Kufa Journal of Arts

This research stems from a primary inquiry regarding the extent of convergence and divergence between the methodologies of Islamic jurists and legal scholars in understanding and handling both religious (Sharia) and legal texts, and whether they originate from the same foundational principles. It focuses on the established fact that jurists rely on the fundamentals of Islamic jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh) and the objectives of Sharia (Maqasid) when interpreting any text. This raises questions about the degree to which legal scholars depend on these jurisprudential foundations when interpreting legal texts, and the reasons for their recourse to them, if it exists.The research aims to answer these questions by integrating the theoretical framework of Usul al-Fiqh with practical legal application. It seeks to identify points of intersection and common needs among constitutional and legal legislators, judges, lawyers, and jurists. The study is organized into an introduction that addresses the utilization of Usul al-Fiqh in legal studies, followed by three main sections. These sections discuss the concepts of text and conflict, the criteria for resolving conflicts (Tarjeeh) and the mechanisms of preference used by both jurists and legal scholars, and finally, present practical applied models. The research concludes by summarizing the key findings reached

This research analyzes the physical and chemical properties of the soil in Al-Mahnawiyadistrict, Qadisiyah Governorate, aiming to reveal the spatial variations of these properties and their impact on the production of major grain crops (rice and wheat). Laboratory analyses showed that the physical properties of the soil are suitable for agriculture, while the chemical properties indicated medium organic matter, moderate alkalinity, medium cation exchange capacity, and slight salinity. Generally, Al-Mahnawiya district soil provides essential nutrients for plant growth, facilitating the production of major grain crops.

The media often resort to framing important topics, especially economic ones, due to their importance and to achieve the purpose of conveying these topics. The food security law is one of the important economic topics that occurred in the Iraqi arena, so it was necessary to study the frameworks of journalistic treatment used by the newspapers Al-Sabah, for the Food Security Law for the period from 1/5 to 1/7/2022, as the research sought to reveal the topics that the study site focused on in dealing with the topics of approving the Food Security Law and to explain the most important media frameworks used in the study, When does the research problem represent identifying how the Iraqi press, represented by Sahih fi al-Sabah, dealt with important events that affect the lives of individuals in society, such as the food security law, which is represented by the next main question: What is the fragrance of the journalistic treatment of the food security law in the Iraqi press? as well as identifying the types of journalistic treatments it used , has reached a set of results the most notable of which is:
1-The main category (official procedures, not the food security law decision) came first with a percentage of (91/31) of the food security law published in Al-Sabah newspaper, followed by the category of actors and influencers in the second category, and the category of repercussions and repercussions in the third place.
2-The category of in-depth press therapist came first with a percentage of (43,40) of the news published in Al-Sabah newspaper, and in the second place came the critical treatment category, then the category of treatment:
3-The reporter's category ranked first with a percentage of (38,30) of the sample's total news, followed by the editorial board category in the second place, then the category of news agencies in third place.
4-The Responsibility Frameworks category ranked first (38,30) of the total published news.

Religious media institutions in Iraq play an important role in spreading the religious message and promoting Islamic values and principles. Therefore, effective management of these institutions is necessary to ensure the achievement of their goals. Public relations serve as an effective tool for religious media institutions to improve their relationships with various audiences.
Public relations theories in religious media institutions in Iraq aim to build relationships with various audiences, including religious and general audiences, government, and other media institutions. They also work to understand the needs of the audiences, provide content that meets these needs, and effectively address challenges.
One of the main challenges faced by religious media institutions in Iraq is funding. Many of these institutions struggle to obtain the necessary funding for their operations and lack specialized human resources in public relations.
In conclusion, public relations play a significant role in managing religious media institutions in Iraq. Religious media institutions can use public relations theories to improve their relationships with various audiences and achieve their goals.

Administrative judgments are a fundamental tool for upholding the rule of law and ensuring the legality of public administration actions. However, the enforcement of these judgments faces legal and procedural challenges that hinder litigants from fully obtaining their rights. This study aims to analyze the guarantees of enforcing administrative judgments within the legal system, highlighting obstacles such as administrative delays, legislative shortcomings, and weak judicial oversight. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to examine relevant legal provisions, with a comparative review of successful international experiences, in order to propose practical recommendations to strengthen enforcement guarantees and achieve swift justice.

This study seeks to trace Ottoman policy towards the Ak Koyunlu State, from the establishment of the Ak Koyunlu Emirate in 1403 until the fall of its last stronghold in 1508. This policy went through three phases: the first, which lasted until Mehmed the Conqueror\'s accession to the throne in 1451, was characterized by peace, as both sides were preoccupied with their internal problems. The second phase spanned the period from 1453 to 1473, coinciding with the reigns of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and Uzun Hasan, who saw himself as a rival to the Ottoman Sultan. Their relations became strained, and their interests clashed in Trabzon and the Karamanids. Their forces clashed in the decisive Battle of Utluk Balı, which ended in a major Ottoman victory. This marked the entry of the Ak Koyunlu Emirate into a period of weakness and collapse, and Ottoman policy towards the Ak Koyunlu entered another phase, characterized by general peace, with little interference in internal affairs. The Ak Koyunlu Dynasty, and the exploitation of the internal conflict of the Ak Koyunlu Dynasty in favor of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Empire embraced the opposing Ak Koyunlu princes. Until Kudet Ahmed bin Muhammad Uğurlu, son-in-law of Sultan Bayezid II and grandson of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, was brought to the top of the power pyramid in the Ak Koyunlu Dynasty. After his murder, the struggle for power in the Ak Koyunlu Dynasty continued until Tabriz fell to the Safavids in 1501, followed by Baghdad in 1508.
Opening words

This study examines the differences between Sunni and Twelver Shia in sources of legislation and their impact on deriving jurisprudential rulings, providing a critical comparative analysis. The research aims to clarify how the prioritization of sources affects rulings in worship, transactions, personal status, and legal punishments, while highlighting the wisdom behind divergent jurisprudential opinions.
The study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, drawing on classical and contemporary sources, comparative jurisprudence texts, fatwas, and analysis of Qur’anic and prophetic texts. It also reviews recent studies and compares jurists’ positions to identify points of agreement and divergence.
The findings show that differences in source prioritization lead to diverse rulings but remain within the framework of Sharia objectives. Understanding each school’s methodology allows for rulings that balance religious, social, and ethical considerations. The study concludes that a critical comparative approach enhances jurisprudential awareness and supports the development of rulings that serve the public interest while respecting jurisprudential diversity.

One of the problems that faced human societies during different eras was the nature of the relationship between conservatism, which was represented in the glorious past of those societies, and the concept of the spirit of modernity, which was represented in the concept and logic of renewal and reform, which has become a necessity that cannot be overlooked or jumped upon, and this is what made society Humankind is in a state of sharp division between a supporter of the first logic, through the call to preserve their legacy and their glorious path, and a supporter of logic and the second concept, which has always called for renewal and reform, even if it was at the expense of their history, perceptions, and ancient beliefs, which negatively affected the movement of those human societies during periods. A certain period of time naturally led to their preoccupation with other societies that preceded them in cultural achievement.

The obligation to public order has an important and effective role in the field of private international law, because it is considered an impediment to the application of foreign law relevant to the legal relationship of an international nature that includes a foreign element, most legislators of the laws of countries have taken this obligation, and as a result of the difficulty of defining the concept of this defense due to its flexibility and ambiguity, they did not set a definition for that defense, but rather came with legal texts that including it. This led to the subject of defining the obligation to public order being subject to jurisprudential and judicial jurisprudence. In addition, jurisprudence in the field of private international law differed about the legal nature of the obligation to public order. Some of them see it as an exceptional rule for the application of applicable foreign law, while there are those who see it is an original rule such as the legal rule that requires a specific law to be applicable to the legal relationship in dispute. However, it can be said: The most likely theory for determining the legal nature of the obligation to public order is that it is an exceptional rule through which the relevant foreign law is excluded and replaced by the law of the judge’s state.

As for the main topic of this book, it is the criticism of men and women who interpreted the Qur’an and prophetic texts in a way (interpretation of opinion), following passion and seeking sedition, meaning that it is an indirect criticism of men, i.e. in a way that the interpretation of opinion is reflected in the first interpreting personalities, who interpreted and applied their interpretation because these were They represent religious and political authority, and the offense is also reflected on the narrators who sanctified these personalities and justified their interpretations and considered them part of the constitution of social, religious and devotional life, including the interpretations of Abu Bakr and Omar and their followers, the interpretations of Osman and his followers, the interpretation of Aisha and her followers, and The interpretation of Khalid bin Al-Walid, and the woes of Muawiyah, in addition to what the majority of the nation did.

One of the fundamental issues and pillars upon which this scientific research is based is the clarification that religious experience is a philosophical vision that expresses the human relationship with God Almighty through a subjective experience filled with emotions and feelings expressed by the individual toward the invisible or sacred absolute. We will also attempt to shed light on the Iranian thinker Abdolkarim Soroush's view of the religious experience, which he relied on studying this experience through its connection to revelation from the prophets.
We can also clarify the most important objections directed at Abdolkarim Soroush regarding the subject of revelation and its connection to the religious experience. These objections contradict religious teachings according to Islamic law, which considers revelation to be the words revealed by God Almighty. The evidence for this is the numerous Quranic verses that prove this. In addition to the above, we can clarify the following through this study:
1. Clarify whether the religious experience is a personal, subjective experience that all people can experience.
2. Clarify whether revelation originates from the words of God Almighty revealed to the prophets, or whether it is a private experience that everyone can experience.
3. Remove the dust from the true image of the concept of revelation, given that revelation is revealed by God Almighty to the prophets.

The study aims to identify the level of belief bias among university students, and to examine the statistical differences in this variable according to gender (male–female), specialization (scientific–humanitarian), and academic year (second–fourth).
To achieve this, a belief bias scale was constructed based on Expectancy Theory, consisting of 15 items. Its validity and reliability were verified. The scale was applied to a sample of 356 students from Al-Qadisiyah University, selected using stratified random sampling.
Main findings:
Students showed a high level of belief bias, attributed to the unstable and unusual conditions in society.
Significant statistical differences were found according to gender, in favor of females.
No significant differences were found according to specialization.
Significant differences were found according to academic year, in favor of second-year students.
Based on these results, the researcher presented several conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

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The city is a mixture of different and complex activities, including aesthetic and environmental ones, because it includes all of these activities and services at the same time. If we consider the city of Kufa through its aesthetic characteristics and the types of its components, we realize the overlap and complexity in these services. Through that, he highlighted the urban spaces spread in the city of Kufa and how they are distributed. In general, the city has a set of visual determinants that work to show the aesthetic form of the city, which distinguishes it from other cities, relying on a group of natural and historical factors of the spaces. The urban design of the city is highlighted. The good and appropriate design of the spaces is the one that takes their visual and aesthetic determinants from that, they are the components of the urban space. By that components of the urban spaces are conside as a whole that enjoys all the different activities, their elements, and their uses. In general, this research aims to understand the components of urban spaces, in addition to understanding the aesthetic and visual elements of these spaces, their influences, components, and functions in the governorate in general and the city of Kufa in particular

The present research contributes to a pragmatic consideration of exclamation in English science fiction stories. Exclamation has not been sufficiently given due attention in previous studies. However, examining exclamation in English science fiction stories has not been conducted, particularly from a pragmatic perspective. Thus, the current study tries to bridge this gap by pinpointing the strategies of exclamation and their illustration in the selected data under scrutiny. Correspondingly, forty extracts were selected randomly from two English science fiction novels which are examined as specified by an eclectic model. Hence, the current study aims at: (1) Identifying exclamation and its nature pragmatically; (2) Finding out the syntactic and pragmatic strategies for producing exclamatory utterances in English science fiction stories; (3) Conveying the semantic content of exclamatory utterances in English science fiction stories; (4) Investigating the pragmatic intentions and functions beyond applying exclamatory utterances in English science fiction stories; (5) Determining the most dominant strategies of exclamation utilized in English science fiction stories.
Based on the findings, the current study revealed that: (1) Exclamation can be explained pragmatically in accordance with its relation to the expressive speech acts as it is considered as a subcategory of the expressives, its strong relation with the context, and its capability of indirect (expressive) interpretation used by the speakers for suggesting an intended sense beyond the descriptive sense; (2) exclamation has its own constituent rules (felicity conditions), these rules are sometimes violated by the speaker in order to convey the speaker’s aims and intentions, and (3) there are many functions and intentions that are realized by utilizing exclamatory utterances in science fiction stories, the surprising function is the dominant function.

With the rise of some innovative means of storytelling, it becomes necessary to visit storytelling beyond its traditional formats. Examining the visual rhetoric of classic literature and its modern adaptations offers rich insights. The current study analyzes Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland alongside Robert Sabuda's pop-up adaptation, integrating elements from Sonja Foss's (2004) model of visual rhetoric in addition to William Labov's (1972) narrative structure into a framework that addresses the concept of visual rhetoric in addition to aspects of discourse analysis. The analysis reveals some points: first, Sabuda's physical storytelling strategy can enhance the reader's immersion within the story. Secondly, the pop-up adaptation's elements have the effect of adding another layer of interpretation for the original story. Lastly, despite its amusing and immersive aspects, the pop-up adaptation misses the narrative richness found in the original work.

Alfred and Emily (2008) presents an interesting puzzle: fiction, memory, and autobiography progress hand in hand to produce a compelling artistic dance. It is more than a conventional book; it is a combination of different elements, a genre- defying work that bridges both worlds, fiction and biography, without borders. Lessing transcends the biography of her parents, Alfred and Emily’s stories; she incorporates them into a gripping storyline that cannot be labelled as biography, but is also enriched with anecdotes on family history, war experiences, romance, and even a hint of science fiction.
However, Lessing transforms her own inventions to form an artistic fusion, exploring identity, memory, and morality. Lessing’s enrichment is thus a compelling storytelling experience that captivates the reader. It is not just about a solitary perspective that the novel deals with; rather it provides a panoramic outlook that is characterized by diversity as well as interconnection, thus bridging the physical gap between individuals and the universally understood themes. The examination of difference through the principle of hybridity expresses how all differences can be transformed into new knowledge when integrated, creating a whole that is more than the sum of its parts. The novel is divided into two parts, each containing separate stories. The first part of the novel reimagines a fictional tale, and lets us know more about their lives, including their parents Alfred and Emily Lessing, who had a better understanding of their early life. Through these docudramatic stories, Lessing explores universal themes like love, family dynamics, and the profound impact of historical events on individuals. It is a captivating journey that allows readers to connect with the human experience.

Postmodernity imposed a new mode of writing and philosophy over literature. There are no longer the simple psychological or social dilemmas that the characters face. Readers are expected to read novels that present new, challenging ideas that appeal to the human intellect. Postmodern literature tends to deconstruct traditional notions about identity, race, history, and power. It deals with them as fluid, socially constructed concepts rather than fixed fundamental truths. Such a deconstructing challenge is best exemplified in works like Beloved by Toni Morrison, Lost in the Funhouse by John Barth, "The Mark on the Wall" by Virginia Woolf, and Disgrace by J. M. Coetzee. Each of these works proposes new questions through fragmentation, ideological disorientation, unreliability of voices, and dispersion of unified narratives. For example, in Beloved, the collapse of borders between the past and present is evident through the haunting presence of Beloved herself, who represents both a childhood and the weight of ancestral trauma. This leads both the characters and readers to confront the trauma of slavery in the present as a lived and unresolved experience rather than a closed historical event. The voice becomes unreliable in "Lost in the Funhouse," making it difficult for the reader to establish a stable and singular self. Coetzee in Disgrace presents postmodern attitudes towards race, ethical responsibility, and power. Time and space become unstable in Woolf’s The Mark on the Wall. These postmodern literary works threaten the stable narrative and philosophical lines of traditional works, replacing them with a loss of coherent identities and histories.

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The current study attempts to unify the concept of criticality (as introduced by Cameron, 2000) as a linguistic tool used within the pragmatics of language interpretation that can be employed as a methodology shared by both linguistic and literary analyses. Both CDA and literary analysts use the same armamentarium when it comes to uncovering the power dynamics and hidden ideologies within a given text and the ideological orientations of the text reducers. However, the concept of criticality is utilized under different terminologies in linguistics pragmatics and literary analyses. In pragmatics, it is referred to as critical analysis of discourse, meaning to comment on the discourse producer’s intention within various contextual cues to uncover the hidden meaning and to demonstrate the power dynamics of the discourse. On the other hand, in literary analyses, it is manifested through the use of ‘political theory’ or ‘ideological theory’. The tools, by nature, are different in literature and pragmatics due to the functions of analysis, yet the theorists of all the above-mentioned terms are the same, i.e., Althusser, Foucault, Said, Gramisci, and others. Two examples are taken from linguistic pragmatics analysis and literature to be analyzed according to the same concept of criticality. Both examples yield similar justifications for the use of language in shaping power dynamics and discourse-meaning negotiation as well as uncovering the hidden ideologies of text producers under the multi-layered texts.

This is a study in the role of transgenerational trauma and its effect on the Aboriginal dramatic work. Using trauma studies within a postcolonial framework, this paper shows how Jack Davis manipulates the stage to give voice to the unspeakable trauma of Aboriginal Australian woman in No Sugar. This paper attempts to read this play as an indictment against both imperial and patriarchal ideologies that tend to disenfranchise many generations of the women in an Aboriginal postcolonial context.

Suspense is one of the main elements of detective stories. It keeps readers attracted and motivated to follow up till the end of the story. Meanwhile, readers are waiting to see whether their expectations are true or they would be surprised at the end. This study aims at developing a framework form a pragma-stylistic perspective to analyze how suspense is created in detective short stories since there is no such model in the literature. Michael Connelly’s (2011) Christmas Even is selected as the data under analysis to test the workability of the modal. The study ends with a discussion to comment on the findings of the analysis.

This study focuses on the translation of Arab animal-related terms into English using ChatGPT (CGPT). The main objectives of the study are to investigate the extent to which the intended meaning of Arabic animal idioms (AAIs) is preserved in texts translated into English through CGPT, as well as to determine the extent to which the chosen translation program applies Larson's theory when translating selected samples, which consist of 10 Arabic animal idioms and their translations into English. A qualitative, descriptive research approach was employed to collect and analyse the selected data, aiming to achieve the study's objectives. This approach is based on using Larson's strategy to examine the data chosen for the translator's translation (CGPT) from the source text to the target text, analyse it, and determine its accuracy, naturalness, and clarity, given that researchers have not studied the translation of Arabic animal idioms into English using CGPT. The results of this study generally showed differences in the meaning of the original idioms during the translation process, in terms of accuracy, clarity, and naturalness, due to some additions and subtractions that affected the meaning of the original text in the translated text. The likely reason is the unavailability or lack of recognition of these idioms by the selected translator, which leads to misunderstandings and failure to achieve the intended purpose of translating these important idioms during the translation process

This study examines psychological disintegration in Sinan Antoon's novel The Corpse Washer (2013), focusing on Jawad's Iraq War experiences. Trauma Theory is used to study how the war's cruelty fragmented Jawad's and Iraqi society's sense of self. Trauma theory is used to study Jawad's emotional and psychological influences as a corpse washer, which exposes him to post-war Iraq's prevalent violence and loss. The study shows the deep impact on the individual after the U.S invasion on Iraq (2003), it deals specifically with of identity and culture. The research argues that Jawad's identity fragmentation is symbolic of war's social collapses and emphasizes the importance of memory, ritual, and cultural traditions in time of war recovery. However, this paper contributes to the discussion on trauma and identity in modern Middle Eastern literature by investigating how one’s self is re-formed after the conflict.

The current research aims to identify the level of fear of failure among Iraqi EFL learners and to identify if there is any significant difference between male and female students in experiencing the fear of failure. Moreover, the research aims to examine if there is any significant difference between high-achieving students and low-achieving students in terms of experiencing the fear of failure and to examine the relationship between the fear of failure and academic achievement among Iraqi EFL learners. A total sample of (120) male and female students was selected randomly from two different universities. The researcher adopted a modified 5-point Likert scale consisting of (25) items developed by Abd al-Munam et al. (2019) to measure the fear of failure among the students. the researcher used the statistical package of social sciences (V. 23) included a one-sample t-test, an Independent-sample t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient test. The findings of the research showed that the fear of failure has a recorded a moderate level among Iraqi EFL learners. There is a statistically significant difference between male and female students in experiencing the fear of failure in favor of females. There is no significant difference between high-achieving students and low-achieving students in terms of experiencing the fear of failure. Finally, there is a weak positive correlation (r= .133) at the level of significance (.146) between the fear of failure and academic achievement among Iraqi EFL learners, in which the higher the level of students' fear of failure, the better the students will achieve.

Postcolonial theory has had a significant impact on literary criticism, for the time being, yet colonial works, especially colonial discourse, have a documented effect on literature. Edward Said noted the play ‘Tempest’ by William Shakespeare as one of the foremost representations of those from the so-called third world’s ‘Other.’ Several plays considered postcolonial works that tackle the influence of colonial discourse and operate against it were cited by Helen Gilbert in ‘Postcolonial Plays.’ Gilbert has compiled a list of 19 postcolonial plays that deliberate and address issues such as globalization, media representation, and nationalism. The play Details cannot body wants written in 1992 by Chin Woon Ping, covers a wide range of topics from the postcolonial era. However, the mistreatment’s mental effect on subaltern women in postcolonial countries is a crucial topic. The researcher concentrates on the position of women in society in this study, demonstrating the type of coping strategy that allows them to be accepted in their communities. It focuses on some of the critical concepts of postcolonial theory to better describe the role of women subjected to long-term mistreatment. The study examines terms like ecofeminism, marginality, hybridity, and mimicry, utilizing examples from the text to sustain the analysis of the play. The study concluded that women’s roles and positions were persecuted during the colonial period. There is a need for more rights, necessitating revolution and struggle; that is possible, inevitable, and gradually achievable.

Conceptual Blending Theory (CBT), developed by Fauconnier and Turner (2002), contributes significantly to the advancement of cognitive linguistics as it offers a model for understanding cognitive processes involved in meaning construction. Based on the earlier theory of mental spaces, CBT claims that human thought and communication are not confined to straight conceptual mappings, but often involve blending different mental spaces to create innovative and emergent meanings. This blending process is not random but guided by a set of conceptual and structural principles that ensure coherence and relevance across domains.
This paper presents a thorough analysis of CBT's fundamental components, including the four-space network model, which is composed of two input spaces, a generic space, and a blended space. These principles describe how elements from separate inputs are integrated and mentally developed to form new and contextually meaningful structures based on selective projection, composition, completion, and elaboration.
Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the structural differences between mirror networks, single-scope networks, and double-scope networks and their roles in linguistic and cognitive creativity, examining the different types of conceptual blending networks. A special emphasis is placed on the application of CBT to the interpretation of metaphorical and idiomatic expressions, as well as its relevance to abstract reasoning, literary criticism, and everyday communication.
Moreover, the paper provides a critical assessment of the theory in addition to its explanations. It discusses both its strengths—such as its ability to explain human creativity and flexibility—as well as its limitations, such as its inability to be empirically measured, its difficulty in defining clear analytical boundaries, and its abstract nature. The discussion also addresses existing disputes in the field about the applicability and testability of CBT in various language and cognitive contexts.
This study intends to clarify Conceptual Blending Theory's mechanics and theoretical implications for students and experts in linguistics, cognitive science, and discourse analysis by offering an accessible yet comprehensive review.