magazine aldhakwat albedh

Abstract:
This study examines plural forms in the Qur’an as meaning-producing morphological structures that contribute to guiding interpretation and shaping the reader’s mental representation of the text, rather than serving a purely numerical function. The research analyzes selected Qur’anic plural forms, revealing the semantic and cognitive dimensions that arise from variation in morphological structure and diversity of plural patterns.
The study adopts an analytical approach based on correlating morphological form with contextual usage, demonstrating that the choice of a particular plural form is closely related to the nature of the group being described, the behavioral or evaluative qualities intended for emphasis, and the degree of individual salience within the collective. The analyzed examples show that certain plural patterns tend to construct a homogeneous collective image, whereas others allow for the preservation of individual autonomy within the group, a distinction that significantly influences the cognitive understanding of the Qur’anic text.
The study further demonstrates that Qur’anic plural forms contribute to semantic density and rhetorical enrichment through the connotations they convey, extending beyond surface structure to deeper levels of mental imagery and cognitive engagement. The findings confirm that morphological structure in the Qur’an constitutes an effective mechanism for meaning construction, and that its examination through contemporary linguistic approaches enhances awareness of its semantic and cognitive functions within Qur’anic discourse.

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Abstract
This study examines the influence of Aristotelian logic on the construction of Kalam proofs prior to Al-Razi, focusing on the methods by which early theologians employed Greek logical tools while maintaining the authenticity of Islamic doctrinal thought. Aristotelian logic served as a methodological foundation for generating precise and coherent arguments, particularly concerning the oneness of God and His attributes.
The research illustrates how the principles of Aristotelian deduction and syllogism were integrated into theological reasoning. Early theologians organized their arguments in a logically consistent sequence, without exceeding the limits established by the sacred texts. This integration was not mere technical adoption but innovative Kalam methodology, through which new analytical tools were developed to address doctrinal challenges systematically.
Furthermore, the study demonstrates that interaction with Aristotelian logic enhanced theologians’ ability to critique anthropomorphic analogies, analyze divine attributes rationally, and maintain a balanced approach between reason and revelation. The findings indicate that the pre-Al-Razi period witnessed the establishment of robust methodological foundations for Kalam proofs, preserving the intellectual independence of the theologians while using Aristotelian logic as an auxiliary rather than absolute reference.

Abstract:
Racial and ethnic minorities have played a pivotal role in all military conflicts throughout the history of the United States of America. However, these significant historical contributions have rarely received adequate attention or documentation in established American historical sources. This research gap has perpetuated a sense of injustice and contributed to the reinforcement of detrimental stereotypes against minorities within American society. This review addresses this notable phenomenon in American studies by examining a selection of dedicated research references in American history. The review aims to highlight this historical void and draw the reader›s attention to recent sources that have undertaken the task of bridging this gap in the historical study of the United States. This review specifically focuses on the vital contributions of prominent American minorities: African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans.

Abstract:
The Belgian school of thought enriched scientific research through its most prominent figures, such as Chevani and Henri Perrin. However, Henri Lammens is considered the most famous among them due to his prolific writings. Lammens is a well-known figure of the Belgian school, recognized throughout the Western and Arab worlds, particularly in the Arab world.This review aims to examine the criticisms leveled against the Belgian-born Orientalist regarding his study of the Prophet›s biography and the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt. His views are characterized by clear bias, a lack of scholarship, and ethical conduct in dealing with the Prophet›s biography—a biography revered by all Arabs and Muslims. Was this a scientific methodology belonging to a particular school of thought, or was it a methodology born of prejudice and hatred? This is what we will address by examining the sources that criticize him, both old and new. Therefore, we will explore the opinions expressed about him as found in his own books.
Abstract:
The Belgian school of thought enriched scientific research through its most prominent figures, such as Chevani and Henri Perrin. However, Henri Lammens is considered the most famous among them due to his prolific writings. Lammens is a well-known figure of the Belgian school, recognized throughout the Western and Arab worlds, particularly in the Arab world.This review aims to examine the criticisms leveled against the Belgian-born Orientalist regarding his study of the Prophet›s biography and the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt. His views are characterized by clear bias, a lack of scholarship, and ethical conduct in dealing with the Prophet›s biography—a biography revered by all Arabs and Muslims. Was this a scientific methodology belonging to a particular school of thought, or was it a methodology born of prejudice and hatred? This is what we will address by examining the sources that criticize him, both old and new. Therefore, we will explore the opinions expressed about him as found in his own books.
Keywords: Lammens, biography of the Prophet, Al-Zahra, Orientalism

Arabic rhetoric is both a science and an art, encompassing all the sciences of Arabic. It is the science of taste and effective expression; therefore, it requires constant attention, care, refinement, and support. Renewing it from the ravages of time and stagnation is inevitable. However, renewal should not be achieved by turning away from it and replacing it with the literatures of other cultures, but rather by making optimal use of the innovations of non-Arabs, while simultaneously preserving its traditional roots.
Renewal has become one of the challenges facing Arabic rhetoric. Therefore, it is beneficial to research it, establish its foundations, trace its development, enhance its effectiveness, and encourage it to bear the best possible fruit. This concern led me to several ideas, resulting in this research, which I have strived to make sound and free from errors, especially those criticized by some proponents of renewal. I have focused on the issues that I believe deserve to be studied. I divided it into sections, until I arrived at results that I hope will be satisfactory.

This study, entitled “The Impact of Qur’ānic Readings on Clarifying Interpretive Meaning in al-Sihāh by al-Jawharī (d. 392 AH),” aims to elucidate the linguistic meanings of the various Qur’ānic readings as presented in the lexicon al-Sihāh by Abū Nasr Ismā’īl ibn Hammād al-Jawharī (d. 393 AH). Al-Jawharī was among the linguists who devoted considerable attention to Qur’ānic readings, drawing upon them to guide both linguistic and exegetical meanings, while distinguishing between readings that are mutawātir (mass-transmitted) and those that are non-mutawātir.
The multiplicity of Qur’ānic readings contributes to enriching and expanding meaning without contradiction or inconsistency, which points to the inimitability of the Qur’ān in its readings. The diversity of readings of a single word may convey meanings that are not present in another reading, rendering the Qur’ān miraculous in more than one recitation. This undoubtedly attests to the truthfulness of the Prophet’s mission (peace be upon him) and the veracity of the message he conveyed.Al-Jawharī did not apply the term qirā’ah (reading) to any recitation whose chain of transmission was unsound; rather, when a reading was anomalous (shādh) or not commonly recited, he would introduce it with expressions such as “quri’a” (it was read) or “qīla” (it was said).

The January 25th Revolution in Egypt was launched to protest against the living, economic, health, and even political conditions, and against the corruption of Hosni Mubarak›s government. It was encouraged by the popular Tunisian revolution that worked to overthrow Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. That revolution had a major impact on igniting the spark of popular anger in Egypt, in addition to a number of internal factors, including the long period of the Emergency Law, the police and security forces› mistreatment that caused the killing of the young Khaled Said, the rigging of the 2010 People›s Assembly elections, and the ruling party›s control of most of its seats. A call spread on a Facebook page for Egyptians to carry out a revolution, and indeed it took place and succeeded in removing Mubarak from power.

The Internet service, in synchrony with the enormous technical and technological development, has produced great facilities and jobs for humanity that have reduced effort and time, including the emergence of citizen journalism, as the citizen has become as if he were a journalist, but as if he were a media institution that publishes news, photos, videos and other media materials. Therefore, this research was an attempt to identify the extent to which university youth abuse in their exposure to the media content of citizen journalism on social media sites and reflecting this on their cognitive abilities and media satisfaction. The researcher conducted a survey study on a homogeneous sample of (100) students of the Department of Media at the University of Tikrit. After the technical and technological development of means of communication and the spread of the Internet and smartphones, human societies entered a new stage of media interaction, where the public is no longer a passive recipient of information, but has turned into an effective partner in the production and circulation
This research is one of the descriptive researches that aims to reduce the study of current facts related to the nature of a phenomenon or a group of people or a group of events or a group of situations, while the research sample is an intentional sample, which is the in-kind that is held on a type of intended selection, where the researcher deliberately the intention is from units believed to represent the original society correctly, and 100 forms were distributed on an intentional sample from the students of the Department of Media - Faculty of Arts - University of Tikrit for the purpose of study.
Among the most important results of the study:
1- Citizen journalism is no longer just a marginal or alternative phenomenon to the traditional media, but has become a major component of the modern media scene.
2- The citizen›s journalism provided immediate and realistic coverage of events, especially in times of crisis and disaster, which gave it a tangible force of influence.
3- It clearly contributed to breaking the monopoly of major institutions on information, and provided multiple platforms for voices that did not find a place in the official media.

The Internet service, in synchrony with the enormous technical and technological development, has produced great facilities and jobs for humanity that have reduced effort and time, including the emergence of citizen journalism, as the citizen has become as if he were a journalist, but as if he were a media institution that publishes news, photos, videos and other media materials. Therefore, this research was an attempt to identify the extent to which university youth abuse in their exposure to the media content of citizen journalism on social media sites and reflecting this on their cognitive abilities and media satisfaction. The researcher conducted a survey study on a homogeneous sample of (100) students of the Department of Media at the University of Tikrit. After the technical and technological development of means of communication and the spread of the Internet and smartphones, human societies entered a new stage of media interaction, where the public is no longer a passive recipient of information, but has turned into an effective partner in the production and circulation
This research is one of the descriptive researches that aims to reduce the study of current facts related to the nature of a phenomenon or a group of people or a group of events or a group of situations, while the research sample is an intentional sample, which is the in-kind that is held on a type of intended selection, where the researcher deliberately the intention is from units believed to represent the original society correctly, and 100 forms were distributed on an intentional sample from the students of the Department of Media - Faculty of Arts - University of Tikrit for the purpose of study.
Among the most important results of the study:
1- Citizen journalism is no longer just a marginal or alternative phenomenon to the traditional media, but has become a major component of the modern media scene.
2- The citizen›s journalism provided immediate and realistic coverage of events, especially in times of crisis and disaster, which gave it a tangible force of influence.
3- It clearly contributed to breaking the monopoly of major institutions on information, and provided multiple platforms for voices that did not find a place in the official media.

This study focuses on the use of mapping-based modeling to understand how changes in the discharge of the Tigris River affect flood occurrence in Salahaddin Governorate. By utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques, spatial and temporal data related to river discharge and water distribution were analyzed. A precise spatial model was developed to accurately identify areas at risk of flooding, classified according to the degree of hazard, providing a clear visualization of potential flood distribution.
The study employed Landsat satellite data to analyze spatial changes in land cover and water levels, along with a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) at 12.5-meter resolution to understand terrain features and water flow paths. The imagery was processed using ERDAS IMAGINE, and spatial data were analyzed with GIS, while Global Mapper was used to generate detailed maps of potential floods based on scenarios of Tigris River discharge changes. This approach enabled the development of a predictive model to precisely identify flood-prone areas.
The study confirmed the effectiveness of mapping-based modeling using GIS and RS techniques in analyzing and visualizing flood inundation scenarios with high spatial and temporal accuracy. Results indicated that flooded areas gradually increase with rising water levels in the Tigris River, from 350.94 km² (9.67%) at 2 meters to 1118.79 km² (30.82%) at 10 meters. These values highlight a direct relationship between water level and flooded area, emphasizing the sensitivity of low-lying areas along the river to increased discharge, particularly at water levels between 8–10 meters, which pose the greatest environmental and economic risks in Salahaddin Governorate.
The study recommends the development of multi-scenario simulations to assess flood probabilities under varying water discharge or changing climatic conditions.

The concept of “self and other” is a philosophical and social concept that refers to the relationship between the individual’s self (the self) and everything that is not the self (the other), whether this other is another individual, a group, or a different culture… The self is the part of the personality that deals with reality and tries to achieve a balance between internal motives and desires and the demands of the external world. The mind perceives the truth through duality, as if man lives in a conflict centered on a duality: presence and absence, while for the Sufis and mystics it is the duality of (self and other).

Our research, entitled “The Impact of Abrogation in the Holy Qur’an on the Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence,” highlights the relationship between Qur’anic abrogation naskh and the key topics of general and specific expressions, absolute and restricted terms, commands and prohibitions, as well as the conflict and preference among legal evidences, in addition to the higher objectives maqāid of Islamic law.
The study demonstrates that abrogation plays a significant and effective role in shaping the methodological framework of uūl al-fiqh and regulating the process of legal reasoning (ijtihād), thereby revealing the flexibility of Islamic legislation and the stability of its objectives. Furthermore, the research underscores the close integration between Qur’anic texts and juristic thought in formulating the foundational principles derived from the Qur’an

This research examines the School of Reims in France and its educational and political role in Western Europe between 450 and 987 AD The School emerged as one of the most significant Christian learning centers, preserving classical heritage while shaping medieval educational and religious thought It produced prominent clerics and intellectuals who played a key role in defining church policies and the interaction between spiritual and temporal powers Furthermore, the School of Reims was closely connected to major political events in France and the Carolingian Empire, where its scholars and clergy contributed to legitimizing kings and organizing ecclesiastical councils Thus, the study of the School of Reims provides valuable insights into the interrelation of education, religion, and politics in Western Europe during this formative period

This research examines the Umayyad authority›s and society›s stance on the phenomenon of flirtatious poetry and love poetry. This period is considered one of the most significant periods in which flirtatious poetry and love poetry became widespread. This was due to the prosperity enjoyed by the Umayyad caliphs and their deviation from the true teachings of Islam. However, they were soon shocked by this phenomenon after their wives were subjected to such flirtatious poetry, leading most of them to combat it for fear of scandal by exposing their wives› charms. Society was divided between those who supported the phenomenon, believing it led to several marriages due to the flirtatious poetry, and others who considered it shameful, contributing to the distancing of some men from women whose features and bodies were described in this way, which contradicts religion and Arab customs. This led the researcher to choose the title: The Umayyad Authority›s and Society›s Stance on the Prevalence of Flirtatious Poetry and Love Poetry about Women Women.
This study is divided into an introduction, three sections, conclusions, and a list of sources and references. The first section is titled «Reasons for the Prevalence of Love Poetry,» the second «The Umayyad Authority›s Dealings with Lovers and Those Who Write Love Poems,» and the third «Society›s Stance and Actions.» Finally, I pray to God Almighty that I have been successful in this study.

The Sinai Peninsula in the Arab Republic of Egypt is of exceptional importance due to its unique geopolitical location linking the continents of Asia and Africa, and its command over vital waterways. This research aims to examine the geopolitical dimension of this region and highlight its growing economic and tourism importance, while taking into account the impact of its strategic location on regional and international interactions. The research relies on an analytical and descriptive approach and consists of three main sections: Section 1: The geographical characteristics of the Sinai Peninsula; Section 2: The economic and tourism importance of the Sinai Peninsula; and Section 3: The geopolitical influence of the Sinai Peninsula in the region. The research reveals that Sinai›s strategic geographic location gives it integrated geopolitical, economic, and tourism importance. Its command over the Suez Canal and the Strait of Tiran enhances its vital role in global trade, while its natural and cultural diversity represents a unique tourist attraction. However, regional security and geopolitical challenges require the adoption of balanced strategies to enhance stability and optimally exploit available development potential.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the most honorable of prophets and messengers, our Master Mohammed , and upon his family and companions.
One of the most important principles of Islamic Sharia and the rules of law is distinguishing between truth and metaphor when considering jurisprudential and legal issues, as the ruling on any issue depends on what is true or what is metaphorical therein . Sharia and law have paid great attention to distinguishing between the true and metaphorical meanings of words, due to the impact of this on rulings and decisions.
In this regard, the research on the topic «Truth and Metaphor between Sharia and Legal Dimensions» is considered one of the most important topics that should be referred to, due to its great importance in understanding the rules of Islamic legislation and positive law.
This research deals with the concept of truth and metaphor in language and terminology, then addresses the position of Islamic law thereon by tracing their legal evidence. Then it explains the position of the law with the help of the opinions of jurists and court rulings. It will also shed light on the most important jurisprudential and legal applications of this distinction.

The current study aimed to determine the «effectiveness of a proposed educational program based on the McFarland model in the achievement of second-grade middle school students in geography and the development of their generative thinking.» To achieve this, the researcher chose Jamal Abdel Nasser High School for Boys. The research sample consisted of (60) students from the second intermediate grade, with (30) students for the experimental group and (30) students for the control group. The researcher formulated (180) behavioral objectives within the six levels of Bloom’s classification in the cognitive domain. The researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of (40) items, then prepared a generative thinking test consisting of (40) items, and the psychometric properties of the two tests were confirmed, and after processing the data statistically using the statistical package, The study reached the following conclusions: The students in the experimental group who studied according to the educational program outperformed the students in the control group who studied according to the usual method in achieving the subject of geography and developing their generative thinking.

This scientific review aims to identify the concept of sustainable development and its dimensions, and the mechanisms for integrating it into the teaching of Arabic language content in general. The researcher followed the descriptive-analytical approach in analyzing this review and previous reviews, articles, and research, defining its research population as a set of international, Arab, and local databases. The review sample consisted of (18) articles published within these databases.

This research aims to identify the extent to which Arabic language teachers in Babylon Governorate use alternative assessment strategies and tools. The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a questionnaire as the data collection method. The total research population consisted of 200 Arabic language teachers at Al-Madhatiya Preparatory School for Boys in Babylon Governorate, Iraq.
A random sample of 100 teachers was selected from this population.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a counseling program based on psychological resilience skills in reducing academic anxiety among university students. The research sample consisted of 40 male and female students from the Department of Psychological Counseling and Educational Guidance at the College of Education for Humanities, selected randomly. The study utilized two scales specifically developed for this research: a psychological resilience scale consisting of 43 items distributed across three dimensions (interpersonal management, emotional management, and a healthy self-image), and an academic anxiety scale consisting of 28 items. In addition, a counseling program consisting of 16 sessions was implemented, based on cognitive and behavioral skills designed to enhance psychological resilience and reduce academic anxiety.
The post-test results showed statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups. The experimental group demonstrated a marked increase in psychological resilience levels across all dimensions and a significant decrease in academic anxiety compared to the control group. These results indicate that the counseling program was effective in enhancing students› psychological and social adaptability and reducing academic anxiety related to academic performance. This highlights the importance of adopting structured counseling programs based on psychological resilience skills within universities.
The research recommends developing structured counseling programs by encouraging universities to adopt programs based on psychological resilience skills to promote students› mental health and reduce academic anxiety levels.

The current research aims to determine (the effect of Dorman›s strategy on the achievement of social studies among fifth-grade elementary school students). In order to achieve the goal of this research, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis:
1. There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study social studies according to the Dorman strategy and the average scores of the control group students who study the same subject according to the usual method in the post-test achievement test.
To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted a quasi-control design with two groups, one experimental group and the other a control group. The researcher applied the research experiment to the research sample consisting of fifth-grade elementary school students in Al-Rahab Elementary School for Boys, affiliated with the Al-Rusafa Third Education Directorate in Baghdad.
In order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher formulated the behavioral objectives and prepared the study plans. He also prepared the post-achievement test. The researcher also statistically processed the data using the SPSS statistical package. At the end of the experiment, the study concluded that there was a statistically significant difference between the scores of the students in the two research groups in the achievement test, in favor of the experimental group.

Abstract:
The Arabic language possesses a vast capacity for sentence variation and a multitude of styles, accommodating diverse meanings that produce a broad cognitive discourse. In addition to its eloquence and articulation, it rightfully holds the first and best rank among the world›s languages, for it is deservedly the language of the Holy Quran. Those who possessed great skill in rhetoric and poetry were unable to match the eloquence of the Quranic texts.Furthermore, beyond its influential aesthetic on continuous creativity among its counterparts, it has features that help it absorb the emotional and cognitive impact and the various issues of its speakers. Among the aesthetics that we will highlight in this research is the focus on the word (Kallā), which specialized in positions where it preceded a sentence of oath (Qasam). This word embodies an affirmation of the oath and includes other contextual meanings.The connotation of (Kallā) varied in the Quranic texts according to the context and the implicit meanings of the text. Nevertheless, it signifies textual coherence, consistency, and emphasis that cannot be dispensed with, even though it is considered a particle (Harf) by some grammarians, in addition to the interconnected connotations it provides within the Quranic context.

**Abstract**
The coup of (October 29, 1936) represented a turning point in Iraq’s political history, influencing civil–military relations and altering the parliamentary system. This shift contributed to the emergence of civil associations, organizations, and reformist trends. Within this context, the *Popular Reform Association* (Jam‘iyat al-Iṣlāḥ al-Sha‘bī) emerged, playing a role in strengthening administration, government authority, and the rule of law. It also held a social and cultural profile, seeking to take advantage of the political circumstances to advance its project. The Association openly expressed its support for the coup, aiming primarily to achieve comprehensive political, economic, and social reform and to provide services to the general public. Its efforts were grounded in the principle of “populism,” previously declared by the Ahalis group—an ideology that combines socialism and democracy.

Abstract:
Preference is a fundamental topic in Quranic studies and is used in more than one Quranic science. Its origins go back to the principles of jurisprudence (usul al-fiqh), and it is one of the components of the principles of jurisprudence. However, it is also used in interpretation, as preference is a topic that reveals the interpreter›s ability to deal with the differences between opinions, as well as his use of practical tools such as rhetoric, language, principles of jurisprudence, and readings, in order to arrive at the objectives of Islamic law. This does not mean that preference is merely a process of choosing between opinions; rather, it is an act of ijtihad based on solid foundations and rules, and requires precision and methodology in dealing with the opinions presented. Preference is a topic that has received the attention of scholars, both ancient and modern. Dr. Wahba Al-Zuhayli is considered one of the most important contemporary scholars in the science of interpretation. He has a large number of publications in more than one field of Quranic sciences, and he has many books on interpretation, including his book entitled “The Enlightening Interpretation,” which is considered a reliable scientific source in Islamic studies, as it contains scientific material composed in a contemporary style that combines ancient traditional views and contemporary modernity in interpreting the Holy Quran. This has produced a clear and easy-to-understand book for all students of knowledge, even if they are not from Islamic specialties. Al-Zuhayli used preference, but not in an explicit manner. He did not use the tools of preference, such as the word “al-rajeh” or “arja’r,” but rather he used implicit preference, which is called “al-tarjih al-mustabatin.” The researcher mentioned two examples from verses of the Holy Quran to illustrate Al-Zuhayli’s method of preference.

Abstract:
Ibn Manzur al-Ifriqi’s (d. 711 AH) *Nithar al-Azhar fi al-Layl wa al-Nahar* (Scattered Flowers in Night and Day) is a literary work that combines language, description, and philosophical reflections on natural phenomena in a style that blends scholarly rigor with literary taste. Ibn Manzur is known to scholars for his major works such as *Lisan al-Arab*.
The Arabs and the Selected Songs, however, this book highlights another aspect of his scientific personality, as the writer presents the relationship of man with nature at night and during the day through a deep linguistic-literary vision, and he formulates his material within thematic chapters that deal with colors, sounds, effects, the movement of the celestial bodies, the description of the sun and planets, and other cosmic phenomena.