Hawlyat Al-Montada

The research aims to show the geographical distribution of palm trees and date production in Najaf Governorate and the role of geographical capabilities in this. The research consisted of three sections. The first section dealt with the theoretical framework, while the second section dealt with the geographical distribution of the numbers of palm trees actually producing, their production and productivity in Najaf Governorate according to administrative units in the year (2023). The third section dealt with the geographical distribution of the numbers of palm trees actually producing, their production and productivity according to the variety in Najaf Governorate in the year 2023.

This study aims to reveal the nature of water and wind erosion processes in Wadi Al-Rabish in Najaf Governorate, their variations and their impact on the formation of landforms, as there is a close relationship between the processes and the nature of landforms and their variations. The study concluded that these processes have a clear impact on the formation of landforms in the study area through the action of wind and water. The effect of wind on the erosion process appeared clearly in dry desert areas with sandy soil, where the wind erosion pattern in the region is considered very high erosion according to the results of the (chepil) equation. It was also found that the water (rain) erosion process is weak according to the Fournier-Arnolds index criteria for water erosion degrees, but it was found that water (gully) erosion falls within the category of severe

This study aims to analyze the spatial and physical variation of soil types in the Al-Hajara Plain located west of Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, using field data, laboratory analysis, and Geographic Information Systems. The research examines three main soil types: stony-sandy soils, wadi soils, and floodplain soils, each differing according to geomorphological setting and the nature of transport and deposition processes. Soil texture, color, structure, surface moisture, temperature, and both bulk and particle density were investigated. The findings reveal a clear dominance of sand fractions across all soil types, with varying proportions of silt and clay, in addition to noticeable spatial and seasonal variations in soil moisture and surface temperature. The study indicates that climatic, structural, and geomorphological factors significantly influence soil properties and shape erosion and weathering processes. Accordingly, the results provide a scientific foundation that supports optimal soil-use planning and land management strategies in the region.

The study analyzes the spatial distribution of infrastructure services in Aby Ghraq city, Babil Governorate, which has experienced urban expansion and population growth. Services include potable water, electricity, stormwater drainage, solid waste management, telecommunications, and roads. Results revealed unequal service distribution across neighborhoods, with some areas well-served while othersfaceshortages. Residents rely on the Shatt Al-Hilla River for the Aby Ghraq water project (capacity: 4,000 m³). The city lacks a sewage network, with stormwater drainage covering only 1.6% of streets (107,600 m), and solid waste in 2024 reached 13,299 tons. Electricity is provided by three stations (2,000–3,000 kWh), streets are 34% paved, and the city hosts 19 mobile towers with 3G/4G coverage, while a fiber optic projectisunderway.These findings highlight the need for balanced urban planning to improve service distribution, achieve spatial equity, and promote sustainable development.

Domestic violence is a serious social phenomenon that has accompanied humanity since ancient times. Historical evidence indicates that the practice of violence by one family member against others is not new, but in the modern era it has taken on different, more influential and complex dimensions.
Domestic violence has become an issue that threatens the stability of the family and society, due to the psychological and physical harm it causes to individuals, especially children and women, in addition to its far-reaching effects that lead to the disintegration of family relationships and the deterioration of the social value system. Domestic violence is not limited to one type; it takes many forms, such as physical abuse, neglect, and verbal or psychological violence. Family members may engage in it to varying degrees. Therefore, studying this phenomenon in the holy city of Najaf represents an important step toward understanding its dimensions and causes and developing appropriate solutions to reduce it, thus contributing to strengthening family and social stability in the city .
In recent years, this phenomenon has begun to increase significantly in Iraqi society, particularly in the holy city of Najaf. This phenomenon is influenced by a number of social, economic, and psychological factors that have contributed to weakening family cohesion and increasing levels of tension within the family. The study included the geographical distribution of the phenomenon of domestic violence in the holy city of Najaf and at the level of the neighborhoods in which the phenomenon occurred. The study found that the prevalence of domestic violence differed for males and females, and its geographical distribution varied. The research concluded with a set of results and recommendations.

This study, entitled “The Geographical Location of Ha’il and Its Role in the Emergence and Prosperity of the Emirate”, highlights the strategic importance of Ha’il’s geographical position and its decisive impact on the foundation of the Emirate in 1834. The research examines the pivotal role played by the Emirate during a period marked by intense political, military, and religious conflicts in the Arabian Peninsula. It further explores the Emirate’s significant contributions to the economic and social spheres, as well as its establishment of a wide network of relations with neighboring tribes and regions, in addition to forging connections with regional powers such as the Ottoman Empire and other influential forces of the time. Moreover, the study underscores the commercial prosperity achieved by the Emirate, which was reflected in its external relations and ultimately positioned Ha’il as a vital center and a key player in

Climate change is an important and emerging topic that has captured the attention of many researchers in the last decades of the last century and throughout the current century. The prevailing belief in the past was that the climate was stable, so some argued that the climate cycle, which lasts 30-35 years, provides stable climate conditions. However, with the advancement of knowledge and increased climate discoveries, it has been observed that the climate is far from stable.
Hence, interest in mitigation strategies and measures that would reduce the vulnerability to climate change, especially in many countries, including our Arab region, which is currently facing these risks.
The options proposed for mitigating the impact of climate change are numerous and varied. Some can be easily implemented, while others require a political decision from the country's top leadership, long periods of time, and enormous sums of money. Some solutions are considered imaginary and reflect the opinions of some scientists and specialists. This research aims to present some mitigation options that would reduce the phenomenon of climate change globally.

Fog is considered one of the most important climatic phenomena that plays a major role in the frequency of traffic accidents. Fog affects visibility, leading to accidents that have increased in recent years due to population growth, the rise in private car use instead of relying on large and public vehicles, a lack of awareness about safe driving, and non-compliance with instructions during foggy conditions. This research paper classifies traffic accidents according to road type and time of occurrence (light conditions), collects monthly and annual fog data, and establishes a correlation between the frequency of traffic accidents during foggy conditions using Pearson's correlation coefficient and the SPSS system. The results show a direct correlation between traffic accidents and fog, with the frequency increasing as fog deepens. This results in material and human losses, including loss of life, as well as traffic disruptions and the preoccupation and disruption of security forces' duties. Therefore, it is essential to follow the recommendations and advice issued by the relevant authorities during foggy conditions.

Green spaces are an important and essential part of the urban environment. They include gardens, parks, and areas planted with plants and trees. These spaces contribute to improving the quality of the environment within the city and support public health. They also play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance. Green spaces, defined as areas covered with vegetation, perform numerous functions, particularly those along sidewalks, streets, and residential areas, and are included in the city's master plan. The northern sector of Najaf suffers from a lack of diversity and spatial distribution of green spaces, in addition to the abundance of open spaces within the city. This has recently had a negative impact on any geographical area, as large areas are often exploited for encroachments, whether residential or for other uses. If we compare the number of green spaces with the number of neighborhoods in Najaf, which is approximately (24) in the northern sector, we find that they are disproportionate to the growing population