Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

The book "Al-Basit fi al-Nahw" (The Simple Book on Grammar) is a fundamental source that clarifies Ibn al-`Alaj's methodology in collecting and classifying grammatical rules, relying on poetic evidence to establish these rules. This has made it an important reference for researchers in the history of Arabic grammar and linguistics. The book justifies Ibn al-`Alaj's focus on poetic evidence as a means of proving grammatical rules. He did not merely list the rule but also provided poetic proofs demonstrating its correct usage and meaning, reflecting a precise scientific approach that combines linguistic theory and application.This research examines the poetic evidence in "Al-Basit" in terms of its sources and its classification according to grammatical purposes. It also studies the methodology of its selection according to the criteria of correctness and acceptability that Ibn al-`Alaj followed. The research also includes an analysis of the value of these proofs, comparing them with the opinions of other grammarians, leading to highlighting the scientific results and additions that Ibn Al-Alaj presented in this field, which represent a reliance on a deep scientific tradition started by his predecessors among the grammarians.

Linguists, in the course of their studies, have undergone a significant shift in perspective. They moved from treating the sentence as an independent unit to addressing a broader linguistic entity—the text—which they adopted as the main subject of study, approaching it through description and analysis. The aim was to formulate a general textual theory that could serve as a foundation for describing various textual forms and understanding their interrelationships. This perspective views the text as a holistic structure, not limited to syntactic composition except insofar as syntax contributes to the overall structural coherence of the text. Linguistic inquiry thus began to integrate both syntactic and semantic considerations, leading to the reshaping of linguistic epistemological methodologies for analyzing the organized relationships embedded within texts. As a result of this development, a new field emerged—Text Linguistics (Text Grammar)—which represents an attempt to establish a systematic reading framework capable of penetrating the textual space. This framework seeks to dismantle and analyze the internal systems of the text to understand how the elements of language interact to produce textuality Text linguistics has since garnered considerable interest among researchers and has become a central focus in linguistic studies, as it plays a critical role in the cohesion and coherence of texts and in understanding their interaction with surrounding contextual factors

Intentionality is considered one of the central concepts in text analysis, as it represents the main gateway to understanding meaning and interpreting discourse. However, its presence varies according to the epistemological and methodological references from which the humanities originate. The present paper aims to study the concept of intentionality through a comparative analytical study between text linguistics and the principles of Islamic jurisprudence, to reveal the points of convergence and divergence between the two fields in approaching textual meaning and regulating its interpretative mechanisms. This paper starts from the problem statement: to what extent can intentionality be viewed as a shared concept between text linguistics and the principles of Islamic jurisprudence, and does the difference in the epistemological background of each allow for the possibility of building an integrative approach to understanding the text?
The paper also concludes that intentionality represents a cognitive meeting point open to methodological dialogue between text linguistics and the principles of Islamic jurisprudence, which opens new horizons for renewing the reading of both religious and linguistic texts, in light of an integrative approach that combines the pragmatic dimension and the teleological dimension.

The present paper aims to clarify a rhetorical art from the arts of the science of Badi, which is (the similarity of the parties or the occasion of sealing the ayas at Sheikh Al-Saadi 1307-1376 A.H. in his interpretation of Tayseer Al-Karim Al-Rahman). This title is one of the important linguistic issues that show that the Holy Qur'an is miraculous in all its aspects. In the words, its premises, rulings and meanings, since the breaks of ayas and their seals with the beautiful names of Allah and His exalted attributes have a relationship and appropriateness to what preceded them. The interpretation of Sheikh Al-Saadi (Taysir Al-Karim Al-Rahman is one of the most important interpretations that dealt with this title. Hence, it became clear that Sheikh Abd al-Rahman al-Saadi (may Allah have mercy on him) was very careful with rhetorical terms, definitions, evaluations and representations.

The present paper aims to examine the phenomenon of stylistic shift between narration and direct discourse in Qur'an through an applied model from Surat al-Kahf, a chapter rich in stylistic diversity and the interweaving of rhetorical patterns between storytelling, exhortation, and declarative speech. The paper seeks to analyze this stylistic shift as a semantic and rhetorical phenomenon that goes beyond mere formal variation, revealing a functional structure related to the text’s pedagogical and doctrinal purposes.The study begins from a central question: What is the nature of stylistic shift in Surat al-Kahf, and what are its rhetorical and communicative functions? It adopts the stylistic-analytical method, drawing upon classical Arabic rhetoric, textual linguistics, and modern pragmatic studies. The paper is divided into two main parts. The first explores the theoretical concepts of narration and discourse, and the features of each within the Qur’anic context, followed by a discussion of stylistic shift in rhetorical studies. The second part is dedicated to an applied analysis of the three core narratives in the surah (the People of the Cave, Moses and the Righteous Servant, and Dhul-Qarnayn), tracing the manifestations of stylistic movement between narration and discourse.

The present paper aims to study the genitive lexical items and to clarify their importance in determining meaning and grammatical relationships, which makes them an essential element in the structure and understanding of the sentence. The paper is based on two major works: Al-Kitab by Sibawayh and Al-Khaṣaiş by Ibn Jinni, as they are among the most prominent scholars of Arabic grammar. Both scholars discuss the genitives using different approaches. Sibawayh focuses on general rules and analogy (qiyas), whereas Ibn Jinni is distinguished by precision, detailed analysis, and attention to grammatical reasoning ('ilal). The study observes that the similarities between the two scholars are far greater than their differences, which indicates the closeness of their ideas and methods. Ibn Jinni is influenced by Sibawayh in his views on genitives. In general, Ibn Jinni's position toward Sibawayh's opinions on genitives was mostly supportive; however, at times he would differ with him, interpret his statements, or critique them. This appears through his explicit support for Sibawayh's position or by quoting passages from Al-Kitab and explaining them by presenting and elaborating Sibawayh's views. Nevertheless, this does not negate the distinctive scholarly personality of each of them in presenting and explaining the scientific material. Thus, both aimed to simplify information and organize it in the reader's mind. Their classifications reflect their concern for the audience, who were primarily students of knowledge.

This study is concerned with thematic lexicons that contributed to enhancing linguistic intuition and refining the expressive styles of authors. These lexicons specialized in collecting words according to their meanings and did not pay attention to the traditional alphabetical arrangement. The work “Al-Alfaz al-Kitabiyya” by al-Hamadhani and the work “Kifayat al-Mutahaffiz wa Nihayat al-Mutalafiz fi al-Lugha al-‘Arabiyya” by Ibn al-Ajdabi fall within this scope, as they are considered among the most famous sources that provided the reader with abundant vocabulary arranged according to topics. Thus, they are among the tributaries of lexicographical writing among the Arabs. This study aims to establish a comparison between the two books in order to show the points of agreement and difference between them in linguistic characteristics, and to demonstrate the scholarly status of each of them among learners and writers. The study concluded that both works sought to collect strong vocabulary, eloquent expressions, and synonyms. However, al-Hamadhani was concerned with style and artistry, making his work closer to composition and literature, whereas Ibn al-Ajdabi was concerned with (precision) and teaching.

The present paper deals with the linguistic differences of the lexical items for lying in Ibn Manzur’s “Dictionary of the Arabs” (d. 711 AH), due to the large number of lexical items for lying that came from the Arabs in this huge and important dictionary. The paper aims to uncover the precise meanings and connotations of these terms, starting from their original, established meanings and a correct understanding of the linguistic contexts. The paper also demonstrates that each term and its synonyms carry a specific meaning that distinguishes it from the abstract meaning of lying and other related terms. Thus, it shows that these meanings were not lost on the Arabs during the golden age of Arabic eloquence; rather, they have been lost to us due to our distance from the original sources of the language. This states the genius of the Arabic language and its precision in defining the meanings of lexical items.

The present paper aims to analyze the reality of electrical energy services in the city of Kirkuk for the year 2025 by examining a set of key indicators, including electricity consumption, electricity pricing, the level of household access to electric power, the number of power outage hours, and the means used to compensate for shortages in supply. The study results reveal that the demand for electrical energy in the city has been increasing significantly due to rapid and equipment across residential, service, and productive sectors. The findings also show a clear gap between the required and supplied quantities of electricity, especially during the summer season, which witnesses peak consumption as a result of high temperatures and the increased reliance on residential and commercial cooling devices. Furthermore, the study confirms that all households in the city alternative sources such as private generators and solar energy systems. This leads to efficiency and sustainability in electrical energy services within the city.

The present paper aims to uncover the nature of the spatial relationships between rural roads and the areas cultivated with strategic crops in the rural areas of the administrative units within the study region. It also seeks to determine the trend in strategic crop production during the study period, and to clarify the nature of the relationship between rural roads and cultivated areas, including the slope of these relationships and the coefficient of interpretation. The total number of rural roads is 544, with the highest number (75) in the center of Al-Hillah District and the lowest (8) in the center of Al-Musayyib District. The areas of land cultivated with strategic crops (wheat, barley, and corn) varied. The highest area during the study period (2014-2022) was recorded for wheat (2,301,056 dunams), and the lowest for barley (363,970 dunams). The trend of change for all crops was decreasing, with annual rates of -2.47%, -0.64%, and -0.56% for barley, corn, and wheat, respectively. The study concluded that… by applying Pearson’s correlation, the strongest positive relationships for the study variables were recorded for the wheat crop with a correlation of (0.03) during the agricultural season (2019-2020), and (0.13) during (2018-2019) for the barley crop, and (0.42) for the corn crop in the year (2021-2022)).

The phenomenon of residential unit fragmentation has emerged in recent years as a significant urban issue driven by multiple factors, most notably the housing crisis, rising rental costs, inheritance and property subdivision, real estate speculation, and the increase in household size. This phenomenon poses a clear challenge to the urban housing structure due to rising population density, which in turn exerts pressure on services and reduces their efficiency. Fragmented housing units contribute to the deterioration of the urban environment in the city, primarily due to increased overcrowding and household congestion within residential units. This leads to intensified pressure on infrastructure services, in addition to increased noise levels and environmental pollution. The spread of this phenomenon has become increasingly evident in Daquq, where the number of fragmented housing units has reached approximately (827) units, varying across residential neighborhoods. The highest proportion was recorded in Ishti neighborhood at (14.3%), while the lowest was in Fariq Awa neighborhood at (1.2%) of the total residential neighborhoods. Accordingly, this phenomenon has attracted considerable attention from researchers. The contribution of geographers to the study of residential unit fragmentation is particularly important, as it helps reveal the scale of fragmented units and their spatial distribution.

This study examines the phenomenon of political conspiracies in al-Andalus during the Emirate and Caliphate periods, focusing on their impact on the destinies of jurists and literary figures, including poets, writers, and philosophers. Through an analysis of historical narratives and biographical sources, the research demonstrates that denunciation and intrigue were not merely isolated incidents but constituted an effective instrument of conflict within the court and among intellectual elites. Several jurists suffered imprisonment or dismissal due to sectarian rivalries, scholarly competition, or political transformations. Likewise, prominent literary and intellectual figures were accused of heresy, rebellion, or veiled criticism of authority, often leading to persecution. The study shows that political authority was not always the originator of such conspiracies; rather, it frequently responded to pressures from influential networks within the state apparatus. These dynamics reshaped the relationship between power and intellectual elites and left a lasting imprint on Andalusian scholarly and literary life. Ultimately, political conspiracy functioned as a mechanism for regulating the public sphere in al-Andalus, extending its influence beyond individuals to the broader cultural and political structure of society.

Although there has been increasing interest in teaching methods in recent times, there is still a need for more studies and research on these methods that help generate ideas, develop learners abilities, and provide solutions to certain problems related to the comprehension of these modern techniques and approaches, particularly brainstorming and everything related to these modern methods for selecting the best solutions to a problem. The first chapter is devoted to the methodological framework and included the research problem, which is formulated in the following question: What is the effectiveness of brainstorming in developing the skills of students in the Department of Art Education in dramatizing curricula .The second chapter represents the theoretical framework and includes three sections: the first entitled Brainstorming, the second entitled Skill, and the third entitled Curriculum Dramatization. The third chapter (methodological framework) is devoted to the research procedures and methodology, where the researcher adopts the experimental method. The research population is selected from third-year students in the Department of Art Education. The fourth chapter includes the results, conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

The research addresses the characteristics of cultural exchange in school theatre performances as an important element in constructing theatrical productions directed at learners, due to its role in developing aesthetic and cognitive awareness, as well as promoting cultural openness while preserving identity. The research problem is formulated through the question: What are the characteristics of cultural exchange in school theatre performances?
The study consists of four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the methodological framework, addressing the research problem, its significance, and its objectives, in addition to defining the key terms. The second chapter presents the theoretical framework through two sections: the first deals with the concept of cultural exchange and its development, while the second focuses on the role of school theatre and cultural interaction within it.
The third chapter presents the research methodology, where the researchers adopted the descriptive-analytical approach. A sample of educational theatre performances was selected, and an analysis tool was designed to examine the characteristics of cultural exchange. The fourth chapter includes the findings and conclusions, which revealed a high presence of cultural.

The study aims to identify the level of cultural awareness and self-care among educational counselors, examine differences according to gender, and explore the correlational relationship between the two variables. The researcher developed two scales: cultural awareness and self-care. The research sample consisted of 400 male and female educational counselors. The results showed that the counselors had a moderate level of cultural awareness, indicating the need to enhance it through training and professional development. The findings also revealed that their level of self-care ranged from moderate to relatively high, reflecting their ability to manage themselves while requiring additional psychological and professional support. Furthermore, the results showed no statistically significant differences in cultural awareness or self-care according to gender, in addition to a positive correlation between the two variables, confirming the importance of developing cultural awareness and enhancing self-care to improve the professional competence of educational counselors.

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a proposed instructional strategy based on the integration of the Woods model and the Dunn & Dunn learning styles model in developing achievement motivation among fifth literary grade female students in the subject of philosophy and psychology. The study was conducted in public secondary schools affiliated with the Salah Al-Din Directorate of Education in Samarra District, Iraq. The sample consisted of 60 female students from Al-Rayyan Secondary School for Girls, who were randomly assigned into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The researcher adopted a quasi-experimental design. To measure achievement motivation, the Achievement Motivation Scale developed by Hazin and Shaheen (2014) was used. The scale consists of 24 items distributed across four dimensions and was applied as a pre-test and post-test for both groups. The researcher adopted a quasi-experimental design. To measure achievement motivation, the researcher adopted the Achievement Motivation Scale developed by Hazin and Shaheen (2014), which consists of 24 items distributed across four dimensions. The scale was administered both before and after the experiment. The results showed statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level in favor of the experimental group in the post-test, as well as significant differences between the pre- and post-tests for the experimental group. These findings indicate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in enhancing achievement motivation. Based on these results, the study recommends adopting this strategy in teaching philosophy and psychology.

This study aims to explore the effectiveness of a blended learning strategy in enhancing the life skills of students in the Department of Psychology, considering variables such as gender, academic level, and course. The study sample consists of 191 students, randomly selected from the department. The present paper employs a questionnaire to assess life skills as a data collection tool, comprising 40 items distributed across eight domains: communication, problem-solving, leadership, cooperation, teamwork, responsibility, self-confidence, acceptance of diversity, and decision-making. Data were analyzed using means and standard deviations, in addition to t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Scheffé tests for post-hoc comparisons.
The results indicate an improvement in life skills following the implementation of the blended learning strategy. Male students showed significant development in their skills compared to female students. Additionally, fourth-year students demonstrated greater progress than their peers in other academic levels. Based on the study’s findings, the study recommends incorporating blended learning into the educational process and expanding its application, given its positive impact on enhancing and developing life skills among psychology students.

The present study aims to identify the effect of the Bayer strategy on the acquisition of concepts of the Comparative Education course among students of the Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences and on developing their visual intelligence. The present paper adopts a quasi-experimental design with partial control, as it is appropriate for the nature of the study. The research sample consists of (85) male and female students who were distributed into two groups: an experimental group of (43) students and a control group of (42) students. The paper ensures the equivalence of the two groups in a number of variables that might affect the accuracy of the results, such as students’ chronological age calculated in months and the visual intelligence scale prior to the experiment. A concepts test for the Comparative Education course was constructed, consisting in its final form of (16) items. Its validity, reliability, and item discrimination were statistically verified. In addition, a scale of intellectual tolerance was developed consisting of (40) items, and its psychometric properties were verified in terms of validity, reliability, and discrimination. The results of the study showed a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in both the Comparative Education concepts test and the visual intelligence scale, in favor of the experimental group that was taught according to the Bayer strategy. This superiority is attributed to the effectiveness of the strategy in developing concepts and enhancing students’ visual intelligence.

The present paper investigates the correlation between intrapersonal intelligence and speaking performance at the preparatory school level in Iraq. Although speaking is a fundamental skill for communication, many students struggle to master it within a foreign language (FL) context. This challenge is often attributed to various underlying factors, including low self-esteem, heightened anxiety, and a deficit in the awareness of productive learning strategies. Intrapersonal intelligence is defined as being self-aware and possessing the ability to understand one’s own emotions, motives, and goals is hypothesized to play a crucial role in helping students handle these challenges and improve their speaking proficiency. The study aims to determine the level of intrapersonal intelligence among students, evaluate their speaking performance, and identify the correlation between these two variables. By understanding this relationship, the paper seeks to assist educators in developing focused pedagogical approaches to enhance students' oral proficiency. The sample consists of 130 randomly selected Iraqi EFL fifth preparatory students from Karbala Governorate during the 2024–2025 academic year. The methodology employs two main instruments: a Speaking Performance Test to evaluate oral communication proficiency and an Intrapersonal Intelligence Questionnaire to assess students' self-awareness and their capacity to understand their own emotions and motives.

One of the primary goals of learning English is to facilitate communication, which involves exchanging ideas, feelings, and information as well as expressing opinions and negotiating subjects in productive dialogues. Interactive communication which relies heavily on conversation, and masters both verbal and nonverbal communication skills is a key component of language instruction. One of the most important language acquisition skills is speaking, the foundation of dynamic communication. Most people use it to determine if someone can get a FL or an L2. Since learning an L2 or a FL necessitates oral communication that involves both speaking and listening, most students find it difficult to acquire speaking abilities. Accordingly, the present study aims at finding out conversational skills among Iraqi EFL preparatory school students, their speaking performance level, and the relationship between conversational skills and speaking performance. 120 male students from Iraqi EFL preparatory schools (fifth grade) in Karbala Governorate were chosen at random. This paper uses two instruments: a speaking test and a conversational skills test. Data were gathered after confirming validity and reliability and analyzed using statistical methods. Findings show a moderate level of conversational skills and speaking performance, and a direct relationship between them.