Durar journal of Islamic studies

The use of cognitive tools that the researcher possesses in simulating historical legitimate texts is the guarantor of determining the extent of conformity or dissonance between theory and practice. This scientific work produces a new vision within a specific time frame, this time frame using cognitive tools is what I call cognitive time, which contributes to the reversal of facts, which is a difficult task. Not all times are a cognitive time.
The conflict results in cognitive time are not directly reflected in reality, but will appear in people's doctrines and mindset after that into social behaviour. Other results settle in thought without behaviour, because it cannot be transformed into a behavioral reality, due to the failure of applied instruments to produce a new reality, then the new reality becomes a dream that lives in fiction, or about a dream knight who appears at the end of time, to dictate earth with justice and light, after being dictate with unfairness and injustice. The confusion and distortion of constitutions, particularly in Arab and Islamic constitutions, originate mainly in intellectual systems that originated from the Islamic State to our present era. So the form of the system of government is divided into several sections, including the genetic system. (Royal-Fiscal-Soltani), Non-hereditary (Republican), and this disorder is further exacerbated by the inclusion of the sectarian religious form in the general Islamic title, which led to the emergence of multiple features of the terminology-dropping phenomenon, which contributed to distorting the constitutional reality and the social contract among members of society in organizing their multiple relationships. This produced a strange and distorted system, most of which does not belong to the systematic scientific standard.This research therefore addressed the idea of merging the form of the state (religious/civil) because it would be a disfigured born without a legal basis, so the most prominent results were: It is not possible to combine the form of the two authorities in one State. The form of the State is either religious, civil or secular. The main recommendations of the study is the importance of preserving the Islamic identity in the form of the State, which is the religious State, the precise Islamic concept and not on the repercussions and omissions of terminology through historical experiences which is far from the correct application of the concept of the source of powers.

Negative Spiritual-Psychological Behaviors is one of the important issues that some people suffer from, which makes a person afflicted with a serious spiritual malady that affects the heart, leading him to kill himself or develop a serious psychological illness. Among these negative behaviors are sadness, fear, despair, ill suspicion, and arrogance. Envy and what are its consequences. This research was in the form of a Qur’anic study to protect humans from falling into such diseases, and identifies the means of salvation from from falling into such major sins. One of the most important results that the research relied on was highlighting the concept of negative, heartfelt behavior that some individuals adopt, which contradicts the human nature with which humans were created. Human beings tend by nature to be psychologically affected by some of the events that they experience, such as sadness that befalls them or harm that befalls them, so moderation is required—avoiding both excess and negligence.These negative inward traits are condemned in all their from ,because it contradicts our religion and human nature .The researcher used the inductive and analytical method.

These research papers attempt to study a topic closely related to human life: sustainable development. Sustainable development has become a major focus of attention for countries and international institutions, given that its goals and dimensions are the ideal means for achieving progress and advancement for the peoples of the world.
The research also focuses on highlighting Al-Zuhayli’s efforts and his foundation of developmental goals and dimensions, and clarifying their position in Islam according to the objective approach through his interpretation of the verses of the Holy Quran and clarifying God’s intention in them. He, may God have mercy on him, contributed to spreading the various dimensions of development within the folds of his al- Tafsir al-Munir, and he established them in a smooth and easy style, so that everyone can benefit from his words, as a result of the tremendous effort he made in order to document and reveal that.

This study delves into the depths of the Qur’anic text, exploring the symbolic method as a refined interpretive key that illuminates the hidden through the manifest, and unveils the unseen beyond the apparent. It does so without undermining clarity or negating explicitness, but rather by constructing bridges between the text and its divine intent, between word and wisdom. The study takes Surat al-Kahf as a practical model due to its richly layered symbolic structure, where the narrative journeys from trials of faith to those of power, and the discourse ascends from material realities to spiritual horizons.
The research originates from a central academic inquiry: Can symbolism be regarded as a legitimate interpretive method in Qur’anic exegesis? And what are the methodological constraints that preserve its legitimacy within the boundaries of revelation, preventing it from slipping into esotericism or abstract philosophy? This question is rigorously examined through rhetorical and exegetical lenses, grounded in the sciences of Arabic and informed by classical thought.
The study begins with a precise theoretical foundation for the concept of symbol—distinguishing it from allegory, metaphor, and esoteric interpretation—and defines it as a multilayered semantic structure built upon the dialectic of concealment and revelation. This duality, the axis of symbolic logic in the Qur’an, is shown to resonate with both Islamic theology and spiritual discourse, though the study warns against excessive or unregulated symbolic interpretations that disregard linguistic and contextual integrity.
On the practical side, Surat al-Kahf is subjected to meticulous symbolic analysis. The cave emerges as a spiritual refuge, the inscription (al-raqīm) as a register of divine preservation, and the long sleep as a sign of suspended time. The dog becomes a symbol of divine guardianship; the youth, wall, and ship become tools for conveying ethical and societal principles; while Moses and al-Khiḍr manifest the dialectic of exoteric and esoteric knowledge. The character of Dhul-Qarnayn epitomizes power coupled with mercy and cosmological wisdom.
The study concludes that, when governed by linguistic, contextual, and doctrinal constraints, the symbolic method becomes a luminous path for extracting the profound layers of Qur’anic meaning. It transforms the reader from a passive recipient into an active participant in the uncovering of divine truths. Moreover, the structured narrative and rhetorical coherence of Surat al-Kahf offer a complete symbolic architecture where tangible imagery and spiritual purpose converge—merging perception with transcendence, intellect with heart, and form with essence.
This research not only traces the presence of symbol in the sacred text but also reclaims the value of disciplined contemplative exegesis, laying the groundwork for a conscious symbolic reading—one that neither detaches from the linguistic body of the Qur’an nor drifts into mystical ambiguity, but follows a principled path of insight and devotion.

The jurisprudential rules pertaining to guarantee (ḍamān) are among the foundational principles in Islamic legislation, as they articulate the concepts of civil and financial liability in social life. One of the most prominent of these rules is the well-known maxim: “Liability accompanies benefit” (al-ghurm bi al-ghunm). This research aims to highlight the role of such juristic rules in fostering a correct understanding of the religion and facilitating the lives of Muslims across time and place.
The study examines multiple dimensions of this rule, including its meaning, explanation, and its practical applications in daily transactions, thereby promoting an accurate understanding of the concepts of liability and risk in economic relations. Titled “One of the Rules of Guarantee in Islamic Jurisprudence: ‘Liability Accompanies Benefit’ and Its Juridical Applications,” the research is structured into an introduction, a preface, two main sections, and a conclusion. The preface defines key terminology. The first section elucidates the meanings of the rule's components and provides an exegesis, divided into two subsections. The second section explores the jurisprudential applications of the rule. The conclusion presents the most significant findings, which include:
1. Correctly understanding and applying the rules of guarantee is a necessary step toward achieving sustainable development and safeguarding individual rights, which requires enhancing awareness and knowledge among stakeholders.
2. The rule “Liability accompanies benefit” reflects a crucial standard in Islamic jurisprudence related to ethical principles and justice in transactions.
3. This rule reinforces the principle of equity among parties, as each bears responsibility in accordance with the benefit or return derived.
4. The rule can be effectively applied in modern contexts such as Islamic banking, crowdfunding, and other economic models that require the sharing of risks and rewards.

This research, entitled "Rhetorical Imagery in the Musnad of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal: An Analytical Rhetorical Study – Applied Models", aims to analyze selected models from the noble Prophetic hadiths in Musnad Ahmad. The study relies on specialized scholarly sources in the field, alongside the researcher’s own interpretation of the selected texts, to elucidate the rhetorical imagery, highlight its expressive meanings, and reveal the depth of the rhetoric of our Master Muhammad (peace be upon him), his style, and the aesthetic rhetorical features in his statements.
The central research question is: How is rhetorical imagery manifested in the Musnad of Imam Ahmad, and what is its rhetorical impact in enhancing meaning and significance in the Prophetic hadiths?
Through the analysis of rhetorical patterns—including simile (tashbīh), metonymy (majāz), metaphor (istiʿārah), and allusion (kināyah)—in selected Prophetic hadiths from Musnad Ahmad, this research uncovers the expressive and semantic functions of rhetorical imagery within their textual contexts. It employs the descriptive-analytical method and rhetorical method to present in-depth applied models that highlight the aesthetic quality and persuasive power of the Prophetic language.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and may blessings and peace be upon our Master Muhammad, his family, and all his
companions. And after...
Friday in Baghdad is a unique event, a shining example of its magnificence, beauty, and a convergence of a gathering of Regarding the uniqueness of Friday in Baghdad, its uniqueness, and its being one of the beauties of Islam, Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi says: “Whoever attends Friday prayers in the City of Peace, may God magnify the place of Islam in his heart, because our sheikhs used to say that Friday in Baghdad is like Eid in any
other country.”
Hence, this study, entitled (One of the Four Wonders of Islam (Friday in Baghdad) A Historical Study in the Abbasid Era)

This study provides a critical analytical examination of the role of the apparent methodology in the development of contemporary jurisprudence by reviewing its foundational principles and comparing it with other deductive methods such as purpose-based, analogical, and interpretative approaches. The research tests the methodology’s capacity to address modern issues within the environment of contemporary fatwa issuance, highlighting it as an ijtihad tool with both theoretical and practical potential to renew jurisprudential thought while preserving the authority of scriptural texts. This is particularly important in light of modern interpretative trends that often obscure the apparent meaning of texts in favor of relative or contextual concepts. The study employs an integrated methodological framework including descriptive-analytical methods to present the theoretical framework, comparative analysis to reveal methodological differences, critical evaluation to assess effectiveness, and inductive reasoning to trace contemporary applications. The findings indicate that despite criticisms related to rigidity and conservatism, the apparent methodology possesses strengths such as respect for the text, clarity in inference rules, and rigor in fatwa issuance, which enable it to contribute to jurisprudential renewal if applied flexibly within institutional frameworks. Moreover, it does not oppose reform but seeks to regulate it within a clear linguistic and foundational context, allowing integration with purpose-based and public-interest approaches to form a balanced jurisprudential model. The study concludes with practical recommendations including integrating the apparent methodology into institutional fatwa processes, training jurists in its tools, and developing a knowledge base that harmonizes literal and intended meanings to serve the needs of the community while preserving the authority of Islamic law.

God Almighty has permitted buying and selling for mankind as a lawful means of fulfilling their needs and life’s requirements. From this need, markets naturally arose as a practical way to organize such transactions, eventually becoming an integral part of societal life.
Given that the marketplace is often an environment of distraction and preoccupation—and one in which deviant practices such as fraud, deception, false oaths, invalid contracts, price manipulation, shortchanging in weights and measures, and interference in others’ transactions are common—Islam has established regulations and etiquettes to preserve the market’s integrity and protect it from moral decay.
Since many people are unaware of these Islamic guidelines and principles, this research seeks to clarify and explain them through two main sections:
Section One: Definition of key terms, and the status of the market in Islam.
Section Two: Etiquettes of market conduct as prescribed by Islam.