Journal of University of Anbar for Humanities

Aims: This study investigates learning motivation levels among university students and analyzes potential variations based on key demographic factors- gender, academic specialization (scientific vs. humanities), and institution type (public vs. private). Additionally, it assesses the strength of association between these variables and observed manifestations of learning motivation. Methodology: Using a descriptive–analytical approach, a specially designed scale was developed and validated to measure learning motivation. The scale was administered to a stratified random sample of 715 students from the University of Anbar (public) and Al-Maaref University (private), drawn equally from three scientific and three humanities colleges. Data analysis included one-sample and independent-samples t-tests, Pearson correlation, Spearman–Brown reliability estimation, and two-way ANOVA with interaction effects to examine group differences. Results: Participants demonstrated a statistically significant high level of learning motivation. Analysis revealed that male students displayed stronger motivation than females. However, no significant differences were found between scientific and humanities specializations or between students in public and private institutions. Conclusions: The findings suggest that learning motivation among university students supports both academic achievement and balanced cognitive development. While most demographic variables studied did not significantly influence motivation levels, gender emerged as a differentiating factor, with male students reporting higher motivation. The study underscores the role of a stimulating academic environment and effective teaching methods in fostering motivation across disciplines and institution types. Recommendations: The study recommends implementing programs to strengthen learning motivation within universities, adopting teaching methods responsive to individual differences, and further investigating factors that influence motivation. It also advises enhancing guidance initiatives and educational planning to develop students’ self-learning skills, alongside improving the overall university learning environment to promote motivation and academic success.

Aims: This study sought to examine the relationship between cognitive independence and predominant temperamental styles among postgraduate students at Anbar University. A further aim was to determine whether significant differences exist in cognitive independence and temperamental style according to gender (male/female) and academic specialization (scientific/humanities). Methodology: The sample consisted of 300 postgraduate students (143 male, 157 female) drawn from nine colleges at Anbar University. Two instruments were employed: the Beckert (2005) Cognitive Independence Scale (27 items) and the Keirsey (1978) Temperament Sorter (70 items). Validity and reliability were established for both measures using appropriate statistical procedures within SPSS. Results: Findings indicated that 74% of postgraduate students exhibited both cognitive independence and a defined predominant temperamental style. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between cognitive independence and the following temperament dimensions: extraversion, sensing, thinking, judging, and perceiving. Conversely, a significant inverse relationship was observed between cognitive independence and the dimensions of introversion, intuition, and feeling. Conclusions and Implications: Based on these results, the researchers put forward several recommendations for supporting postgraduate development and proposed directions for future inquiry.

Aims: This study investigated the effect of a Mind Maps-based instructional intervention on mathematics achievement in elementary school students. Methodology: A quasi-experimental, single-group pretest–posttest design was employed. Participants (N = 38) were fifth-grade students randomly selected from a public elementary school in Al-Muzahimiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A validated mathematics achievement test was administered before and after the intervention, which consisted of structured lessons integrating the Mind Maps strategy. Data were analyzed using a paired-samples t-test, with effect size calculated using eta squared (η²). Results: Analysis revealed a statistically significant increase in mathematics achievement scores following the intervention. The mean posttest score (M = 12.42) was significantly higher than the mean pretest score (M = 6.87). The effect size was large (η² = 0.735), indicating that the Mind Maps strategy accounted for approximately 73.5% of the variance in post-intervention achievement scores.

Aims: This study investigates the effectiveness of an instructional strategy based on the VARK (Visual, Aural, Read/Write, Kinesthetic) learning styles model on two key outcomes: the academic achievement in biology and the development of generative thinking skills among second-grade intermediate students. It further aims to assess the comparative impact of this strategy against the conventional teaching method. Methodology: Employing an experimental design, the research utilized a two-group setup (experimental and control). A sample of 60 students was randomly assigned to both groups. The experimental group received instruction tailored to VARK learning styles, while the control group was taught using traditional methods. Two primary instruments were developed and validated: a 40-item multiple-choice achievement test and a 15-item test measuring five core generative thinking skills. The psychometric properties of both instruments—including validity, reliability, and indices of difficulty and discrimination—were established prior to implementation. Results: Statistical analyses demonstrated significant differences in post-test scores, favoring the experimental group in both academic achievement and generative thinking. These results confirm the greater effectiveness of the VARK-based strategy in enhancing student performance and fostering generative thinking compared to the traditional instructional approach. Conclusions: The findings underscore the efficacy of learner-centered strategies, particularly the VARK model, in facilitating a deeper understanding of scientific content and promoting higher-order cognitive skills. The study concludes that instruction which accommodates diverse learning styles not only increases student engagement but also more effectively cultivates generative abilities than traditional methods. Recommendations: Based on the results, the study recommends the integration of VARK-informed strategies into science curriculum design, professional development for teachers in applying these methods, and the creation of learning environments that support varied style preferences. Further research is suggested to explore the strategy's applicability across different academic subjects and educational levels.

Aims: This study investigates the effectiveness of the Barman Model in enhancing historical knowledge depth and persuasive intelligence among first-year middle school students. Methodology: A quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest control group design was implemented with a sample of 62 first-year middle school students, randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=31) or a control group (n=31). The experimental group received instruction via the Barman Model, while the control group was taught using conventional methods. Two primary instruments were developed and validated: 1. A Depth of Historical Knowledge Test consisting of 24 items aligned with three cognitive levels: recall and reproduction, application of concepts and skills, and strategic thinking. 2. A 20-item Persuasive Intelligence Scale designed to assess students' capacity for argumentation and influence. The persuasive intelligence scale was administered as a pretest and posttest to both groups. The knowledge test was administered as a posttest only. Data were analyzed using inferential statistics, including t-tests, and educational impact was further assessed using the McGogian gain equation. Results: Statistical analyses revealed that the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher mean scores than the control group on both the posttest Depth of Historical Knowledge Test (p < .05) and the Persuasive Intelligence Scale (p < .05). The calculated gain scores, as determined by the McGogian equation, confirmed a substantial educational impact attributable to the Barman Model intervention. Conclusions: The findings confirm the efficacy of the Barman Model in fostering a deeper, multi-layered understanding of history and in developing students' persuasive intelligence. The model equips learners with the ability to construct evidence-based arguments, engage in reasoned dialogue, and exert intellectual influence. These results underscore the pedagogical value of innovative, student-centered strategies in moving beyond rote memorization to achieve advanced cognitive and skill-based outcomes. Recommendations: It is recommended that educators and curriculum designers integrate the Barman Model into history instruction to cultivate critical thinking and persuasive communication. Teacher training programs should emphasize such evidence-based pedagogical models. Further research is encouraged to explore the model's applicability across different subjects, grade levels, and cultural contexts.

Aims: This study seeks to identify the primary natural and anthropogenic sources of soil pollution in the Khabbat District, situated in the western part of Erbil Governorate, and to assess the impact of these pollutants on the soil's physical and chemical properties. The significance of this research lies in the district’s population, which heavily depends on agricultural activities; thus, soil degradation poses a critical risk to agricultural productivity and the environmental security of the area. Methodology: The study employed a field and laboratory analytical approach, collecting 18 soil samples from various locations across the district, with consideration given to land use differences. Samples were collected from a depth of 25–30 cm and analyzed in the laboratory to evaluate their physical and chemical characteristics, including soil texture, color, bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), as well as the concentrations of ions and nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen. Additionally, the percentage of calcium carbonate and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were measured. Results: The findings indicated that the soils in the area exhibit low to moderate salinity levels, necessitating close monitoring of salinity in the district center. Sodium adsorption values varied from low to high-risk levels in certain samples, reflecting differences in the extent of soil contamination from pollution sources. Soil pH ranged from slightly acidic to neutral. Analysis also showed phosphorus levels from low to moderate, while total nitrogen content varied from poor to moderate. Furthermore, the soils contained high levels of calcium carbonate, classifying them as calcareous soils. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that the soils of Khabbat District are influenced by several pollution sources, particularly those related to human activities, which have resulted in significant alterations to their chemical and physical properties. The results underscore the necessity for ongoing monitoring and the implementation of sustainable soil management programs to mitigate salinity and sodium adsorption while improving nutrient levels, thereby ensuring the sustainability of agricultural production and enhancing soil quality in the region.

Aims: This research aims to examine spatial changes in agricultural and environmental land uses in the Samarra District from 2012 to 2022, identifying trends in the transformation of natural resources and land cover. Additionally, it seeks to project these changes through 2032 using statistical forecasting models to uncover development opportunities and assess risks associated with environmental degradation. Methodology: The study utilized quantitative analysis of spatial distribution data for key land use categories by comparing land cover maps from 2012 and 2022. Changes in water areas, barren lands, various levels of vegetation cover, and inhabited lands were documented. Regression coefficients were employed to predict anticipated changes through 2032, aiming to provide an accurate outlook on trends in agricultural and urban growth as well as resource degradation. Results: The findings indicated significant shifts in land use patterns; water bodies declined from 508.8 km² in 2012 to 425.2 km² in 2022, and barren land saw a substantial reduction from 3,220.5 km² to 1,880 km², suggesting its reinvestment in agricultural or urban development. In contrast, medium-density vegetation increased from 916.7 km² to 1,760.6 km², while very dense vegetation rose from 16.7 km² to 25 km². Inhabited land experienced significant growth, expanding from 429.7 km² to 961.2 km² over the same period. Projections for 2032 suggest that this trend will persist, with further agricultural and urban expansion accompanied by additional declines in water resources and barren land. Conclusions: The findings highlight a structural transformation in land use within the Samarra District, characterized by the growth of agricultural and urban activities and the reduction of water bodies and barren land. These changes carry significant implications: on one hand, they present extensive developmental, agricultural, and urban opportunities; on the other hand, they heighten environmental risks, particularly concerning water scarcity and soil degradation. The study underscores the need for the development of balanced land-use management strategies to ensure environmental sustainability and the preservation of the region's essential resources.

Aims: This study investigates the origins of geographic thought in ancient Greek philosophy through a focused comparison of Plato and Aristotle. It aims to analyze their divergent conceptions of place, nature, and human-environment interaction, and to define their respective contributions to early geographic awareness. Methodology: A comparative textual analysis was employed, examining the philosophical theories of both thinkers to contrast their intellectual influence on the development of geographic concepts. Results: The analysis reveals a foundational dichotomy. Plato’s geography is idealistic and philosophical, framing the terrestrial world within cosmic order and utopian society. In stark contrast, Aristotle developed a realist and scientific geography based on empirical observation, explicitly detailing environmental impacts on populations, climate, and political systems. Consequently, Aristotle's principles formed the direct groundwork for classical geography, while Plato’s ideas remained influential within a speculative, philosophical tradition. Conclusions: The study concludes that Plato and Aristotle established the dual—philosophical and scientific—foundations of geographic thought. Aristotle’s empirical framework served as the direct progenitor of the geographic science tradition, while Plato’s idealism provided its enduring philosophical scope. Understanding this early divergence is crucial for tracing the discipline’s historical and epistemological roots.

Aims: The current study aims to assess the multidimensional influence of Sindh’s transportation system on spatial, economic, and social development. It addresses a gap in the geographic literature by investigating the link between transport efficiency and industrial activity. The study posits a positive relationship between transport infrastructure quality and industrial development, while also evaluating the impacts of chronic congestion, aging infrastructure, and modal fragmentation on spatial inequality and economic performance. Methodology: An integrated analytical approach was employed, combining descriptive geographic analysis, quantitative methods (regression and correlation), and spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to examine transport patterns, industrial activity, and regional development. Results: The findings indicate that traffic congestion results in annual economic losses of approximately 70 billion rupees, with the transport sector responsible for 40% of regional air pollution. Significant logistical disparities were identified: industries near ports achieved cost savings of 35%, while inland factories faced an 18% cost increase. The current transportation system constrains balanced economic growth and intensifies spatial inequities. Conclusions: The study concludes that an integrated, sustainable transport system is essential for fostering equitable economic growth, improving quality of life, and reducing regional disparities. Key priorities include infrastructure modernization, enhanced intermodal connectivity, and innovative solutions to mitigate congestion and environmental impacts. Recommendations: Recommended actions include targeted investment in transport infrastructure, the adoption of sustainable transport policies, improved connectivity of industrial zones to ports and key logistics corridors, and the application of GIS for strategic transport planning to optimize economic and social outcomes.

Aims: This study aims to spatially analyze the hypsometric characteristics of the Wadi Braztar basin to understand the relationship between area and elevation, revealing the stages of geomorphological development of river basins (youth, maturity, and old age) according to the Strahler (1952) model, and to estimate the percentage of remaining subsurface material within the basins. Methodology: The research employed an inductive approach and spatial statistical methods, using SRTM digital elevation model data with a resolution of 12.5 m. Hypsometric curves were extracted for the main basin and 20 secondary basins. These curves, which illustrate the relationship between relative area and relative elevation, were plotted as a tool for estimating the stages of geomorphological development and the activity of erosion and sedimentation processes. Results: The results showed that the hypsometric curves of the main basin and 13 secondary basins exhibited a mixture of concave and convex shapes, indicating they have reached advanced stages of geomorphological equilibrium and maturity, with the continuing influence of erosion and sedimentation processes. Hypsometric integral values ranged from 0.35 to 0.6. Four secondary basins displayed concave curves with values below 0.35, reflecting a stage of geomorphological aging and reduced erosional activity. In contrast, two secondary basins exceeded 0.60, indicating they remain in a youthful or disequilibrium stage. The relationship between the hypsometric integral rate and some areal characteristics of the basins, such as width, length, and perimeter, showed a weak positive correlation, reflecting a limited influence of these characteristics on the level of hypsometric integration. Conclusions: The study indicates that the Wadi Braztar basin is characterized by a clear variation in the stages of geomorphological development between its primary and secondary basins. Most basins have reached maturity, while some remain in a youthful stage or show signs of aging. These results highlight the importance of hypsometric analysis in assessing the geomorphological equilibrium of river basins and the role of erosion and sedimentation processes in shaping the natural landscape of these basins.

Aims: This study investigates the economic, social, and cultural dimensions of Awdaghast, a historically significant Saharan urban center. It examines how diverse economic resources influenced the city’s social organization and facilitated the integration of migratory population groups—including Berbers, Arabs, and indigenous tribes—which collectively contributed to its distinct cultural pluralism. Additionally, the research highlights the economic and social agency of women in daily life within Awdaghast society. Methodology: Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the research synthesizes historical and geographical sources pertaining to Awdaghast and its commercial-economic role. Analysis focuses on key economic activities such as trans-Saharan trade, market systems, and resource-based settlement patterns. The social structure is examined through the lens of intersecting Berber, Arab, and tribal affiliations, alongside a reconstruction of women’s status and roles derived from extant historical accounts. Results: The analysis identifies Awdaghast as a pivotal economic hub whose prosperity attracted diverse populations, fostering an ethnically and culturally heterogeneous society. Economic vitality emerged as the principal driver of demographic stability and societal advancement, enabling dignified livelihoods through sustained resource access. The coexistence of Berber, Arab, and tribal groups engendered a dynamic social milieu characterized by cultural interchange. Furthermore, evidence indicates that women held notable social standing and participated actively in both economic and communal spheres. Conclusions: The study concludes that Awdaghast’s economic prosperity constituted a foundational element of communal identity, transcending mere material wealth. Ethnic and cultural diversity functioned as a catalyst for urban resilience and development. Women played an integral role in reinforcing social cohesion, reflecting the sophistication and progressive nature of Awdaghast’s social organization. These findings underscore the interconnectedness of economy, demography, and gender in shaping historical urban systems in the Saharan region.

Aims: This research analyzes the intellectual, political, and economic transformations in France and Europe from the Age of Discovery through the twentieth century. It investigates the impact of major scientific and industrial revolutions on France’s sociopolitical structure. The study aims to delineate the fundamental structural features of modern European polity and to clarify their role in shaping contemporary French politics. Methodology: Employing a historical-analytical methodology, the research traces pivotal developments that altered Europe’s trajectory. This includes the Age of Discovery, the revolt against ecclesiastical, feudal, and monarchical authority, and the successive waves of the Industrial Revolution. The analysis focuses on the effects of these transformations on the genesis of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, alongside an examination of the intellectual discourses of the Enlightenment and the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The study is grounded in a review of historical and intellectual literature concerning European modernity. Results: The analysis demonstrates that cumulative European transformations—from geographical discoveries through intellectual-scientific revolutions to industrialization—decisively impacted France, directly precipitating the French Revolution and the rise of sociopolitical ideologies that reshaped the state. The findings identify four enduring structural features that came to define modern European policy: 1. Positivist secularism within the frameworks of Enlightenment and modernity. 2. The ascendancy of commercial and, later, industrial capitalism, driving economic accumulation. 3. The evolution from mercantile to classical colonialism, facilitating imperial expansion. 4. Nationalist conflict and the consolidation of the sovereign nation-state. Furthermore, France’s domestic and foreign policies were profoundly shaped by successive European intellectual currents, from the Enlightenment through the twentieth century. Conclusions: The study concludes that the French Revolution and its antecedents were not isolated events but the culmination of a prolonged series of macro-transformations that reconfigured Europe. The four identified structural characteristics constitute the foundation of the modern European order. France, deeply embedded in this process, internalized these features, rendering its modern political history a direct extension of, and continuous interaction with, broader European intellectual and structural developments.

Aims: This study investigates the military and political role of the Ottoman and Turkish leader Kazım Karabekir, a pivotal figure in the late Ottoman Empire and the foundation of the modern Turkish Republic. It analyzes his military command during World War I (1914–1918), his contributions to the Turkish National Movement and the War of Independence (1919–1922), and his subsequent political career following the Republic’s establishment, particularly during the presidency of İsmet İnönü. Methodology: A historical-analytical approach is employed, based on a critical review of Ottoman and modern Turkish sources, including military records and political documents pertaining to Karabekir’s career. The methodology involves reconstructing and assessing the key military and political events in which he participated to elucidate his influence on the late Ottoman state and the formative period of the Turkish Republic. Results: The analysis identifies Kazım Karabekir as a leading military commander in the late Ottoman period, recognized for his operational successes during World War I. His strategic importance increased during the National Struggle, where he executed critical missions on the Eastern Front with notable efficacy, earning him honorific titles such as "Conqueror of the East" and "Conqueror of Armenia." Following the Republic’s establishment in 1923, Karabekir transitioned into politics, emerging as a significant figure during İnönü’s presidency. His political influence culminated in his election as President of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey after the 1946 legislative elections, a position he held until his death in 1948. Conclusions: The study concludes that Kazım Karabekir was a seminal figure in modern Turkish history, whose legacy spans military leadership and political engagement. His contributions during the War of Independence and his legislative leadership in the early Republican era cemented his status as a foundational actor in shaping the political and military trajectory of Turkey.