Kufa Journal of Arts

Ruminant animals, especially sheep and goats, are an essential source of food for humans and an important pillar of the national income in Iraq, especially Karbala Governorate. The study of these animals has attracted the attention of researchers in all sciences, including geography. The study took the climatic factors represented by solar radiation, temperature, rain, relative humidity and wind, to show their effect on the breeding of these animals. The research concluded that the location of the study area had a role in determining the climatic characteristics, as it made it characterized by extreme extremes in temperature, and it is also characterized by the lack of rain and its fluctuation due to its continental location and the high amount of solar radiation in the region, which leads to heatstroke or heat stress in ruminants, and then a lack of appetite. food, which is reflected in its production. Climate elements indirectly affect the type and quantity of fodder available to animals, their fodder needs, the type of plants and the entire crop composition, as each crop needs certain climatic conditions of its own. However, the long duration and intensity of solar radiation, especially in the hot months, has negative repercussions on the fauna and flora in the region. The region's rains are also characterized by their fluctuation, irregular fall, and low quantity, so they are not directly dependent on in agriculture, which makes reliance on irrigation inevitable. However, despite its scarcity, it works to reduce the number of irrigations needed by fodder crops and agricultural crops whose by-products are included in animal feed.

In reading on the words of time and place, reading on the words of time and place, reading his poetic models, he used them in some deep social and psychological functions; He used to believe that his belief was from the long-lived long-lived, pre-Islamic and Islam, which made him have another set of poetic experience that he was going through, as the place expressed his anxiety and fear, so he left its traces on him in his stillness and his movements that remind him of his past and his loved ones.

The research entitled (Primary Reading in the History of the Najaf Press 1910-2003) focused on what the honorable city of Najaf was known for its scholars, thinkers and writers, and it has many religious personalities, as the city of Najaf was blessed with the establishment of many magazines and newspapers that were handed down by hands, as it developed after the Ottoman coup 23 July 1980 led to an increase in the number of newspapers that encouraged this new constitution during the beginning of the twentieth century, but it receded at the beginning of the one Baath party.

The imperative method is one of the methods of compositional performance in the Arabic language that the poet adopted in the Diwan, using it to say praise, description, lamentation and depicting his feeling in an impressive way that contributes to persuading the recipient of what is going on in his imagination and thought to live the same experience, so he was keen to employ this method in a variety of forms.
It seemed to us that the poet is more than using direct and explicit commands in a sentence to say, so that could understand them and pays attention to the intended meaning of them without effort or fatigue. The saying was done in the form of the verb (say) more than other forms of the imperative, because it was considerate of the requirements of the state of the hearer, To prove his sincere feelings towards the praised one.
The imperative sentence deviated from its true meanings to metaphorical purposes indicated by the context. and the most employed purposes were news and glorification because it fits the purpose of praise for which the imperative sentence was employed, and the position was a place of at tractableness and endearment to the person who is praised and directing attention to him, as it is one of the methods affecting the human soul and one of the aesthetic subtleties Which gives the sentence eloquence and impressive revelations.

The research included a study of the groundwater resources available in the Wadi Mudud Basin and the possibility of investing them in various fields (agriculture, industry, building and construction, human drinking), and the research included studying the forms of groundwater and its geographical distribution. Humanity.
The research concluded that groundwater is suitable for various agricultural, industrial, building and construction uses, with the exception of drinking water for humans.

The research aims as a whole to study the employment of narrative acceleration techniques (total and omission) in the narrative critical discourse, taking the novels of Ahmed Saadawi as a model for this study. By critical discourse here, we mean the critical viewpoints that the writer disseminates within these narratives towards the reality in which he lives, and what this includes This reality of political, social, cultural and religious issues, and to achieve this purpose, the analytical inductive approach was used to find out the extent of the impact of these two techniques on the narrative critical discourse, and the extent to which they were employed in this discourse, as well as to reveal the motives that made relying on these two techniques necessary for the narrative construction in a way In general, and for fictional critical discourse in particular, as well as knowing the effect of using these two techniques on the interdependence of fictional events or understanding the critical meanings that the writer wanted to convey to the recipient. The most important findings of the research showed that the writer's use of these two techniques had a significant impact on the novel's critical discourse. Through them, it was possible for him to cover a larger time space within the single novel, and thus increase the critical texts that belong to different periods of time.

This research investigated the impact of weather elements and phenomena on behavioral and psychological conditions, specifically the health status of individuals in the Karkh district of Baghdad. This was achieved by examining several mental and psychological illnesses, as well as stress-related conditions such as hypertension and diabetes. The study identified variables that could be used to measure these conditions and their frequency across different months and seasons. The year 2023 was chosen due to the availability of data, and the research focused on twelve different medical conditions. Statistical analyses were then conducted, including correlation coefficient (r), coefficient of determination (Rsq), and regression coefficient, to determine the impact. The research encompassed the following aspects:
1.Analyze the climatic characteristics of the study area.
2.Analyze the characteristics of related diseases in the study area.
3.Demonstrate the impact of the study area's climatic characteristics on the occurrence of various types of behavioral diseases.

Throughout its first ten centuries, the Islamic world witnessed multiple waves of epidemics. However, some were distinguished by their severe mortality and extensive scope, transcending the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, and Egypt to encompass vast regions of the known world. Among the most prominent and impactful of these was the epidemic known in historical sources as the \"Black Mortality\" (Al-Mawtan Al-Aswad) or the \"Great Annihilation\" (Al-Fina\' Al-Kabir) , which occurred in 749 AH / 1348 CE.
The historian Ibn Al-Wardi describes its initial emergence, noting that its news first came from China, then it spread toward India, reached the lands of the Uzbeks, broke the back of Transoxiana, and invaded the lands of the Persians (\'Ajam), particularly the territories of Al-Khata, Crimea (Al-Qirim), Anatolia (Al-Rum), Cyprus, and the islands (Al-Jaza\'ir). Subsequently, it struck Egypt (Cairo, Alexandria, and Upper Egypt), expanded towards Barqa in the Maghreb (Ifriqiya), then turned towards Gaza, Ascalon (Ashkelon), and Acre (Akka) in Palestine, reaching the Dome of the Rock. Ibn Al-Wardi continues his narrative of its path: \"It traversed the stages, hunted Sidon, ambushed Beirut, then directed its arrow towards Damascus... then it afflicted Al-Mazzah, emerged to Barzah, and mounted... against Baalbek... it struck Homs with a great calamity and drained it... then it entered Ma\'arrat al-Nu\'man... then it crept to Sarmin and Al-Fu\'ah... then Antioch... then it humiliated Azaz and Kalaz... and the fortresses... and Aleppo,\" eventually reaching Baghdad.
Regarding its symptoms, historians relate that the definitive sign of infection was the spitting of blood; whenever a person spat blood, people were certain they would die within two nights. A researcher, quoting Ibn Taghribirdi, describes the magnitude of the catastrophe in Egypt: \"It continued tearing apart the Egyptian body for about two years, with the number of its victims ranging between ten thousand and twenty thousand people daily. The number of dead increased to such an extent that people carried them on ladders, doors, and wooden planks... It seems that graves were too few to accommodate these vast numbers, so people resorted to burying multiple bodies in a single pit – i.e., a single grave. Streets and mosques were filled with the corpses of victims. The plague was so lethal that medicines were of no avail, due to the swiftness of death.\" He adds that its effects were not limited to humans but extended to sea creatures, birds in the sky, and wild beasts on land; even small fish in canals and lakes were poisoned by its impact.
The names of this plague multiplied due to its severity; it was called the \"Black Death.\" It is narrated that it appeared suddenly, and after wreaking immense destruction upon people, it disappeared just as suddenly, although some historians indicate that it roamed the world for fifteen years before reaching Aleppo in 749 AH, continually terrorizing and causing death throughout that period. This epidemic is worthy of study, not only for the magnitude of its impact but also for its striking similarity to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic we are experiencing today, in terms of its vast geographical scope, the severity of its health and social repercussions, and the challenges humans faced in confronting it. Hence, the significance of this research lies in elucidating the features of that historical catastrophe and drawing lessons that remain relevant in facing pandemics.

The USA occupation forces have significantly violated the rules of international humanitarian law in Iraq, as they targeted civilians and civilian objects in aerial bombardments in 2003, which led to the killing and wounding of thousands of Iraqi civilians, as well as targeting infrastructure by destroying electrical and industrial facilities, hospitals, roads, bridges, and bombing residential areas. And the use of internationally prohibited weapons in accordance with the four Geneva Conventions, through the use of cluster bombs, which led to the killing of civilians and soldiers alike without discrimination, And the use of napalm weapons, depleted uranium weapons, and mines, which are internationally prohibited weapons, which claimed the lives of thousands of Iraqi civilians, women and children. In monitoring those violations that are contrary to the rules of international humanitarian law through its representatives present in the field of military operations, providing legal protection for civilians and civilian objects, providing humanitarian aid and relief work, providing water, food and treatment for the sick, detainees and displaced persons. These organizations are working to send reports to the competent authorities, especially to the United Nations, in order to stop these violations. The United States of America in Iraq

Criticism is one of the intellectual and cognitive tools that a person in general, and a philosopher, in particular, uses in order to reach the truth. And it comes in another place in a positive way and an incentive to continue building a sober intellectual system. Thus, criticism constitutes an essential stage of the formation of Islamic philosophical thought in the medieval era, and its pioneers were the Andalusian philosopher Ibn Tufail, who had a critical stance on the philosophers of his time and what philosophy commanded him at the time, and Al-Farabi is one of the philosophers whom Ibn Tufail criticized, as he found a contradiction in his views on the issue of the immortality of the human soul, there is an opinion that supports its immortality and another denies its immortality and that its existence is limited to this life.

This study examines the novel *The Other Woman* by Moroccan novelist Karima Aheddad through cultural and critical analysis, aiming to uncover the mechanisms of representation and manifestations of otherness within the novel\'s structure. It seeks to elucidate the implicit cultural patterns that drive its deeper meanings and guide its narrative structure. The study begins with a central question: How does otherness manifest itself in this novel as an implicit cultural pattern that reproduces the system of female identity and social power within the contemporary Moroccan context? This central question branches into sub-questions concerning the mechanisms of the comparative female model, the manifestations of cultural corruption within the creative space, and the use of narrative techniques to serve these implicit patterns.
This study adopts cultural criticism in its comprehensive sense, as established by the Birmingham School of Cultural Studies. It draws upon the contributions of Raymond Williams in analyzing culture as a living social practice, Stuart Hall in his theory of cultural representation and hegemony, Homi Bhabha in his concept of otherness and negotiated identity, Simone de Beauvoir in deconstructing the duality of self and other from a feminist perspective, and Paul Ricoeur in his concept of narrative identity. These theoretical frameworks are not employed in parallel or in isolation, but rather are articulated according to the principle of procedural integration. Cultural criticism forms the central axis, while the other tools contribute to illuminating its various aspects. The analysis relies directly on the narrative text as an indispensable primary source, employing a comprehensive cultural-critical approach to the characters, relationships, setting, and narrative techniques.

The research presented a rhetorical study of the art of rhetorical simile and its aesthetics in the poetry of Sheikh Abd al-Hadi al-Fadhli, in which he used the types of simile from a confirmed messenger and the rhetorical simile to reach his goal, taking advantage of the proximity of this art and its acceptability to the recipient, as it is more like the popular heritage.
The research has come to know that the poet\'s analogy is from his living environment, and this is what you notice in most of his analogies, which are sensory analogies through which he reaches his hope for a life full of lovers of science and learning far from ignorance, and his love and loyalty to the city of Najaf, as well as standing in front of life\'s difficulties and challenges Likewise, we find an analogy present in university departments to honor a colleague, congratulating him for a certain position .
The poet Al-Fadli conveyed through this art his emotions and experiences, so it was close to the recipient, because he felt the sincerity of what he received and read, so the poet had achieved his purpose and desire.

Urban sprawl is a multi-faceted concept that represents theexternal spread of the city and its suburbs at the expense of the lands surrounding the city and has a negative impact on the city\'s infrastructure and city sustainability. The land, which is considered the realistic result of the planning work, and that the concept of land uses has been known since ancient times, given that the city is in continuous growth and permanent development due to changes and increase in population numbers and economic development. Therefore, organizing land uses is important and necessary to accommodate this development and random growth. for the city.

The regime thought that the death of the Marja’ mrBoroujerudi in 1961 would allow it to pass laws and legislation without anyone opposing it, but mr Khomeini and other scholars in Qom and other Iranian cities were on the lookout for all the government’s actions. However, it can be said that leadership and leadership were embodied from the beginning in the person of mr Khomeini, who, with his powerful and influential speeches against the Pahlavi regime and its policies, inspired and motivated most of the Iranian people to stand against the government without fear. The Iranian people’s struggle against the Pahlavi regime developed from secret and public meetings and the distribution of leaflets supporting mr Khomeini’s movement, to the stage of peaceful protests and sit-ins inside mosques, schools and universities. However, the influential thing that had the greatest impact on the fall of the Shah was the protests and sit-ins of government employees and workers, as they confused the government’s administrative apparatus and caused it to lose control over the state’s joints and institutions, in addition to the financial losses.

The Palestinian cause witnessed radical economic and political transformations after the June 1967 setback, as the Arab countries, especially the Arab Gulf states, including Kuwait, formed a fundamental support to confront the challenges that the Palestinians faced after the setback, Kuwait was at the forefront of the countries supporting economically, officially and popularly through funding Palestinian institutions and organizationsHowever, this role has undergone changes, coinciding with political, economic, and regional crises. This research aims to conduct a historical and analytical study of Kuwait\'s economic role in providing financial support to the Palestinian people after the 1967 - 1990, by posing several questions that clarify the research problemAmong them, was Kuwait’s role in supporting the Palestinian cause economically between 1967 - 1990? What were the mechanisms and methods of support? The reason for choosing 1967 as the starting point for the research was due to the political, demographic and economic changes in the positions of Arab countries including Kuwait, As for the reason for stopping the research in 1990,This was due to changes in Kuwait\'s policies and the cessation of economic support for Palestinian refugees, and the resulting political stances taken in response to the Palestinian resistance movement. The study was structured in the form of an introduction, three sections, a conclusion, and a list of the most important sources and references, The first section was titled \"The Historical Roots of Kuwaiti-Palestinian Economic-Political Relations 1936-1967,\" while the second section was titled \"Kuwaiti-Palestinian Economic Relations 1967-1990,\"The third section deals with the mechanisms of Kuwaiti economic support for the Palestinian cause from 1967 to 1990, and concludes with the most important results and conclusions. The research relied on the analytical and descriptive historical methodology by highlighting Kuwait’s economic policy and the most prominent political events, documenting them with a number of political and economic documents, reports, sources, articles and university theses, and the quantitative method by stating the figures of economic aid, financial amounts and the number of resident PalestiniansResidents, their remittances, and evaluation of annual support budgets. By studying the Kuwaiti economic role in the Palestinian cause 1967–1990, it appears clear that Kuwaiti-Palestinian relations began before the partition decision in 1948 for historical, national, and religious reasons, A number of committees were formed for a group of young people who supported the Palestinian people, and they had an important multifaceted economic role in supporting the Palestinian cause politically and economically Wever, after the June 1967 setback, it witnessed radical economic and political transformations. Changes also occurred in this role, coinciding with political, economic, and regional crises, up until 1990, as part of Arab and Islamic solidarity Official and institutional Kuwaiti aid was channeled through its institutions, including the Kuwait Fund for DevelopmentFormal and unofficial charities to help refugees.

The research aims to study the laws established by Islam for Muslim women, and the compatibility of these laws with the development of civilization experienced by women today, especially after the emergence of social networking sites that stimulate dialogues between readers and writers of women and men and then stimulate intellectual, cultural, political, social and environmental discussions that went to This study makes a comparison between the concepts of true Islam - defined by the research in the name of the authentic Mohammedan Islam - that relate to Muslim women and their compatibility with the civilized dialogues that women hold today. With other mahrams in these sites, and to show that the research will shed light on the conversations that were honest against women to make them a constitution that determines their position in the sites of communication, and then indicate the degrees of prohibition that should be away from the Muslim and avoid them because that communication, although it represents a civilized face Evolving today, however, it is often - from the point of view of Islam - a facet of ignorance that Islam fought.
As for the research plan, it was divided into demands that clarify the basic characteristics of the righteous woman that Islam wants as follows: The fertile, loving woman, the chaste woman, the woman who flaunts herself with her husband and is chaste with others, the womanwho listens to herhusband and obeys his commands.

This research seeks to explore the role of short videos on social media in shaping the attitudes of academic elites in Najaf Governorate towards domestic violence issues, by revealing exposure patterns, the nature of the content that provokes their interaction, and the cultural roles they adopt to reduce this phenomenon.
This research was based on the descriptive approach. The questionnaire and scale were used as a tool to collect information. The researcher targeted a sample of (184) university p rofessors in the Najaf Governorate, specifically from the universities of (Kufa and Al-Furat Al-Awsat).
The researcher reached several conclusions, including that video clips are a top priority for elites in sparking debate and shaping public opinion against this phenomenon. Elites bear a professional responsibility to provide advice and counsel to highlight the seriousness of this phenomenon. Content creators have failed to offer a critical perspective to reduce its prevalence in societ The researcher came up with a number of conclusions, including: Short video clips top the priorities of the elites to provoke discussion and form a public opinion against this phenomenon; the elites bear a professional responsibility to give advice and counsel to raise awareness of the danger of this phenomenon; and to train content creators because they have failed to provide a critical vision to reduce the spread of thisphenomenon in society.
The researcher presented a number of proposals, the most important of which are: encouraging the production of purposeful and well-thought-out content in an attractive style that takes into account the human dimension, working to include issues of domestic violence in university curricula in the scientific departments of all colleges, and e ncouraging and funding scientific research and studies that address topics of domestic violence.

This study examines the technological competition between the United States and the People’s Republic of China in the Middle East from 2011 to 2025, within the context of broader transformations in the international system. It is grounded in the premise that digital technology has moved beyond its conventional role as technical infrastructure to become a structural component of soft power and strategic influence.
The study adopts an analytical framework that integrates constructivist and liberal institutionalist perspectives to explain how digital infrastructure, data platforms, and communication networks reshape power relations among states. It focuses on the Middle East as a key arena of this competition, particularly given the region’s accelerating digital transformation.
The analysis is structured around three interconnected dimensions: the reconceptualization of soft power in the digital age, a comparative assessment of U.S. and Chinese technological strategies in the region, and an examination of regional state responses to this rivalry.
The findings indicate that Sino-American technological competition is reshaping the region’s digital architecture, contributing to the emergence of a partially fragmented technological environment. At the same time, Middle Eastern states exhibit strategic agency by adopting hedging and balancing strategies that enhance their autonomy while leveraging the benefits of great-power competition

After the year 2003, the region adjacent to Iraq entered a new case that differed from its previous era. The occupation of Iraq in 2003 and the waging of war against it created a unique situation in the Middle East and in the regional surrounding Iraq. The balances that prevailed were disturbed and all the relations of the active powers entered from within the region. With a kind of chaos and instability,those countries were not able to predict the outcome of matters or their developments, which led to creating a state of anticipation and confusion, and waiting for the situation in the region and the decided results and repercussions of the war on Iraq and the occupation.

The aim of this study is to investigate the truth or lack thereof of the historical existence of the Babylonian ruler Kandalanu, as the events that took place during the second half of the seventh century BC were characterized by ambiguity, and this was evident in the emergence of this obscure historical figure who was known as. Studies that dealt with the history of Babylon during the reign of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (668-631 BC) differed on many issues related to this ruler Kandalanu, which sparked a wide controversy among researchers about his truth. One of the most prominent manifestations of this difference is the truth of his existence as an independent Babylonian ruler who took the throne after the end of the war between the brothers Ashurbanipal and his brother Shamas shum Ukin, or just a symbolic Babylonian name carried by the Assyrian king Kandalanu.

This research focuses on the issue of defining the concept of counterterrorism, which has become a major topic of discussion. However, the problem of definition remains the most difficult and almost impossible task in light of political changes and the Charter\'s inability to grasp the phenomenon and its changing nature in terms of methods, stages, and causes. Prior to the adoption of Resolution 1373 of 2001 and the establishment of the Counter-Terrorism Committee, the international community issued sixteen international legal instruments related to combating terrorism. As a result of the focus on the events of September 11, 2001, and the adoption of Security Council Resolution 1373, which calls on states to become parties to these international instruments, the international community gradually adopted its decisions, commensurate with the nature of the situation and the seriousness of the challenges facing combating this phenomenon. These resolutions became more comprehensive in their procedures, which increased the effectiveness of laws after their inclusion in Chapter VII of the Charter. From here, mechanisms emerged to establish legal rules, whether by imposing sanctions, freezing funds, banning the movement of terrorists or supplying them with weapons, or by taking measures regarding terrorism by criminalizing and preventing it, criminalizing its financing, and prohibiting incitement to it. States have addressed this problem by signing international agreements and protocols, which has necessitated the Security Council to provide comprehensive solutions by establishing legal rules and finding solutions to combat the complex and controversial phenomenon of terrorism, which has begun to undermine international peace and security and global stability.

The significance attached to the Old and New Testaments (The Bible) is contingent upon the beliefs of their adherents. Given the large following of these Testaments, and their status as books attributed to divinely-sent prophets, it is imperative to shed light on their contents through scholarly investigation.
Some Muslims posit that the concept of abrogation (Naskh) exists within both the Old and New Testaments, citing several passages from these texts as evidence. However, these passages have been presented in isolation, without comparative analysis with other relevant texts. This selective approach leads to the erroneous conclusion of abrogation. Therefore, this research aims to demonstrate the fallacy and lack of substantiation for such claims.

Ireland was unjust to its women. For many years, Irish women were marginalized, their voices were silenced, and they were absent from history, culture, and even literary works. Ireland is viewed as a woman not only by colonialists, but also by the Irish themselves. Female writers struggle to get recognition. The Irish literature has always been dominated by men. For centuries, the literary world revolved around male voices. In addition, Irish poetry ignored the role of women and did not address their experiences and daily lives. As a result, the women\\'s role was entirely passive. Boland attempts to create a special space for Irish women. She tries to rectify Irish poetry that was, for a long time, male-dominated. Boland opposes the stereotypical images of Irish women presented by male poets in their writings. Those men have portrayed the Irish women as static entities who play no active role in life or society. In her \\"Anorexic\\" and \\"Menses\\", Boland addresses sensitive issues concerning the Irish women. Such subjects have always been overlooked in Irish poetry. Male poets have never addressed feminist themes or daily experiences that express the reality of the ordinary Irish women.

Forming neologisms such as brunch and smog represents a complex example of linguistic creativity. This process involves the compression of two conceptual domains as well as the intentional manipulation of phonological, orthographic, and semantic material to produce a novel yet interpretable lexical item. With the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) as powerful generators of text capable of producing language often indistinguishable from that of humans, the question of whether these models can truly replicate this type of human creativity has become a central focus of inquiry. This study explores the blending capabilities of six contemporary LLMs by implementing a systematic analysis of their neologisms in comparison to those created by humans. Depending on established frameworks of word formation (WF) theory, the study investigates the phonological switch point, the juncture at which the two source words (SWs) are joined to form a new lexeme, in blends generated by LLMs. Through systematic analysis of 43 LLM-generated blends, the study identifies 14 distinct switch point types and reveals that LLMs demonstrate a clear preference for syllable boundary switches, followed by onset-nucleus boundaries and nucleus coda boundaries. The analysis shows that LLMs successfully learn and apply general phonological rules from their training data. These preferences align with those observed in human-generated blends. Furthermore, LLMs are sensitive to phonotactic constraints. They avoid splits within complex consonant clusters. These findings suggest that while LLMs can acquire sophisticated phonological knowledge through statistical learning, their approach to blend formation (BF) reflects learned patterns rather than genuine creative intuition. The study contributes to our understanding of how LLMs process morphological and phonological information, and raises important questions about the nature of linguistic knowledge in Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems.

This research aims to draw attention to the importance of including pragmatic aspects in the language curriculum to develop the trainees\' deliberative competence which, in turn, allows the Iraqi college students to hold constructive dialogue and critical thinking in communicative contexts. For the control (25) and experimental (25), a total of fourteen low intermediate students, with a variety of L1s, were randomly selected. After transcribing the data on role-playing, A qualitative research design was used to compare the learning results in the treatment group with that of the control group. The results indicate that the instructional strategy positively impacted pragmatic performance of the addressed speaking act by L2 students. This implies that L2 instruction that tries to provide students with metapragmatic knowledge linked to significant chances for language usage may improve students\' L2 pragmatic development. According to the researcher, this emphasis on pragmatic competence includes the desire to recognize and comprehend the components and procedures that go into a language learner\'s acquisition of pragmatic abilities.

This paper analyzes the concept of irony in postmodern literature through Peter Sloterdijk’s “cynical reason.” Unlike traditional false consciousness—where ideology operates as an illusion that hides material reality from an unknowing subject—Sloterdijk’s “enlightened false consciousness” describes a more resilient and insidious condition. In this state, individuals fully recognize the falsity of ideological claims and the gap between discourse and practice, yet they remain complicit, acting as if they believed. They know, but they do nothing. This paradox renders conventional critique powerless, for one cannot simply “expose” what is already known. The paper argues that postmodern fiction does not merely reflect this ironic condition but actively attempts to subvert it. Through key narrative strategies—metafiction, critical parody, and the destabilization of irony—postmodern texts force readers to confront their own detached knowingness. Using case studies of Don DeLillo’s White Noise and Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse‑Five, the analysis demonstrates how these works employ self‑reflexive form and exhausted irony to push through cynical paralysis. Rather than offering easy resolutions, they demand an uncomfortable reckoning with the mechanics of narrative construction, thereby opening a space for renewed ethical and political awareness. The “cynical turn” in literature thus signals not a retreat into nihilism or apolitical play, but a strategic effort to root out ideology from within—an effort that remains urgent in our own era of saturated irony and performative knowingness.

Ethos, pathos and logos are modes of persuasion that form the rhetorical triangle. Firstly, ethos is a powerful rhetorical strategy that enhances persuasion by establishing the trust and authority of a speaker. The speech of Old Major in AnimalFarm is strong because he is admired and seen as being wise by the other animals. Secondly, pathos is used when a speaker would like to influence an audience by exciting emotional feedback. Old Major’s speech is filled with emotive language that highlights the suffering of the animals under human rule and helps outline a clear picture of an ideal future. Thirdly, logos uses facts and truth which makes it useful in arguments. Old Major utilises logical arguments to lay out the reasons for the rebellion, explaining how the humans exploit the animals. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the impact of the main characters in Animal Farm on audiences by using Aristotle’s rhetorical triangle. This triangle can be used to persuade, educate and connect with audiences, making it a fundamental tool in communication which influences decision-making.

This study is descriptive qualitative study; it aims to illustrate how deictic expressions are used in Donald Trump’s farewell address from a pragmatic perspective. To meet this objective, Levinson (1983) and Yule’s (1996) five major types of deixis: person, time, place, social, and discourse deixis, will be adopted in data analysis. The analysis has demonstrated that person, time, place, social, and discourse deixis play a role in constructing meaning and in shaping the political ideologies. The textual analysis has further shown that each type of deixis is used by Trump to attain certain purposes. For instance, person deixis was used to get along with his followers and to distinguish his adversaries. Temporal deixis was used to focus on accomplishments and perseverance. For touching national imagery, he used spatial deixis, whereas social deixis was employed to emphasize social relationships. The last type, discourse deixis, was used to build a coherent narrative. This study, by focusing on deictic expressions, has demonstrated their vital contribution in conveying ideological messages and in enhancing the communicative power of political speeches on the audience.

The present study primarily focuses on investigating the pragma-dialectical strategies of
persuasion and explores the way they are used to persuade their audience and to win the debate. It
analyses the debate entitled ‘Islam is a Religion of Peace’ pragmatically in an attempt to identify
a way to defend Islam and persuade others with its truth, and to fill a gap that has not received
enough attention. In the context of Mahdi Hassan's (year) debate, an eclectic model is designed in
order to achieve the aims of the study; it comprises three theories: van Eemeren's (2018) Critical
Discussion, Brown and Levinson's (1987) theory of politeness and Grice's (1975) Theory of
cooperative principle. It has been found that persuasion can be achieved by using and/or flouting
different strategies and certain speech acts can be used in the four stages. Moreover, politeness
strategies play an important role in the persuasion process and flouting the maxims of the
cooperative principle can serves much in persuasion. Finally, Hassan seems to be more
convincing in terms of adhering to the standards of an effective speech act of persuasion.