Journal of Imam Al-Kadhum College

This study attempts to examine the ambiguous elements in the Qur'an and their foundation, considering them as a reflection of linguistic economy and one of its solid aspects. It seeks to prove that Qur'anic ambiguity is an effective linguistic tool among the instruments of language moderation, which ensures the delivery of the message with the least possible linguistic means through fruitful semantic condensation that pursues intentionality and takes into account the receiver, relying on the shared knowledge possessed by the parties of the discourse. Accordingly, Qur'anic ambiguity is one of the means of text clarity, richness, and brilliance, because it relies on the rich condensation of the meanings of the discourse, invoking the culture of the recipient, and activating their interpretation. This is in contrast to linguistic ambiguity, which can constitute obscurity and complexity in the text at times. Therefore, the truth is that ambiguity in the Qur'an is an example of linguistic economy that seeks moderation in performance between expression and meaning, and the conciseness of the discourse without any flaw or weakness in meaning.

The research titled 'Erotetic Logic in Islamic Philosophy, al-Farabi as a Model' is an attempt to seek a model for erotetic logic as it was studied by al-Farabi who was the first teacher and the pioneer of terminologization in Islamic philosophy. He also explained and added abundantly to Aristotlean logic. To achieve this, the rise of erotetic logic in the middle of the twentieth century is presented, three chosen models of it are shown, and the existence of erotetic logic in al-Farabi's thought is
proved by assuming a number of hypotheses that were proved in the research.

This research explores the topic of religion and human development: reflections on the concept and its individual and social dimensions, through a comprehensive study that combines conceptual, functional, and critical perspectives. The research begins by outlining the origins, definition, and sources of religion, then moves to the concept of religiosity and the need for religion, clarifying its importance in the lives of individuals and society. It also presents the individual and social benefits of religion, highlighting its role in shaping human character, regulating behavior, and instilling moral and social values. The research further examines the relationship between science and religion, emphasizing their complementarity in serving humanity, before discussing the dangers of misunderstanding and exploitation, and the resulting negative social, political, and intellectual consequences. The research employs a descriptive, analytical, and critical approach, combining classical texts with philosophical analysis, to conclude that religion is an indispensable constructive force in human life, and that a correct understanding of it is the guarantee for building a balanced individual and a cohesive society.

Abstract : This study seeks to present a dogmatic, hermeneutic, and analytical examination of the description material reported to Imam Musa ibn Jaafar Al-Kadhum (peace be upon him). This is the result of Al- Al-Amthal elucidation to Shirazi. It is one of the most important modern Muslim clarifications on social mood. It set out to delve deeply into the demands of the modern day and solve its doubts and difficulties, particularly those associated with Islamic theology. The study focuses on these narratives, revealing their relevance in the development and integration of doctrinal ethics. Moreover, these narrations addressed the fundamental aspects of religion and the principal beliefs of Muslims, as articulated by the Imam (peace be upon him) through his words and statements, and at times by his exegesis of the Holy Quran and other Qur’anic scriptures. Sporadically by rational discourse, and at times through esteemed tradition. These solutions seek to address disagreements while also revealing the profound and infallible intellectual stream in the interpretation of the Qur'an.

Abstract : The research addresses a controversial issue related to the end of the Nabataean Kingdom and its integration into the Roman state in 106 AD. This study focuses on the period between 106-111 AD, which witnessed political and economic transformations that led to the end of Nabataean rule and the annexation of their possessions to the Roman borders. The research seeks to analyze the historical and archaeological narratives and evidence that dealt with this event, and focuses on a fundamental question: Did the political presence of the Nabataeans in the region end as a result of political disintegration that afflicted the kingdom and helped the Romans to direct a military campaign and subdue them, or were there gradual annexation procedures that enabled the Romans to achieve their goals?

Abstract : This research attempts to explore the concept of polyphony, which is considered one of the most important stylistic features distinguishing fictional characters, as each fictional character has a point of view that they express. Perhaps the theory proposed by the Russian critic Uspensky regarding point of view, which he considered central to the composition of literary works, is one of the most important theories revealing the multiplicity of voices in literature. He proposed four levels: the ideological level, the expressive level, the spatial and temporal level, and the psychological level. The researcher found in the novel *Swiss Summer* by the Iraqi writer Inam Kachachi a model that embodies the concept of multiple voices, as the novel is built around four characters who differ in their viewpoints, styles, and ideologies.

Abstract : The Abbasid era, particularly in the fourth century AH, was marked by a qualitative leap in prose arts. Maqamat emerged as a prose literary genre that combined education and entertainment, relying on rhetorical devices as essential elements in shaping the identity of the prose text. Therefore, this research aims to study the manifestations and effectiveness of rhetorical devices in the Baghdadi Maqama by Badī' al-Zaman al-Hamadhānī, and how they are employed to achieve aesthetic, narrative, and semantic goals.

: This research is a critical study, employing a cultural approach, of a relatively new subject that has not received the serious attention it deserves. Its central question is how the history of the Iraqi state has been represented in fiction. Because Dr. Salim al-Wardi\'s novel \"The Biography of Ibrahim\" retells the history of the state with new perspectives and profound insights, we have chosen it as a model for this study, marking the first time it has been examined academically.

The research plan is structured as follows: an introductory section introducing the author and the text, followed by two chapters. The first, titled \"The Debate Between Sub-Identities and National Identity: The State Society,\" examines the nature of the contradictions, within a multicultural society, between long-standing sub-identities and the emerging Iraqi national identity following the formation of the state. As for the second chapter, it came under the title “Power before the State: The Military and the Parties,” in which we dismantled the tendencies of acquisition and domination over state institutions, by both the military through their successive coups, and the parties, embodied in the positions of fictional characters belonging to the two parties: the Iraqi Communist Party and the Arab Socialist Baath Party, and what they caused in terms of spreading sharp polarization tendencies and the culture of militarism in society, which contributed to weakening the fabric of society and undermining the foundations of the Iraqi state..

Abstract : After 2020, Iraq will adopt a foreign policy based on openness and strategic balance by establishing balanced diplomatic relations with all countries and employing diplomatic tools in an attempt to reposition itself as a country that enjoys the trust of its regional neighbours, and to transition from a marginal regional player to an active state that contributes to controlling alliances, reducing escalation, and forming a different formula for regional interactions based on the principle of active engagement without falling into the trap of aligning with certain axes. However, this policy faced two challenges: structural constraints related to the nature of the Iraqi political system, which is based on consensus in the administration of the state, as well as constraints related to the regional reality, particularly US-Iranian relations and the restrictions they impose on Iraq's foreign policy. Hence, this research seeks to answer the following question: To what extent will Iraq be able to adopt a balanced foreign policy after 2020 in light of internal and regional structural constraints? The research relies on systems analysis and analytical methodology to study the development of Iraqi foreign policy, its diplomatic tools, and the structural constraints that pose a challenge to Iraqi foreign policy.

This study examines the nature of the regional balance of power in the Middle East, focusing on the duality of conflict and competition between Iran and Israel after 2023. The research's significance lies in the region's geopolitical sensitivity as a global economic and energy center of gravity, and the attempts by regional powers to fill the strategic vacuums resulting from international changes. The research problem centers on a fundamental question: To what extent has the shift in the rules of engagement from proxy warfare to direct strikes contributed to reshaping the concept of balance of power, and whether it is heading towards sustainable deterrence or a full-scale conflagration? The study posits that Iran's possession of missile deterrence and the multiplicity of fronts of confrontation have created a state of "balance of terror" that prevents a full-scale regional war despite ongoing escalation.
The study concluded that regional balance is no longer a fixed equation, but rather a dynamic network influenced by strategic vacuums and shifting centers of gravity.
The results demonstrated that this balance is based on an unstable mutual deterrence, oscillating between tension and attraction. The research also concluded that technological capabilities, particularly drones and ballistic missiles, have reshaped the concept of power, thereby counterbalancing Israel's conventional military superiority. It should be noted that the lack of air superiority remains a weakness in Iranian strategy.

Abstract : Contemporary Iranian political thought has played a significant role in the field of contemporary Islamic political theory. Unofficial Iranian political thought, if one may call it that, has played a role in analyzing and formulating concepts parallel to official political thought. Abdolkarim Soroush's ideas formed the foundation of this thought. The contributions of Shabestari and Malekian to this intellectual and philosophical diversity cannot be overlooked. The core of Soroush's thought began with a central critique of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist (Velayat-e Faqih) and its conflict with public freedoms. He also criticized closed political thought and attempted to offer a new interpretation of contemporary Iranian religious and theological thought, breaking down the classical concept based on intellectual stagnation, a departure from critical content, and selectivity, while introducing new and innovative modern concepts and perceptions. The terms "contraction" and "expansion" in Islamic law, and the separation of the divine from the human and the sacred from the profane, are among Soroush's most prominent contributions to contemporary reformist thought, and he was a pillar of the new political thought in Iran.

Abstract : The study investigates the development of Iraqi journalism from the British Occupation, which started in 1914, to the End of the Monarchical Era in 1958. It focuses on the analysis of its role in the political and social life, and its relation to authority. It explores how journalism has shifted from an official platform, subject to authority, to a more efficient tool that shapes public opinion and helps direct political issues.
The study adopts the historical analytical method, by tracing the origin and development of Iraqi journalism through different stages, including the British occupation, the establishment of the Iraqi state, and then the monarchy, with analyzing its role in major political issues such as the 1920 revolution, the 1941 movement, the 1948 uprising, up to the fall of the monarchy in 1958.
The study maintains that Iraqi journalism played an important role in establishing political awareness. It contributes to conveying ideas, criticizing government policies, and supporting national movements. However, this role is constrained by some legal and political limitations that restrict its freedom. The study also reveals that the relationship between journalism and the authorities is characterized by both overlap and conflict; at times, journalism was a tool in the authorities' hands, and at others, a means of opposing them.
The study concludes that the Iraqi journalism during the monarchy was a fundamental element in political life, and contributed, directly or indirectly, to paving the way for the major transformations that Iraq witnessed, making its study an important entry point for understanding the nature of the political system and the relationship between the state and society at that stage .

Abstract : Our research addresses a topic that has been frequently referenced across various social, media, educational, and psychological studies, owing to its societal significance and its role as a fundamental pillar within the community's value system. Specifically, this study examines the Iraqi university environment and the significance of academic values within it, particularly in relation to social media platforms. It explores the influence these platforms exert on their recipients and users through the topics, opinions, and ideas published across their pages and groups, specifically focusing on university values and their impact on undergraduate students.The research is structured into three main axes. The first axis comprises the introduction and the methodological framework, where the research problem is articulated through the following question: 'To what extent do social media platforms impact university values among students within the academic environment?' To address this, the study adopts the descriptive method, which goes beyond a superficial description of the phenomenon to gather and analyze precise data. A questionnaire was utilized as the scientific research tool to gauge the perspectives of the respondents, who comprised a sample of (100) students from the departments of the College of Applied Arts at the Middle Technical University. The second axis encompasses the theoretical framework, detailing the core concepts under study: social media platforms and university values. The final axis is dedicated to the empirical (practical) component, presenting the questionnaire results through specialized axes and tables.This is followed by the study's conclusions, which indicate that social media platforms play a role in helping to consolidate, preserve, and encourage adherence to university values. Conversely, the findings also reveal that some of these platforms contribute to promoting certain negative values within academic life. Based on these findings, the study offers several recommendations, most notably the organization of scientific and educational activities within universities to foster academic values, emphasize the importance of adhering to them, and highlight their vital role in both university and social life.

This academic study has highlighted an important aspect of religious belief in ancient Egypt, represented by the sacred deities responsible for fertility, reproduction, and the increase of food production. The study has been divided into two main parts. The first part addresses the study of fertility deities during the prehistoric periods, while the second part examines fertility deities during the historical periods. In this section, the deities were presented with a certain degree of detail in terms of their worship, names, titles, and their roles in the process of fertility. Furthermore, this part was divided into two sections: the first deals with male fertility deities, while the second focuses on female fertility deities.

Abstract : This paper synthesizes scholarship regarding on gendered violence and women's agency, as presented in Woman at Point Zero by Nawal El Saadawi and Beloved by Toni Morrison. Although direct comparative studies that occur during this period are not widely found in the literature that has been provided, this analysis relies on the personal evaluation of each of the novels. Woman at Point Zero is analyzed in the way Firdaus is oppressed by patriarchal structures, such as female genital mutilation (FGM), economic oppression, and marginalization in the system, and him resistance and identity recovery. Beloved portrays the experienced deep trauma and structural violence experienced by Black women in the slavery system that centers around physical and sexual abuse, commodification of the body, and the mental effect of past injustices in its characters, such as Sethe. Both novels reveal the theme of gendered violence, which is firmly rooted in socio-economic and cultural systems, and the protagonists can exhibit various modes of agency despite such severe oppression. The review draws the similarity in the systemic quality of violence, commodification of the body, and resilience, and the difference based on the specific socio-historical contexts. It ends with the determination of possible avenues to do future comparative research to gain further insights into the influence of various oppressive systems on the experience and female agentic expression.