary, which holds significant scientific value derived from the Al-Sihah dictionary. The Al-Jami' is built upon and summarized from Al-Sihah, in addition to the fact that it distinguishes itself by the great attention it pays to the Prophetic Hadiths and their interpretation, particularly the explanation of their rare or obscure terms. Thus, it can be considered a valuable reference for understanding the meanings of many Prophetic Hadiths and recognizing their rare or difficult words.
The nature of the study in this research, titled Mr. Mohammed Al-Adarnawi (d. 866 AH) and His Approach in Al-Jami' Dictionary, required the study to be divided into two sections:
Section One: This section includes the biography of the author, which is divided into five subsections:
1. His Name and Lineage
2. His Life and Family
3. His Teachers and Students
4. His Works
5. His Death
Section Two: This section deals with the study of Al-Adarnawi's methodology in his dictionary, also divided into five subsections:
1. The Organization of the Dictionary and its Linguistic Entries
2. A Review of the Introduction to the Dictionary
3. His Methodology in Explaining the Linguistic Entries
4. His Citations in the Dictionary
5. The Additions and Abbreviations Al-Adarnawi Made in his Dictionary Compared to Al-Sihah

This study sheds light on the phenomena of melody and embezzlement in the book Al-Misbah Al-Zahir in the Ten Brilliant Recitations. By Imam Abu Al-Karam Al-Mubarak Al-Shahrazuri, which is considered one of the most famous and greatest books on the ten frequent and irregular recitations, as the author became famous for this book and his name is associated with it. It is one of the important sources in the ten recitations, from which most reciters and Tajweed scholars have taken it, such as: Abd al-Wahhab al-Qurtubi (d. 461 AH) in his book Al-Mawdhiḥ fi al-Qira’āt; Ibn al-Jazari (d. 833 AH) published it, and others. I studied this book as an audio study. Because of its contents, it is considered a journey whose benefits never end, and a source whose resources never diminish. I have traced the phonetic phenomena in consonants and consonants, specifically the phenomena of melody and distortion, because of their great impact on Qur’anic readings and the science of Tajweed, and one of the most prominent objectives of this study was; It is the study of linguistic sound in this book through the phenomena of melody and embezzlement and presenting it to scholars of recitation and intonation. Extracting their opinions and balancing them with the opinions of the vocalists in the modern audio lesson. I explored the scope of this study according to two approaches: the descriptive approach and then the analytical approach. This study concluded with results, the most notable of which are: the strong emergence of the phenomenon of melody and distortion in the vocal lesson, due to their direct involvement in the process of pronouncing sounds and their influence on the correctness or otherwise of the recitation.
In addition, this term did not receive the attention of Arabic scholars, and we did not find a mention of it in their works. Rather, Tajweed scholars defined it and established it in their books, and they learned about it in reciting the Qur’an in particular. The study also concluded that the readers’ focus on... The intonation notes were of the second type of melody; It is the hidden one, which is known only to the master and controlled reciter, and because this type of melody is related to the pronunciation of sounds and the subtle deviation from the complete fulfillment of the phonetic characteristics of the letters during the pronunciation process .

The Qur’anic context is the foundational building block for the rules of interpretation of the Mighty Book of God, and it is one of the three pillars of weighting, which are: language, effect, and context, as all the legal sciences, with their branches, revolve within different contexts, whether they are texts or vocabulary, and the context revolves around the meanings of these words through deep contemplation and contemplation. To reach the goals of integrated thematic unity that shows the interconnectedness and consistency between the words of the Qur’an, its structures, its verses and its surahs, as well as its meanings, and this is nothing but evidence of the divine miracle of His words, Glory be to Him, the Almighty. Therefore, in this study, I will address the concept of context, its origin, its importance, its sections, its types, and its controls. Taking it

Emotional honesty is a concept related to expressing emotions in a way that aligns with the individual's true feelings. In other words, emotional honesty exists when a person expresses their emotions in a sincere and unpretentious manner, where words, actions, or behaviors genuinely reflect what they truly feel internally.
Emotional honesty manifests in situations where emotional responses are authentic, not merely imitations or conforming to others. It is the psychological experience of the poet when they are influenced by a stimulus (something they have been emotionally affected by), immersing themselves in it with their heart and mind, contemplating it until they express it within the suitable poetic framework for that experience. The intensity of the poet's emotions is what dictates this expression over others. Literary work is the expression of human feelings and inner thoughts, and the more emotionally honest the artistic experience is, the more beautiful and creative it becomes. Emotional honesty is the foundation of any poetic experience, regardless of its themes.

"The shift between declarative and imperative sentences at the syntactic level has a pronounced impact on the portrayal of the Prophet Muhammad in Arabic poetry. This transformation, whether from declarative to imperative or vice versa, is an artistic necessity dictated by the new shaping that poetic consciousness seeks or by the rhetorical context. The shift or deviation plays a significant role at this level, as it constitutes a breach of the original syntactic structure.
Critics trace the linguistic usages within the style, perceiving the variation in expression as both diverse in terms of form and purposeful in terms of intent. Both artistry and rhetoric are present objectives in the shaping of the text, evolving according to experience and the intellectual conception that is present at the moment of creation.
The styles of declarative and imperative sentences within the poetic text vary among poets of the World Islamic Literature Association. Like other poets, they carry the legacy of the Arabic poetic language with all its forms and concepts, but they are committed to serving the Islamic trend or ideology according to contemporary conceptions."

The simile is the sharing of two parties in a characteristic, a state, or a group of characteristics, or states without meaning their identity, as each one of them remains different from the other, and the distinction remains between the simile and the simile, and the simile tool is the scientific manifestation of this distinction, because it is like a logical barrier that separates the two compared parties, and the researcher sought to study the simile in the Maqamat of Al-Hariri and Al-Yaziji and highlight the diversity in their styles, and the rhetorical goals of them were based on embodying the sensory image of the recipient; to add a touch of movement and beauty to the literary texts that the two writers chose in their presentation of the simile.

This research revolves around studying the main character in Hilmi Al-Qaoud's novels because this character has a very important function in constructing the novel and is a basic element of narrative construction. Dr. Hilmi Al-Qaoud has chosen his fictional characters with great care according to the role he chose for that character. In each of his novels, Dr. Hilmi Al-Qaoud addresses a general issue from reality in a beautiful artistic way by linking the characters of his work with its events and dialogues. The character in the novel may play this role, or it may be a source of solace for the reader, or it may be the example by which he can confront his problems, or it may be the example that should be avoided. The fictional character is the source of the novelist's creativity, and this is what we find in Dr. Hilmi Al-Qaoud's novels.

The study of the poetic image in the conclusions of the poems of Abdul Ghafar Al-Akhras is considered a rich field of research, as the poet excelled in shaping diverse rhetorical images. Simile was the dominant feature in the conclusions of his poems, which he employed skillfully to add aesthetic depth to his texts and attract the reader. He also relied on refined vocabulary and elegant expressions to enhance the effect of the image. The matter was not limited to simile alone, but metaphor was also present, granting the meaning semantic depth and eloquent suggestive imagery, in addition to metonymy, which was regarded as a fundamental pillar of rhetoric and held a distinctive presence in Al-Akhras’s poetry.

This section included the applied aspect of the research, which includes the additions of Al-Muqaddad Al-Siyuri to Qutb Al-Din Al-Rawandi, which were scattered and dispersed in his book consisting of two parts. The book is divided into chapters of jurisprudence (purity, prayer, ... blood money), relying on the objective study, which revolves around a specific topic, and collects the verses related to it, and distributed to the chapters of jurisprudence, according to their subject. The section came divided into five demands, mentioning his additions according to their occurrence in the book, relying on the sequence of the author in the chapters of jurisprudence. What you will find reference to is that the author often mentioned the opinions of scholars, sometimes with criticism and sometimes with support, not being biased towards his doctrine, citing their statements, even his contemporaries, so he often mentioned the statement of Al-Rawandi and the contemporary, meaning his contemporary Ibn Al-Mutawaj Al-Bahrani who died in the year: (820 AH).

The research aimed to explain the foundations relied upon by Imam al-Baquli in his interpretation of revealing problems. In it, I followed the descriptive and analytical approach, and in it I talked about al-Baquli’s interpretation of the Qur’an by the Qur’an, his interpretation of the Qur’an by the Sunnah, and his interpretation of the Qur’an by the sayings of the Companions and Followers, and then the conclusion, which contains the most important results, including :
1- Al-Baquli often interpreted the Qur’an with the Qur’an, as he often interpreted Qur’anic verses one by another.
2- In the interpretation of the Holy Qur'an based on the Sunnah of the Prophet, it was shown that the Baqoli did not fully rely on this aspect.
3- Al-Baqoli did not take into account the authenticity of hadiths and their graduation in his interpretation of the Qur'an with the Sunnah of the Prophet.
4- Al-Baquli did not rely much on the sayings of the Companions and Followers in his interpretation of the Holy Qur’an.

The importance of interpretation is one of the most honorable sciences of the Holy Quran because of its connection to the Book of Allah Almighty. Thus, the predecessors and successors who were opened to Allah began to understand it in terms of meaning and care for what is in it, thinking and contemplating the sciences of the Holy Quran. Scholars competed to extract its treasures, and they wrote great books of high value in this regard. The reader enjoys what they wrote, explained, clarified, and understood, using the best interpretive methods and styles that reveal the meaning of the Quranic text. They excelled in writing in this science, and the interpretation of the glorious book gained the attention of researchers and scholars, including the Imam and jurist Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi - may Allah have mercy on him - so his interpretation called "Bahr al-Ulum" was one of the best compositions and interpretation books of the predecessors in the fourth century AH; because it shows its reader the author's deep knowledge in various sciences and fields.

Tafsir al-Rahman's interpretation is distinguished by a methodology different from that of his contemporaries among Indian scholars. His interpretation is characterized by precision and clarity. Through research into this interpretation, it became clear that al-Mahaimi addresses various topics related to the sciences of the Qur'an. From this perspective, I developed the idea of studying the topics related to the sciences of the Qur'an in al-Mahaimi's interpretation. I ask God for success and assistance. The importance of the topic lies in the scholarly value of the book Tabsir al-Rahman among the commentaries. This science needs practical service through what scholars have written in their commentaries. After reviewing al-Mahaimi's book (Tabsirat al-Rahman wa Taysir al-Mannan) and examining the issues of Qur'anic sciences, I found myself contemplating...

The research aims to highlight Imam Al-Tahir bin Ashour's perspective on "Ijma" (consensus). Ijma is considered an important source of Islamic legislation, but the Imam sets strict conditions for its realization and calls for renewing its understanding in light of the objectives of Islamic law. He rejects alleged consensuses that lack clear evidence, emphasizing the importance of ijtihad (independent reasoning) and renewal in Islamic jurisprudence.The study traces the terms related to consensus mentioned in his interpretation (e.g., "Ajma’u," "Agreed") and provides a model focused on the term "Ajma’a" in this research, covering Surah Al-Baqarah to Surah An-Nisa, while connecting this term to the opinions of earlier interpreters and presenting their views in their exegeses, ultimately concluding with key findings.

The study comprises two sections. The first is dedicated to the biography of Sheikh al-Ethiopi, covering his name, lineage, teachers, students, works, and a brief account of his life. The second section is devoted to grammatical dependents (al-tawabi‘), divided into three topics: the first addresses conjunction (al-‘atf), the second discusses the adjective (al-na‘t), and the third focuses on apposition (al-badal). The research concludes with a summary of the most important findings.

The Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) played a pivotal role and made great efforts in interpreting the Holy Quran. This stems from their special status, which the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) referred to in numerous hadiths, including the Hadith of the Two Weighty Things (Hadith al-Thaqalayn), (“The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) said: ‘I have left among you that which, if you hold fast to, you will never go astray after me: the Book of God and my family, my household. They will never separate until they return to me at the Cistern.’”) This hadith establishes the status of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) as the second reference after the Holy Quran for understanding Islamic law and interpreting the Book.

In this research, we preferred to read in one of the works of Arabic grammar, to be a starting point for monitoring the types of social features scattered in grammatical issues with their explanations, evidence and examples. We chose for this path Al-Maqasid Al-Shafiyyah by Al-Shatibi; it is a work in which its author stopped at what is related to the speaker who utters words and creates expressions and his social conditions that prompted him to make what he said, stopping in which he links the syntactic criteria that determine usage and its justifications, analyzing them with the social dimensions related to the lives of Arabs. It is correct methodological reference to mention that the research will be limited to listing what we have monitored of social features in Al-Shatibi without detailing the explanation of the issues and mentioning the differences and commenting on the social feature in each issue; according to the research limitations that do not allow for detail. It is sufficient for us to present the partial social aspects without prejudice; to be comprehensive guidelines that we present in their entirety in another place that accommodates the detail. In each section, I will present three features that indicate the purpose.

The Holy Quran is the source of legislation for the nation, and Allah Almighty has commanded us to contemplate it and reflect on its meanings. This can only be achieved by knowing its meanings and learning how to interpret and explain it, as the science of interpretation is one of the most honorable, highest and sublime sciences. Engaging in it is a means of drawing closer to Allah and performing acts of obedience, due to the honor of its subject matter. Therefore, Sheikh Ahmed Al-Tawil (may Allah be pleased with him) took the lead in interpreting the Quran, and one of the sources he relied on in his interpretation is the Quran itself. Therefore, I wanted to study his approach to interpreting the Quran by the Quran under the title "Ahmed Al-Tawil's Approach to Interpreting the Quran by the Quran in His Interpretation (Oasis of Interpretation)". I have divided this research into three sections: First: Defining the concept of methodology, Second: Defining Sheikh Ahmed Al-Tawil and his interpretation (Oasis of Interpretation), Third: Al-Tawil's Approach to Interpreting the Quran by the Quran.

Abstract
This study examines the figure of the historian Mujīr al-Dīn al-ʿUlaymī (860–928 AH / 1455–1521 CE), one of the prominent scholars of the 9th and 10th centuries AH, through a study of his biography, his era, and his scholarly career. It analyzes his methodology in his book al-Tārīkh al-Muʿtabar fī Anbāʾ man Ghabar. The research reviews al-ʿUlaymī’s intellectual and political environment under the Burjī Mamluk state, highlighting the teachers from whom he studied and the positions he held, in addition to his various writings. It also focuses on the study of al-Tārīkh al-Muʿtabar in terms of its themes, motives for composition, narrative method, and principal sources, while emphasizing its scholarly value and standing among the later encyclopedic works of Arabic-Islamic historiography. Notably, al-ʿUlaymī combined both annalistic and thematic approaches, paid great attention to precise documentation, and demonstrated a critical sense in presenting narratives, which made his book an important reference for the study of general history and the late Mamluk period.

The research examined an important personal study that directly affected the development of the German armour weapon This character is Heinz Godrian, a German officer during World War II. He was known as one of the pioneers of armoured warfare theory, for his strong support of the German army's machinery and for giving greater role to tanks in it. His theories had a major impact on the construction of the German army, building under his supervision the armoured divisions of the German army and as a military commander who had proven successful during the Second World War in numerous campaigns through his military plans and tactics. He was promoted to various positions until he was appointed Army Chief of Staff in the last years of the war. The importance of searching for this personality lies in its active role during the Second World War, both at the field level of armour and military command and at the level of its competent compositions benefited by NATO States after the end of the war.

The bombing of the King David Hotel Is one of the Important events that took place in the twentieth century because of Its profound impact on British policy and its presence In the East (the research deals with the bombing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem on July 23, 1946, as that hotel is the main headquarters of the British government through the general and military administration. Allocating It to house the central Institutions in the British system of government, the general command of the armed forces, the secretariat, and the civil government, as the plans that were drawn up for the bombing were identified, as well as the sources of material and military support and the main financier of the operation, as well as the implementation process and the damages left by that operation, which was described as the biggest crime In the world. Twentieth century.

The research titled “Iraq’s Foreign Policy in Light of the Decisions of the Council of Ministers (1963–1968)” addresses the complex nature of Iraq’s foreign policy during this five-year period. The Iraqi government at the time sought to steer its foreign policy in favor of Iraq’s interests and orientations. This period witnessed significant events that influenced Iraq’s political, social, economic, and regional circumstances. Iraq endeavored to establish good relations with all Arab and Western countries, especially with its neighboring states, despite existing border and water-related disputes. The country could not sustain a state of estrangement from its Arab brethren, and its foreign policy underwent significant transformations shaped by regional and international changes.
Although several studies have examined Iraq’s foreign policy, they often lacked reliance on primary documents, particularly the decisions of the Iraqi Council of Ministers. These decisions serve as essential historical sources, as a historical approach is vital for understanding past events. These documents provided a rich historical foundation upon which the researcher based their analysis.

The science of logic is a means of correct thinking in all different fields of science, and that is why it is called a machine, as it searches for rules related to all fields of human thinking in various fields of life, not a specific aspect.
Logic is the basic rule for all sciences, and in order to unify the different sciences, logicians use the method of logical analysis, which has great benefits for those working in the natural, mathematical, and human sciences, as it helps to analyze ideas, define them, explain the ambiguity that may accompany them, and establish the basic principles on which science is based, and the method of logical analysis. In fact, it is a mathematical and philosophical approach, first and foremost, as it depends on determining the meanings or language that science uses. If we use this analytical method, we can summarize the ambiguous meanings that are associated with symbols, which are without a doubt the main source in the emergence of contradictions and ambiguities in the rational interpretation of the Qur’anic text.

The trustworthy interpretation, which we find on the method of revelation and the authentic Sunnah, by its author, Professor Dr. Mamoun Hamoush, is one of the interpretations that dealt with interpretation by the transmitted, following the example of the interpreters who preceded him, such as Imam Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Ibn Kathir, and others. Its author committed to making his interpretation in this manner, but he sought to avoid some of the objections to these interpretations, such as citing weak and flimsy hadiths, or citing interpretive statements with the prophetic hadiths as if they were equal to them, which he mentioned criticizing those who preceded him, and as I will explain, God willing, when I talk about the reason for his writing the book. This interpretation contains extensive scientific material that needs to be highlighted and people should be informed of this interpretation and the blessed effort in it. I do not claim perfection in it, as it is a human effort on one hand, and because God Almighty did not write perfection except for His noble book, but I found it to be a comprehensive interpretation of several aspects that demonstrate the breadth of its author’s knowledge and insight, so I chose, with the help of God Almighty, to highlight one aspect of it with regard to preference based on the context in it.

The city of Wasit witnessed the emergence of many scholars in various branches of science and knowledge, which helped its geographical location to participate effectively in most of the important political events that took place in Iraq throughout the late Abbasid eras. The city expanded greatly on both sides of the Tigris, and it continued to maintain the prosperity of its construction and the expansion of its area throughout. During this period, there was development in social life, and it became one of the important cultural centers in the Islamic world.
This research aims to present a presentation of the most prominent hadith scholars and historians of the city of Wasit and their scientific contributions to Baghdad in the light of the book The History of the City of Peace by Ibn al-Dubaithi (d. 637 AH/1239 AD(.

Historians have been interested in studying Islamic history across various historical periods, documenting political, social, economic, and cultural events and facts that resulted in a distinct scientific boom. This was reflected in valuable positive aspects, as religious sciences developed after the spread of Islam at the hands of conquerors. The principles of the true Islamic religion, based on the Holy Quran and the Prophetic Sunnah, were disseminated throughout the Islamic East, becoming a center of cultural and civilizational influence and a link between it and the Islamic Maghreb.
Hence, we were keen to ensure that the subject of this research, titled "The Rashidun Era in the Book of Al-Buldan by Al-Ya'qubi (d. 292 AH/914 AD)," sheds light, to some extent, on the events of Islamic history during the Rashidun Era, which extended from 11-40 AH/633-662 AD, addressing the Islamic conquests in the Islamic East, beginning with the lands of Sawad, Kufa, Basra, and other cities located east of the center of the Islamic Caliphate, extending to the lands of Sindh.

The Caliphate in Islamic heritage is considered one of the most important political institutions founded on Islamic principles derived from the Holy Quran and the Sunnah. The Caliphate emerged after the death of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), with Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may God be pleased with him) being chosen as the first Caliph at Saqifah Bani Sa'idah. The Caliphate is an extension of the Prophet's leadership, but within a political and secular framework. It represents the authority that governs Muslim affairs and maintains the application of Islamic law. The importance of this study lies in its highlighting a largely unexplored aspect of studies of "Al-Iqd al-Farid," which is often viewed as a purely literary book. This study, however, demonstrates that it carries within it a clear political vision that deserves research and analysis.

The impact of visual pollution on the urban appearance in Al-Shaab Municipality was studied because it lacks a unified architectural style. We also find that the buildings are inconsistent in terms of colors and packaging materials, random construction, the spread of waste, and overlapping land uses, in addition to the neglect of heritage and historical buildings and the lack of interest in them and their maintenance. This led to The loss of the historical identity of the people’s municipality, as well as the weakness of the responsible authorities, gave freedom to building owners not to pay attention to municipal controls and the buildings’ lack of coordination and harmony with The surrounding environment and the lack of renewal are all factors that contributed to the distortion of the urban landscape and the lack of the aesthetic image of the city. The study aimed to address the main problem of visual pollution on the urban appearance in the People’s Municipality and try to find solutions and remedies and help decision-makers in reducing the spread of the phenomenon of this pollution.
The research concluded that the neighborhoods with the greatest increase in the phenomenon of visual pollution are the Kamira neighborhood, Al-Fahhama neighborhood, Saridat neighborhood, Al-Mahdi neighborhood, and the Basateen neighborhood, and this is due to the lack of awareness among citizens on the one hand, and the weakness and absence of government planning on the other hand, while the least neighborhoods were the Sumer neighborhood and the Al-Bayda neighborhood.

The research aims to reveal what Iraq is exposed to a change in the general trend of frequencies and days of stay of the subtropical high throughout the year and for the frequency and duration of stay, sometimes trending towards an increase in the frequency and duration of stay of the subtropical high, while others are trending towards a decrease or decrease for the frequency and duration of stay of the subtropical high in the study area.
It turned out from the data that the frequencies of the subtropical high tend to increase in all stations for both observations , as the Mosul station recorded the lowest increase in the frequency of the subtropical high among all stations reached (0.5420 and 3.0936) repetition of both observations , respectively, while the rest of the stations recorded an increase in frequency, the highest of which was in Basra station reached (3.6174)repetition during (00)GMT and Baghdad station reached (4.6585) repetition during (1200)GMT.
It is clear through the analysis of the results that there is a change in the duration of the stay of the subtropical high towards an increase in all stations except Mosul station , which recorded a decrease in the duration of the stay of the high reached (-0.94065) days during the observation of (00)GMT, due to the decrease in the frequency of the subtropical high, while Basra station recorded the highest increase of the days of the stay of the subtropical high reached(3.688294) during the same observation, while the observation (1200)GMT 2.073845) a day in Mosul and above in Basra station reached (4.067391) days.

This research aims to explain the geographical origins of the arrivals to Egypt , and it included four axes: The first axis was concerned with: Introduction to Al-Safadi and his book, , while the second axis was concerned with: the time and historical framework of the arrivals, while the third axis was devoted to: the reasons for the delegations to Egypt, while the Fourth axis was the geographical origins of the arrivals and it was One of the most important results of the research is that the immigrants had great influence on the establishment of the Mamluk state, its development and prosperity in all fields, in addition to its consolidation and expansion of its area.

It was found that the total number of fields amounted to (407) fields, while the number of operating fields was (328) fields, while (79) non-operating fields were found, and that all of these fields are owned by the private sector, and the state has a role in supervising them by virtue of the license granted by it for those fields. It is clear that Al-Yusufiyah district occupies the first place in terms of the number of operating fields, which amounted to (156) fields, representing a percentage of (48%), while Al-Latifiyah district came with the lowest number of operating fields, amounting to (45) fields, representing (14%) of the total number of fields in the study area, which amounted to (328) fields. The total production of the study area amounted to (5,528,983) tons/meal of broiler meat. The administrative units show a disparity in the production of poultry meat, as Al-Yusufiyah district also leads the rest of the districts of the study area through the production of working fields, reaching (2,042,585) tons/meal of production, which constitutes (48.85%) of the district’s production. The reason for this is that the district possesses economic and human components, including the high standard of living of the population and their desire to invest this money in the poultry meat sector due to the high financial return compared to other districts. While Al-Latifiyah district came in last place in terms of production quantity, amounting to (533,300) tons/meal of the district’s total production, at a rate of (12.75%). The reason for its occupation of this rank is that most of the poultry meat production halls are old and dilapidated. As for the production of non-working fields, Al-Yusufiyah district came in first place as well, as it reached (395,390) tons/meal of the total production, at a rate of (29.48%) of the production of the aforementioned district. The reason for which Al-Yusufiyah district leads the total production quantity is the cultivation of areas of land with fodder crops, which is considered the main food for poultry.

This study aims to analyze the educational deprivation map in the district of Abu Ghraib, located in Baghdad Governorate, as a model of a complex developmental issue with intertwined geographical, social, and economic dimensions. The research adopts a descriptive and field-based analytical methodology, applied to a stratified random sample of 381 households distributed across three administrative units: the District Center, Al-Nasr wa Al-Salam Subdistrict, and Al-Salam Gateway. The study examines a set of key educational indicators, including: school attendance continuity, adult educational level, type of school, distance to school, and residents’ satisfaction level.
Findings revealed significant spatial disparities in educational deprivation indicators, with Al-Salam Gateway identified as the most affected area, while the District Center recorded relatively better outcomes. The study also demonstrated that poor infrastructure, unequal school distribution, and long distances to educational facilities directly hinder academic attainment and general satisfaction with educational services.
The research concludes with recommendations to ensure a fair redistribution of educational services, provide subsidized transportation, and enhance the quality of education in marginalized areas to achieve educational equity and narrow the development gap within the district.

This study aims to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations in the water quality of the Shatt AlShatrah Channel, located in Dhi Qar Governorate, southern Iraq, within the framework of sustainable water resource management. The main problem addressed is the deterioration of water quality caused by agricultural runoff and domestic wastewater discharge, which threatens its suitability for different uses. Five sampling stations were selected along the river course, and analyses were conducted during the summer and winter seasons of 2022.
The principal physical and chemical parameters were measured: temperature ranged from 22.4 to 31.7°C, pH from 7.1 to 8.2, dissolved oxygen (DO) from 3.4 to 6.8 mg/L, total hardness (TH) from 320 to 780 mg/L, electrical conductivity (EC) from 1.8 to 3.6 mS/cm, and total dissolved solids (TDS) from 1200 to 2500 mg/L. The results indicated an increase in salinity and hardness downstream, with lower DO values near pollution sources, reflecting moderate environmental degradation.
When compared with Iraqi and international water quality standards, the water was found to be partially suitable for irrigation and unsuitable for drinking without treatment. These findings contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) by promoting the availability and sustainable management of clean water through identifying pollution zones and supporting future environmental protection strategies.

This research aims to study the cartographic representation of human phenomena in Iraq through three selected case studies: Duhok, Al-Anbar, and Basra governorates. The study employed Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques and cartographic generalization methods at a scale of 1:250,000. It involved producing maps of population density and relative distribution, as well as generalizing the road networks using simplification, smoothing, and elimination tools within the ArcMap environment.
The results revealed clear spatial variations among the three governorates: Duhok showed high population concentration in urban centers influenced by mountainous terrain, Al-Anbar reflected dispersed settlement patterns due to vast desert areas, while Basra was characterized by clustered population around economic and riverine centers. Furthermore, generalization processes proved effective in reducing visual clutter and enhancing map readability while preserving geographical accuracy. Hence, this study provides an applied framework that can be utilized for producing more efficient thematic maps in both urban and rural environments.

The research reveals a clear variation among the districts of the study area regarding the spatial distribution of agricultural equipment. The number of harvesters varies from one district to another, as do the numbers of tractors and modern irrigation systems. This variation significantly impacts the differences in production quantities and cultivated areas across various agricultural crops. The study also indicates a strong correlation and a direct relationship between production quantities and cultivated areas. However, the correlation between production quantities and agricultural equipment varies by crop, ranging from weak to moderate and sometimes even exhibiting an inverse relationship in certain crops

The results of laboratory tests of raw water samples at the water purification complexes intake showed that there is a difference in the suitability of this water to prepare water purification projects and complexes during the months of February and July, in addition to its unsuitability for drinking purposes due to the presence of a bacterial indicator in it. The results of laboratory tests also showed the inefficiency and unsuitability of the water prepared from the water purification complexes represented by (Al-Bassam Water Complex) for drinking, so it does not meet the needs and requirements of the population, and that it is of a quality that does not match the approved standard specifications. As for the efficiency and suitability of the water prepared from the projects (Al-Fakhriya Water Tank, Abu Ghraib Central Center Project (Al-Rafoush), Al-Zaidan Water Project) for drinking, this is due to the distance of the source of water supply for the projects from the sources of pollution, in addition to the great interest in the projects and conducting periodic tests and continuous follow-up by specialized cadres.