Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

Al-Akbari (d. 616 AH) is considered one of the most famous grammarians of the sixteenth century A.H. He devotes considerable attention to grammar, paying particular attention to inflection. The present paper examines his book, *Al-Lubab fi Ilal al-Bina' wa al-I'rab* (The Essence of the Reasons for Construction and Inflection), focusing specifically on irregularities in poetic grammatical examples. It also employs a descriptive analytical approach to these examples, comparing them with those of earlier and later scholars. The nature of the paper necessitates its division into three sections, preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion and bibliography. The first section provides a definition of al-Akbari, the second defines irregularity linguistically and technically, and the third examines the examples deemed irregular in *Al-Lubab*. The study demonstrates that al-Akbari judged some evidences as irregular, thus removing them from the realm of authoritative proof, even though it is used by others. Sometimes, it is simply labeled as irregular without any explanation of the reasons for its irregularity. This makes it difficult for researchers to interpret or accurately judge it. Despite al-Akbari's extensive knowledge, he was quite lenient in not attributing verses to their authors; most of these verses appear without attribution in his book, al-Lubab.

Linguists, in the course of their studies, have undergone a significant shift in perspective. They moved from treating the sentence as an independent unit to addressing a broader linguistic entity—the text—which they adopted as the main subject of study, approaching it through description and analysis. The aim was to formulate a general textual theory that could serve as a foundation for describing various textual forms and understanding their interrelationships. This perspective views the text as a holistic structure, not limited to syntactic composition except insofar as syntax contributes to the overall structural coherence of the text. Linguistic inquiry thus began to integrate both syntactic and semantic considerations, leading to the reshaping of linguistic epistemological methodologies for analyzing the organized relationships embedded within texts. As a result of this development, a new field emerged—Text Linguistics (Text Grammar)—which represents an attempt to establish a systematic reading framework capable of penetrating the textual space. This framework seeks to dismantle and analyze the internal systems of the text to understand how the elements of language interact to produce textuality Text linguistics has since garnered considerable interest among researchers and has become a central focus in linguistic studies, as it plays a critical role in the cohesion and coherence of texts and in understanding their interaction with surrounding contextual factors

This research examines and analyzes "spatial representations" in the novels of the Iraqi writer Khudair Faleh Al-Zaidy, starting from the premise that place in his texts transcends its traditional function as a framework for events to become an active structural element and a generator of meaning. The research aims to reveal how the narrative space is transformed into an arena for psychological, social, and existential conflicts, and the manifestations of this through exploring the dialectical relationship between "self" and "other" within diverse spatial frameworks.
The research adopts a critical analytical approach, deconstructing the spatial structures in several of Al-Zaidy's novels, focusing on different types of places such as open and closed spaces, and hostile and familiar spaces. The research concludes that Al-Zaidy employs these spaces as narrative tools to reveal crises of identity, the breakdown of belonging, and the fracturing of the relationship between the individual and their environment. The research also demonstrates that place in al-Zaydi's world is not merely a physical entity, but a symbolic structure imbued with a history of violence, memory, and forced transformations, making it a mirror of contemporary Iraqi reality and a testament to the human experience in confronting its destiny.

This study examines the role of anthropogenic factors in the emergence and escalation of environmental risks in Baiji District, presenting it as a representative case of areas experiencing accelerated environmental degradation due to the interaction of natural and human-induced drivers. The research aims to provide an integrated assessment of environmental risks in the study area, which is subjected to compounded pressures, including drought, desertification, urban encroachment, and overgrazing. These challenges are further intensified by intensive industrial activities associated with the petroleum sector, resulting in air, water, and soil pollution caused by oil spills, petroleum waste, and gaseous emissions. Additionally, increasing population pressure exacerbates the depletion of already limited natural resources.
Covering an area of 6,741 km² (28% of Salah al-Din Governorate), the study area is located in the northwestern part of the Mesopotamian alluvial plain. The findings indicate that industrial activities, demographic pressures, and the cumulative impacts of wars and conflicts pose significant threats to human health, ecological systems, and water and food security, underscoring the need for a comprehensive and integrated risk management approach.

This paper aims to analyze the economic, planning, and spatial factors affecting commercial localization in the city of Tikrit and to reveal the spatial variation in the distribution of commercial activities among its neighborhoods. The study adopts a spatial analytical approach through integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with statistical methods, relying on field and spatial data. The Location Quotient (LQ) was used to measure the degree of commercial specialization. The results showed a concentration of commercial activity in the central neighborhoods. Moran’s I test also indicates the existence of a clustered and statistically significant spatial pattern, suggesting that the distribution of commercial activity is not random. To analyze the influencing factors, the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model was applied. The results demonstrated the importance of land price, mixed land use, and urban development patterns. Given the presence of spatial variation in relationships, the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model was employed, revealing differences in the effects of variables among neighborhoods. The findings show that the influence of mixed land use and urban development patterns is concentrated in the central neighborhoods, whereas the effect of proximity to roads is more pronounced in peripheral neighborhoods. In addition, the Local R² map indicated that the explanatory power of the model is higher in the city center and lower at the edges. The study concludes that commercial localization in Tikrit is characterized by a developed spatial structure, which requires planning policies that take local neighborhood characteristics_into_account

This paper focuses on analyzing the spatial relationship between transportation, marketing, and agricultural production in Salah al-Din Governorate, examining how road networks, transport means, and distances affect the efficiency of marketing agricultural products. The study relies on field data collected from (500) farmers across administrative districts, supported by statistical tables and spatial maps. The results reveal that unpaved roads account for (53.2%) of the total network, while ownership of transport means is concentrated in pickup vehicles (47.2%), with truck ownership remaining low at only (15%), limiting bulk transport capacity. The study also shows that farms located far from main roads, particularly those at 1 km (24.8%), face higher transport costs and longer travel times. Road quality was notably poor, with medium-quality roads at (42.8%) and poor roads at (27.8%), compared to only (1.4%) classified as very good. Transport costs also vary significantly, with the high-cost categories (7000–10000 IQD per ton/km) representing (25%) of cases, and Al-Dujail recording an exceptionally high rate of (61%) within the 10000 IQD category. Based on these findings, the study recommends improving road quality, supporting farmers in acquiring transport means, and establishing marketing centers closer to production sites to reduce costs and enhance the competitiveness of agricultural products.

The present paper examines the geographical analysis of urban and social characteristics of urban fringes in Al-Hawija city, which represent newly developed urban expansion areas resulting from population growth and rapid urban sprawl. This paper focuses on housing characteristics in terms of building materials, number of floors, area, and the age of housing units. The findings reveal the dominance of block and reinforced concrete construction, along with the prevalence of single-story houses and medium-sized dwellings suitable for family needs. The study also highlights the modern nature of the urban fabric due to recent expansion. Socially, it addresses family settlement history, number of households per dwelling, number of rooms, and population age structure. The results indicate the dominance of single-family housing and the productive age group. The study concludes that urban fringes represent a modern pattern of urban expansion in Al-Hawija, reflecting clear and ongoing transformations, and supporting balanced and sustainable urban development.

The present paper deals with the impact of wind erosion on the decline of soil productivity. The problem lies in the methodological inadequacy of traditional mathematical models and general spectral indices in accurately characterizing wind erosion within arid environments of complex soil properties (gypsiferous and calcareous), particularly given the lack of local meteorological stations. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the interplay between topographic, climatic, and morphodynamic characteristics and their impact on erosion activity in Al-Alam District. The methodology focuses on aligning traditional modeling with modern geoinformatic techniques by processing Landsat 8 satellite imagery. Spectral indices (NDVI, SAVI, BSI, GSI) were used to determine the levels of wind erosion and its impact on soil sustainability. The results showed a strong positive correlation between wind speed and soil loss, and revealed a significant effect of slope severity on erosion acceleration; the sensitivity (ILSWE) values increased by 27.6% in ranges exceeding 16 degrees. The SAVI index proved highly effective in neutralizing spectral noise resulting from background reflections of exposed soil, with the SAVI index reaching 42.5% of the studied area in the 'severe degradation' category due to wind erosion, necessitating urgent technical interventions in geomorphological hazard hotspots.

The spatial change in land-use patterns for the cultivation of different crops in the western part of Baghdad Governorate constituted the research problem. The study adopted a hypothesis stating that this change can be explained in light of the competition among different crops for the areas occupied by agricultural land uses. In measuring the change, indicators were adopted to capture its various dimensions, namely spatial and temporal dimensions, as well as the relationship of land use for each crop to the total of different crops. These were standardized using the median technique, which reflects competition over land use for the cultivation of various crops. For the purposes of analysis and synthesis, appropriate research techniques were employed. The findings and conclusions reached are significant for planning the areas that can be allocated to each agricultural crop, and they demonstrate particular importance in this field when considering the results of the techniques used to identify changes in the areas that can be allocated to each crop and the associated depiction of competition over agricultural land use. This adds applied significance to the research.

The present paper aims to study national values in school theater. School theater is used to consolidate national values by embodying models that promote a sense of loyalty and belonging to the homeland, and encourage appreciation of the public interest and team spirit. It also contributes to strengthening cultural identity and political awareness by awakening aspirations and filling souls with the values and enthusiasm necessary to defend the homeland. For this reason, the researcher identifies the problem and formulates it in the following question: What are the national values in school theater? The study contains four chapters. The first chapter deals with the research problem, its importance, the need for it, and its objective. The scope of the present study is limited to the period between (2001 to 2024). The second chapter includes the theoretical framework of the study. The third chapter includes the procedures to cover community, sample and the tool of the study intentionally which suits the title of the study including three samples. The study follows the descriptive approach (Content Analysis Approach).

The current research addresses the directorial diversity in puppet theatre performances. It consisted of four sections. The first section presents the research problem, its significance, and the need for the study. The research problem was defined by the following question: What is the directorial diversity in puppet theatre performances? The objective of the research is to identify the directorial diversity in puppet theatre performances, and the research is limited to the period from 2010 to 2020.
The second section includes two topics: the first discusses theatrical directing, and the second focuses on puppet theatre. This section is concluded with the indicators of the theoretical framework.
The third section covers the research procedures, including the methodology, where the researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical method. The research population is consisted of 18 theatrical performances, while the sample is limited to one selected performance. This section also addressed the research tool and concluded with an analysis of the selected sample.
The fourth section focuses on the findings obtained through the analysis of the research sample, as well as some conclusions reached by the researcher. The most notable of these were:
1. The director relies on a variety of directing techniques in puppet theatre performances to add excitement and diversity to the theatrical work and to create interaction between the puppet and the performers.
2. Directorial diversity creates a fully integrated theatrical world and reflects the creativity of the director and the success of the performance.
The research ends up with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The aim of this research is to develop an educational program to enhance cognitive agility among middle school students. The researchers employed an experimental approach, and the sample consisted of 30 male middle school students. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers developed a cognitive agility scale consisting of 38 items with five response options: (always applies to me, often applies to me, sometimes applies to me, rarely applies to me, never applies to me). These items were distributed across the main domains of cognitive openness, cognitive flexibility, and focused attention. The researchers verified the face validity of the scale by presenting it to a panel of expert reviewers, who agreed on all items., and all items were found to be discriminatory. The researchers also verified the reliability of the scale using the test-retest method, achieving a coefficient of 0.89, which is considered good reliability according to the variance criterion. Cronbach's alpha was also used, yielding a coefficient of 0.80, an acceptable value with a high reliability coefficient. Thus, the scale in its final form consisted of 38 items. The researchers also developed the educational program, , Pearson's correlation coefficient, and the second-choice chi-square test for independent samples).

This research aims to identify:
1- Depressive response among orphaned secondary school students.
2- Statistically significant differences in depressive response according to gender (male, female).
3- Statistically significant differences in depressive response according to the parent(s) who have lost their mother, father, or both.
To achieve the objectives of this paper, the researcher adopts a descriptive correlational approach. The sample consists of 300 male and female orphaned secondary school students, selected using simple random sampling for the 2024-2025 academic year. The research instrument includes a depressive response scale.
Using statistical methods, the results showed the following:
1. Orphaned male and female secondary school students exhibit depressive.
2. There are statistically significant differences in depressive response levels among different groups of orphans, based on gender.
The researcher has arrived at a set of recommendations and suggestions, including:
1. Providing psychological support programs for orphaned students, as these help them cope with the challenges they face in life.
2. Specialized psychological and social support programs should be offered to orphaned secondary school students.
3. Conducting studies on larger samples, encompassing different governorates and longer time periods, would contribute to achieving more comprehensive and accurate results.

The current research aims to identify the effect of Barsley Model on the achievement of fourth-grade literary students in Islamic education. To achieve the research objective, the researchers develop the appropriate hypothesis: There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group who study Islamic education and students in the control group who study the same subject in the usual way (the researchers followed the experimental method, and the research sample consists of 54 students from the fourth-grade literary students in the Hawd 6 Intermediate School for Boys affiliated with Kirkuk Al-Hawija Education. The researchers rewarded the two research groups in terms of (chronological age calculated in months and intelligence, previous academic achievement in Islamic education), and the scientific material from Islamic education was determined. The behavioral objectives were also formulated, and then teaching plans were prepared. The results show that there are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group who study Islamic education and students in the control group who study the same subject in the usual way). The experiment provides the researchers with a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions. The researchers have recommended the necessity of using.

Creative reading skills are essential for EFL university students in modern education. However, the effect of RADEC learning model on enhancing these skills remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims at finding out the effect of applying RADEC learning model on EFL students’ creative reading skills and whether there is a statistically significant difference between students' achievement at recognition and production levels in the posttest. A pre-posttest two-equivalent-group design is used. The sample consists of 60 second-year students from the Department of English, College of Education for Humanities, University of Tikrit, during 2025–2026. Participants are randomly assigned equally to an experimental group and a control group. The groups are equalized in age, parents’ educational level, previous achievement in English, and pretest scores. Both groups are taught the same material for eight weeks by the researcher. The experimental group uses RADEC learning model, while the control group uses the conventional method. An achievement posttest is constructed, validated, and applied. Finally, the Findings reveal that RADEC model is significantly more effective than the conventional method in enhancing EFL students’ creative reading skills. Based on the results, several conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for future studies are presented.

Culturally responsive peer assessment is a strategy used to develop pragmatic competence skills . The current study aims at finding out: the effect of culturally responsive peer assessment on EFL university students’ pragmatic competence, identifying which components of pragmatic competence are most influenced by culturally responsive peer assessment . The sample of the current study involves 70 students who were randomly selected from the Department of English Language, College of Education for Humanities, University of Tikrit, during the academic year 2025–2026. It is divided into two equal groups, experimental and control groups. Both groups are equalized in their ages, parents’ academic attainment, and their scores in the previous year in conversation, and their achievement in the pretest .An achievement test has been constructed to the two groups. The results indicate that using culturally responsive peer assessment is more effective than using the conventional method for developing pragmatic competence.

The current study aims at finding out the effect of using Simple View of Reading model in improving mental blueprint of text for EFL preparatory school Students, Finding out the differences between the mean scores of the first experimental group model in improving mental Blueprint of Text skills (A. Comprehension components B. integration of information C. mental Imagery and visualization D. inference making and engagement E. retention and recall) for EFL preparatory school Students, To verify the hypotheses and achieve the aims of the study, quasi- experimental design is adopted, namely the design of a "Non-Randomized Control Group Pretest- Posttest Design. The sample consists of 70 students from the fifth scientific stage Naji Al-Ajbara Preparatory School for Girls in Al- Alam city for, distributed into two groups, experimental and control with 35 students for each. Both groups. The experiment lasted for two months, during the academic year 2024-2025.

This study examines the effect of Oral Corrective Feedback (henceforth, OCF) on the written output of second-year English as a Foreign Language (henceforth, EFL) students at the University of Zakho, College of Humanities during the academic year 2024–2025. The study utilized a pretest and posttest of fifty-seven students who were divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received six types of OCF classified by Lyster and Ranta (1997) over a ten-week treatment period following the pretest, while the control group continued with regular classroom instruction without systematic Corrective Feedback (CF). To assess student advancement in overall writing quality, the assignments administered were pre- and post-intervention, and the resulting data were analyzed utilizing the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. A comparison of the posttest results of the experimental and the control group revealed a statistically significant enhancement, suggesting that systematic OCF effectively cultivates error awareness, promotes self-correction, and augments writing proficiency. Results indicate that OCF not only improves linguistic accuracy but also encourages cognitive engagement and the development of academic writing skills within EFL environments. Consequently, the study underscores the pedagogical significance of incorporating interactive feedback strategies into EFL instruction, offering practical guidance for educators aiming to cultivate both accuracy and learner independence in writing endeavors.

Listen Read Discuss strategy helps students in achieving meaningful understanding during the discussion stage. The current study aims at finding out the impact of using Listen Read Discuss strategy on EFL preparatory school students\' use of conjunctions. The population of the current study consists of 924 which represent 17% students from fifth preparatory schools in Al-shirqat City, with a sample of 60 randomly selected from Ashoor preparatory school for boys during the academic year 2025-2026. The participants are divided into two groups: the experimental group, includes 30 students while the control group comprises 30 students. To ensure comparability, both groups have been equalized in their age, the parents’ academic attainment and their scores in the post test. The data collected are analyzed statistically. The findings show that Listen Read Discuss strategy positively influences the experimental group\'s English learning outcomes in using conjunctions compared to the control group.

This study investigates how university EFL teachers perceive scaffolding strategies for developing communicative skills, with focus on speaking and listening in higher education where English is taught as a foreign language (EFL). Based on the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory, the study adopts a quantitative methodology to provide an extensive understanding of teachers’ perceptions through the administration of a questionnaire to a sample of 114 EFL teachers who provided quantitative data pertinent to their knowledge, beliefs, classroom practices, and perceived scaffolding challenges. Results show that teachers have mostly positive perceptions of scaffolding. Teachers highlight how peer collaboration, teacher modeling, gradual instruction, and prompt feedback enabled students to become more confident and perform better in oral activities. Despite their theoretical knowledge and favorable opinions of scaffolding, teachers report challenges such as time restraints, curriculum restrictions, and classroom diversity in putting the scaffolding into practice. This study recommends additional practical instruction and institutional support on the part of teachers due to the clear disconnect between scaffolding knowledge and practice. This study is expected to improve the overall understanding of scaffolding in EFL oral instruction in Iraqi universities. It further puts forward some constructive pedagogical implications for better scaffolding application to bridge the gap between theory and practice in the university EFL settings.