ISIN Journal

One of the most important problems that facing the society at that time was the problem of sterility and inability to have children ; a large number of couples they were sterile and were not destined to have children normally .
Because of the importance and seriousness of this issue and its great role to survival and sustainability of the ancient Iraqi families , which it depends entirely on the children who play their role in supporting their families ; therefore the ancient iraqi legislator strive for creating suitable solution for this issue ; and this solution represent by sterility, which called in sumerian language ( NAM.IBILA ) opposite by akkadian (mārūtim) .
Despite the great benefit that achieved by adoption , , some Mesopotamian sterile peoples, attempt to found another solutions guarantee them a children from their own blood .
According to this study we think there is a number of Mesopotamian sterile people went towards a different type of women which mentioned under the Sumerian term (KAR.KID), opposite by Akkadian (harimtum), which mean " prostitute " where she has practiced a new profession we called " womb leasing " or "Alternative Pregnancy".

In this article, we will examine the personality of the Akkadian King Naram-Sin, the fourth king of the Akkadian Empire. Naram-Sin is considered one of the most influential kings in the history of Mesopotamia. Naram-Sin was immortalized through his art, in both its forms, sculpture and architecture, but more importantly through his royal inscriptions including the date formulae. This work will look at Naram-Sin through exploring first the architectural and artistic achievements during his reign, and second through exploring date formulae as evidence of his cultural and historic works. Naram-Sin chronicled the years of his rule with occasions that he personally wanted to bestow permanence on, such as military campaigns, and religious and urban construction projects. This work is divided into three main sections that start with what we know about his life, this will be followed by his material (art and architecture) legacy, and finally, the date formulas of this king.

In This article we will study some Cuneiform brick inscriptions founded in the survey of Mi.Enlil Arakhtum survey which start in 2016 in in Dagharah area then we surveyed another parts of Diwaniyah, the sites which we founded the sealed bricks are Tell Kozkhan, Tell Bent al-Ameer, Tell Adday, and Tell Saeed north Ad-Diwaneyah province. This inscription back to Neo-Babylonian period especially to Nebuchadnezzar II king of Babylon (605–563) B.C. It's represented a lower or upper part from different stamps.

The archaeological excavations carried out by the General Authority for Antiquities and Heritage in (2011 AD), at the site of Tal Abu al-Dhahab, which is located to the southeast of Suq al-Shuyukh district in Dhi-Qar governorate within the lands of the Western Hammar Marsh, revealed many building units with different functions. Among those buildings is the stone building.
This research focuses on the plan of that building, and the decorations of the beautiful spiral columns that adorned the main square of it, describing them with the building in an archaeological description, and comparing them with the corresponding spiral columns in some archaeological sites and from the same era. It represents a unique model as it is rarely available within the natural environment of the lands of southern Mesopotamia. The research was supplemented with satellite, photographic, plan and stereoscopic images of the stone building, as well as comparison images with other sites.

Eridu is one of the oldest cities of the ancient world. One name of Eridu in cuneiform logograms was pronounced "NUN.KI" ("the Mighty Place"). The city is located in a site called (Tel Abu Shaharen), which is huge hill of accumulated debris of thousands years. Eridu or (Tel Abu Shaharen) is a square city and its diameter is 1,900x1,700 feet (580x540 meters). Its height is 23 ft. (7 m). Most of its height is made up of the ruins of the Ubaid period and Uruk (6500–3800 BCE) including houses, temples, and cemeteries that built over on top of one another for nearly 3,000BCE.
At the top of Eridu, it has been found the ruins of the Sumerian sacred city, which includes ziggurat tower and temples of Uruk period in addition to other structures on a 1,000 ft. (300 m) square area. The place is surrounded by a stone wall. The construction of the city continued from Ubaid period (Eridu) to the last periods of civilization. The building of the buildings complex that included the ziggurat tower and temple were during the Third Dynasty of Ur (2112–2004 BCE)

The Italian researcher Giovanni Pettinato announced in his lecture at the Fifty-second International Assyriology Conference held at the German University of Heidelberg in 2005 AD entitled (New texts from the cities of the Third Dynasty of Ur) (“Texte aus einer neuen Provinz des Ur III Reiches,” 12 July 2005) and at the 52ème Rencontre Assyriologique International in Münster (“Italienische archäologische Tätigkeit im Iraq 2004-2006,” 20 July 2006), about the discovery of a new archive dating back to the period of the third Ur dynasty (2114-2004 BC), that includes (167) one hundred and seventy-six cuneiform tablets from the Sumerian city of Irisagrig (Al-Sharaki), which was confiscated by the Jordanian antiquities authorities after 2003 during the American occupation of Iraq and its expropriation. Archaeological sites in Iraq by thieves and antiquities dealers. After studying the archive texts amounting to 1158 thousand one hundred and fifty-eight tablets by the Jewish researcher David Owen from Cornell University in America, after collecting the archive from published and unpublished texts and publishing it in two volumes within the sequence No. 15 a / b of the Nisaba series In 2013, these texts were returned to the Iraqi Museum, and this study came to shed light on one of the most important archives that emerged from the important Sumerian city of Irisagrig (AlSharaki),whose location remains unknown until now. The city to uncover some ambiguous issues and find some missing links in the history of the third millennium BC.

This Research tackles the study of Assyrian cuneiform sources from royal annals, and paintings with the aim of clarifying that royalties are one of the economic sources of income of the modern Assyrian Kingdom, and revealing the commercial and economic richness of the rulers of the northern Arabian Peninsula at the time, with the diversity of their natural resources.

The pottery industry in Mesopotamia dating back to the Neolithic Age (Jarmo period) around 7100-5800 BC. Emergence pottery in Jarmo village, which was a primitive, irregular, thick and shaped industry that contained some impurities. The pottery industry developed during the Chalcolithic (c. 5800- 2800 BC), as it was characterized by different styles and shapes of pottery, including colored and decorations, and it spread in most countries of the ancient Near East.
Although the appearance of human figurines dating back to the (PPNA), human decorations on pottery began to appear during the Chalcolithic. The research discusses the emergence of human decorations and compares them with the human figurines.

The Neo- Assyrian state started to strengthen in the early first millennium BC by acquiring an imperial identity, it gained the capacity to launch military campaigns across remote regions, which, not surprisingly, disturbed and threatened the neighboring states. In this period, which is called the Neo-Assyrian period, Assyrian armies prevailed in a vast geographical region, extending from Egypt to Elam and reaching into even Babylonia and Anatolia. The most important region which Assyrians aimed to reign in the given period was Babylonia. They showed a great interest in the region due to its high economic potential. However, Elam, which was located in the eastern region of Sumerians, was also interested in the same region. Because they aimed to prevent a potential Assyrian hegemony over Babylonia, Neo-Elamites usually supported all anti-Assyrian rebellions. Another reason why Neo-Elamites adopted this policy lied in the fact that they saw it as necessary to prevent Assyrians from being a bordering state. On the other hand, Assyrians organized various military campaigns against both Babylon and Elam in order to control the region as well as conducting diplomatic relations. Therefore, the present study focuses on the struggle among these three states and their diplomatic relations by relying on Assyrian and Babylonian cuneiform texts. In this way, the present study deals with conflict among Assyria, Elam and Babylon from a political, military and, to a certain extent, economic perspective and analyzes Neo-Elamite and Babylonian policies against hegemonic expansion of the Assyrian state in the first millennium BC and various measures taken by the Assyrian state against this alliance.

We shed light by studying this research in some detail for four of the unpublished cylinder seals from the Iraqi Museum, which are the seals of extradition decisions. With a study of the signs implemented on them.

Crafting ornaments is considered one of the finest arts known to man. Mesopotamia was famous for its metallic ornaments. It was associated with the jeweler's fertile imagination, which made him interact with life. Therefore, man was adorned with the types of ornaments he made with simple colored beads and inlaid with various stones; To increase its beauty and their belief that each stone has health and psychological effects on the wearer, and jewelry has been used since the Neolithic period for decoration and may have had other functions such as amulets and others. As for the development of the jewelry industry in the Assyrian era in particular, it is the result of accumulated experience through generations Because it was worn permanently, and all the artistic productions in the Assyrian era indicate the Assyrians’ interest in jewelry and wearing them in various public life occasions and also had a role in their religious rituals. Both men and women wore jewelry, even if they were not of similar shapes; As the Assyrian carvings often show the wearing of the kings and other personalities in the artistic scenes of jewelry such as necklaces, bracelets, earrings, etc., and thus considered a mirror that reflects the thoughts of the Assyrian peoples and the culture of their beliefs that appeared in the ornaments of all kinds; Because wearing jewelry was not limited to adornment only, but to protect against evil spirits and envy, and these are beliefs that still survive until the present time. On the basis of this importance, ten models were selected for the study from the various necklaces, bracelets and earrings from the treasures of Nimrud. The study was divided into three sections, each dealing with an important aspect of the artistic formation and its implications for the selected pieces.

The traits of a lion and an eagle were combined in this creature, which is a unique combination. It has a lion's head with all that a lion possesses, such as sharp eyes, ears with precise hearing, a jaw with sharp fangs, and an eagle's body with all the qualities it possesses, because it moves quickly from its place. Another, quick to swoop down on prey with sharp, severed claws, and with all this ferocity and strength, is like holy water that descends on the fields in the form of mist drops, adding fertility and security wherever you go. Just as the IMDUGUD bird was not associated with a specific deity, but rather was associated with more than one deity, including its association with the god Ningriso and the goddess Ninkhursag, which indicates that its existence is similar to the secondary deity and it is wrong to attribute it to the god Ningresu only because it is a symbol of its symbols, as its mission requires that it exist as a symbol For protection and intercession with him and with the gods Ninkhursag.

The ancient peoples knew and practiced diplomacy since the emergence of the first civilizations, those civilizations whose history dates back to 3000 BC. The relations between the kingdoms of the ancient era, especially in the Near East, were characterized by a state of permanent tension as a result of the aspirations and ambitions of kings to impose control and extend influence to outside the borders of their kingdoms, which resulted in the outbreak of fierce wars that often ended in defeat and the loss of areas of influence or victory, and the occupation of cities, looting and burning them, or without results other than the killing of armies against each other, which led to those kingdoms that collapsed and bankrupted their coffers as a result of the tunnels on those wars, and in the case of From full conviction, those countries decided to change their aggressive policies to policies characterized by the conclusion of alliances and treaties, those treaties that included conditions in which mutual recognition of non-aggression and the adoption of the principle of sovereignty for each country, leading to the principle of balance of power represented by the great empires, and as a result of those treaties and alliances, diplomatic relations began Between those countries represented by the exchange of messengers to convey views between kings, where the messengers became carrying royal messages in which he crosses The kings expressed their satisfaction with these relations, up to the exchange of gifts and intermarriages between the families of the kings in order to consolidate relations and establish peace.
In our research, we dealt with the issue of diplomacy in ancient civilizations, where we presented it with an introduction to knowing the origin and meaning of the word (diplomacy) and how the connotation of this word evolved to become an expression of the negotiations that take place between countries and the importance of the messengers who conduct those negotiations and the hardships they endure and the qualities that they must possess out. Then we explained the definition of the word diplomacy through a special introduction to it. Then we talked in the first topic about diplomatic relations in the countries of Mesopotamia, in the second section we dealt with diplomatic relations in the countries of the Nile Valley, and in the third topic about diplomatic relations in the ancient Indian and Chinese civilizations, and in the fourth section we dealt with relations Diplomacy in the Greek and Roman Civilizations, and in the fifth topic we dealt with Arab diplomatic relations in the pre-Islamic era.

The home of the prophet Abraham is one of the controversial topics of historians and this is due to the different evidence on which they base in giving an accurate picture, yet some of the evidence that may be shared, but the way each team understands it is different from the other, and this is what we see clearly by showing the citizen on which it was assumed as the first home of the Prophet Abraham. Several opinions were said of the origin of the Mesopotamian prophet Abraham and each opinion was supported by linguistic, written and historical evidence. They includes more than 20 shrines and Mazars. The study includes aerial photographs and the anthologies of some sites and also provided pottery and brick images from those sites representing the historical period of that site and the cultural roles it had gone through.

The element of water is an essential element of creation, and the sanctity of water and its importance in renewing life, purification and worship were transferred to the beliefs of the beliefs of the creations of Mesopotamia, so its wisdom was dissolved in multiple symbols, including, it is a symbol of fertility, healing from diseases, purity and purification, and at the same time we find it a symbol of anger, violence and cruelty in the myth of survival and water The symbol of life, water of survival, and water of survival on earth, from which spring rivers and springs, innovation and kaharis.

Hammurabi’s Sharia is one of the first man-made laws in the ancient Near East, which was established by man to organize social life in the Iraqi society at the time, and it is a humanitarian attempt to give everyone his right. A comprehensive law in itself. Through his research, the researcher wanted to understand the Sharia in general and introduce it, and then address an important topic that was discussed in the provisions of the Sharia. The inheritance in the Sharia of Hammurabi is one of the important issues that the legislator discussed in the Sharia because of its social and moral importance by giving rights Persons after death, and this topic is one of the important legal topics dealt with by both heavenly and status laws, and thus it was necessary to address the provisions of Sharia regarding inheritance in (Hammurabi’s Law), as well as what was stated in heavenly or status laws in this aspect to take the research into comparison so that we can reach from During that period, the legislator was able to reach in that era of possibilities in terms of legislation and its coverage of this item of social law. The research also shows the possibility of human beings in that necessary era of human innovations that were able to build a state and consolidate and protect the societal relationship and protect the rights of its members through this law.

It is known that the Akkadian language is a derivational language that does not differ from its sister languages such as Arabic, Aramaic, Hebrew, etc., thus it differs from the Sumerian language, its sister language in the usage of cuneiform writing system, because the Sumerian language is a language that adopts the method of adhesion and fugitive, so the style of derivation that the Akkadian language took was inevitable It has to use a lot of stems, which resulted in the increase in meanings.
When delving into the study of texts, you would be surprised by the amount of eloquence and choice of words, for the Akkadian was fully aware of where to place the formula, and where to replace them and their appropriateness to perform the precise meanings . The augmenting in forming is what distinguishes the formula (Gtn) stem from the (G) stem, it is added two letters, namely( ta) and (n). Foreign and Arab researchers have determined that this formula and its sisters (Gtn, Dtn, Štn, Ntn) indicate the iterative meaning, but with the study We were able to expand the meanings of the formula (Gtn) based on what is found in the cuneiform texts. When comparing it with Arabic, it was found that these meanings correspond to the formula (Tafa’al) in the Arabic language.

The Cuneiform texts that were studied in this research date back to the second year of the reign of King Abi Sin, which is the year in which the priest of the goddess Inanna poured into the city of Warka, and that our knowledge of the works of King Abi Sin depends on the information contained in the cuneiform texts in this regard, and that The deteriorating conditions that the state of Ur experienced during the reign of this king is only a clear picture of the king’s actions and his weak administrative capabilities, and from the residence we derive information from texts that mainly include the dates of the years of this king’s rule as well as the consecration texts and some references received from thieves of this era Especially the correspondence between him and his rulers, these sources together gave us a clear picture of the actions of this king, which revealed to us the fact of the destabilization of the situation and the semi-end of the state and the veiled fall of the capital Ur after the second year from the rule of King Abi Sin.

The era of the third dynasty of Ur (2112-2004) BC is considered one of the important eras in the history of the Mesopotamian civilization, as great political, economic and social changes occurred that distinguished it from other eras.
In our tagged research (unpublished cuneiform texts with economic implications from the reign of King šulgi), we dealt with a group of texts that date back to the era of Ur III. These texts are among the confiscated texts that were confiscated and returned to the Iraqi Museum. It is therefore an unknown location because it did not come through excavations, In this research, we studied the contents of the cuneiform texts, as well as studying the cuneiform texts in detail, reading, translating and analyzing them, with notes on them if any, then we concluded our research with conclusions, followed by the reproduction of the cuneiform texts with text images and finally a list of Arabic and English sources

The level of the civilized renaissance of nations is measured by the extent of their heritage and cultural heritage, and since the issue of heritage is related to the depth of the cultural rooting of each nation, so Egypt represented the pioneer of this depth and cultural rooting, and we find it concerned with the issue of the rights of ancient Egyptian women in myths, stories, governance and proverbs, at a time when the women of the world lived In light of exploitation, oppression and injustice, while the rights of Egyptian women were represented in taking their role in various areas of life, and ancient Egyptian literature showed us the role of Egyptian women and their contribution to building that Egyptian civilization.

The books of the Old Testament were written with multiple and varied ideas in different times, as they were written by a group of writers who each had a special approach that was unique to them, and the books of the Old Testament does not consist of an integrated or organized legislative system but rather consists of broad philosophical lines related to the Jewish religion. Although it contained many clear and specific laws and regulations governing human behavior, the implementation of sanctions was among those legislations and laws. We examined it in our research in some detail to explain the position of Jewish law on the method of implementing penalties after proving the charge against the guilty. The Jewish law is considered one of the oldest religious laws in the history of the monotheistic religions, but it remained a law specific to the followers of the Children of Israel alone. But we found that in some of its penalties it included a foreigner who does not condemn Judaism, in some laws implementing its penalties for the perpetrator. And the implementation of the penalties extended to the Lord, as he personally punished the Israelites after he ruled against them, so the individuals and the people punished the punishment that they deserve because of their sins that they committed by their hands

Khaybar has an important historical and geographical location, and its name indicates that it is a “fortress”, His name was derived from the name of the first person who inhabited it, which is Khaybar bin Kanieh bin Mahlael.
Its largest stronghold is (Al Qassem Fort), and it is located within a hundred miles of the city. Topographical factors have shown an important role in the development and emergence of religions in this region, as Judaism and the ancient Indian and Zoroastrian religions emerged.
The religious texts found in Khaybar are the Sabian, Ma'inah, Qataban, Thamudi, Hyani and Safavid texts. However, the dominant religion in Khaybar is Judaism, as religious activity represents the most prominent sign of the culture of the people of the Arabian Peninsula.
Paganism was the title of their religion, worshiping multiple gods, the most important of which is the moon (Sin).

Oral substitution is known in all languages, especially in Semitic languages, including Arabic and Syriac, but we do not find a separate chapter for it in grammar books, and most examples of this substitution are implicit in different linguistic phenomena, and this has made it more difficult to deal with this type. of substitution in the Arabic and Syriac languages.
We have dealt with this substitution according to the order of the alphabets in the Arabic language and the alphabetic letters in the Syriac language with examples, in order to facilitate knowledge of the letter in which this substitution occurred.

The Syriac language was Lingua Franca for several centuries and in many places. Thus, it influenced its sister Semitic languages and even non-Semitic languages. In modern history, we clearly witness its decline, as its original speakers have decreased in quantity and quality, and it is confined only to religious books, clergymen and a small portion of those who are concerned and familiar with it. Hence, by the end of the twentieth century, with the Syriac renaissance, a prosperous page was opened for this language, with the attempt of its speakers to keep pace with the modern times, supporting their longest-living language amongst the languages of the world; therefore, they worked on publishing, authoring and developing new grammar books, and the Arabic language helped them in this respect, as they were greatly influenced by it. However, the orientalists took the lead in this field, as they showed a keen interest in this language, and they classified and analyzed it according to the descriptive approach centuries ago. In these days, the specializations began to abound for the speakers of this language who studied in the West, and a gap with many differences was formed between what they have learned in their countries and what they have studied in the West. As a result, this research aims to reconcile between these two worlds and update the terminology in relation to the morphological patterns and grammatical uses of the standard Syriac verb.

The city Dura-Europos is considered one of the most important cities of ancient civilization in Syria. It is located on the right side of the Euphrates river, with in a distance of about 90km of Deir Zour and 40km of bokmal city. So its geographical location played a great rote in trade and wealth. And that is why it became a place for competition among the powers of its time such as the Macedonians, Persians, and romans. They tried hard to accupy the city and benefit from its place and wealth.
So from the 3rd century B.C onwards, the city had been a place for competition among those powers, however, it remained for a period of time strong because of its fortified walls. And ultimately, king shappour 1 of Persia attacked it. And destroyed its power to be one of the depend cities of his Sassanid empire. Then this situation lasted unity the 7 th century CE when the Islamic conquests began in Syria and other lands.

The research was devoted to the study of the establishment of mosques in Egypt, Tunisia and Andalusia after the completion of the Arab-Islamic liberation and conquest operations, during the first Hijri-seventh century CE, starting with the study of the Arab-Islamic liberation processes of the land of Egypt, the gateway to North Africa, and then the settlement of Muslim Arabs in it and their initiation of construction and reconstruction operations Most notably: the establishment of the Fustat Mosque, named as: Amr Ibn Al-Aas Mosque, which completed the liberation of all of Egypt from Byzantine control.
The mosque is considered the first plan of the Arab-Islamic city plans, as it is the center and center of the city, and from it the rest of the city’s plans branch off, so we began to study the establishment of the Fustat Mosque, known as: the Jami Mosque, which is a clear indication of the Arab Islamic presence, and the planning of this mosque and the initiation of its establishment The year 21 AH, and we have clearly explained in the research its specifications and most prominent architectural and artistic features, as well as studying the increases and changes that took place on it. The years 50-55 AH, the Kairouan Mosque was the first plan of this Arab-Islamic city, and we have clarified the processes of renewal, addition and change that took place on it, as well as the details of its architectural and technical specifications. The Arab Muslim leader, Hassan bin al-Numan al-Ghasani, and the mosque of the city of Cordoba in Andalusia. 92 AH, and we have studied in detail and in detail its most prominent architectural and technical characteristics, the processes of renewal, addition, expansion and changes that took place on it and on other mosques that preceded it, after the first Hijri-seventh century AD, which confirms the interest of the Muslim Arabs in these religious architectural facilities clearly, as they represent the Arab presence - Islam in: Egypt, Tunisia, Andalusia, and in every part of the world.

The study called (The most famous Mosques and Schools during the Mongol Occupation) aims to shed light on the urban aspect of those facilities in that era as part of the important monuments in the Iraqi civilization, as there was a great focus by some political office holders and senior statesmen as well as senior public from well-off Interested in the urban aspect.
The predominant style on these monuments was the Arab-Islamic style, and the maps were of a high degree of accuracy and focus, as the Iraqi architect focused on the necessary and important aspects of each building from the issues of location, wide area, high ceilings, the courtyard in the middle of the building, and the entry of light from high windows, etc. ..
Most of the materials used in construction were bricks and plaster, and the inscriptions and decorations were Arab and Islamic, and the doors of mosques and schools contained phrases preceded by verses from the Holy Qur’an, then phrases of praise for the governor or the ruler at the time, or the person who covered the construction expenses, as well as mentioning the name of the builder.
The buildings of both mosques and schools overlapped, as there are often rooms dedicated to teaching inside mosques and vice versa. The remaining effects of these facilities have changed due to the factors of time or events of shearing and modification by the Capital Secretariat of the successive governments, which brought about some change and the complete disappearance of another part of them.

We discussed in this Research (the shrine and mosque of Muhammad al-Bajali in Nujaimiya, an archaeological study), and described its planning and architecture in detail, and it was found through the study that the building dates back to the late Abbasid era. It is the second half of the sixth century AH or the first quarter of the seventh century AH, depending on two reasons; The first is by comparing the building with the models that still exist in different regions of Iraq and on which the date of its construction is proven, and the second is the period of time that witnessed architectural activity and sectarian tolerance; After the expulsion of the Seljuks from Iraq and the Great Amariyah movement during the caliphate of Al-Nasir li-Din Allah (577-623 AH / 1180-1225 AD), and after we guessed the date of the building, the researcher believes that the person buried in it is Sheikh Muhammad bin Ali bin Al-Nu’man Al-Bajali, who died in the year (180 AH / 796 AD), He is one of the important personalities in the Jaafari school of thought and one of those close to the imams of the Ahl al-Bayt. Especially since he was a contemporary of more than one imam, and he has a strong relationship with Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him), and the building is only the place of his burial, and it was built at a later time after his death and a mosque was built next to him. we showed a set of reasons that led us to go to this weighting.

Political thought in Islam represents the distinctive missionary thought from all other political ideas in ancient and modern times. - Islamic political thought is the only thought that was able to subjugate the rulers and the ruled to its rules and principles with conviction and satisfaction.
Opposition means: the denial by the subjects, or some of them, of the ruling authority for acting in a way that violates Islamic law. Or in a way that is detrimental to public interests, taking into account the work to propose an alternative to this behavior. The legal basis of the opposition is faith and Sharia and its commitment to truth, justice and fairness in its path
The legitimacy of the opposition means protecting the liberties and rights of the people from the danger of tyranny, and that it does not exceed truth, justice, and authoritarian aggression, and that Islamic Sharia permitted the nation to criticize the ruling apparatus. Enjoining good and forbidding evil are religious duties, and they are a type of political practice.

Muhammad Emara’s studies occupied a great place in the field of Islamic thought in general and Mu’tazila in particular, and his intellectual propositions were among the most important modern propositions that dealt with Mu’tazila thought and its impact on political and social life throughout Islamic history. This study came to shed light on the impact of the Mu'tazilites on the Islamic society in the thought of Muhammad Imara, in which he dealt with the concept of social justice for them. The concept of justice for them is related to man and his freedom, because God’s justice requires that God does not burden man with what he cannot bear, just as man is free in his will and choice, and free in his ability to create his actions, both good and evil. The Mu'tazil believes that it is possible with the mind to comprehend the ugliness and goodness of things, phenomena, and actions, and that good and ugliness represent intrinsic values that exist in things and actions, and for this they are two fixed rational dimensions, not relative that change with the change of crises and tastes.

This study deals with the documentation of four archaeological sites within the Makhoul Dam basin, and covered by immersion if Makhoul Dam was established. These four sites are the most important sites in terms of history and the archaeological finds found in them. A rare urban masterpiece, which is the round building, in which excavations have proven that it is a temple dating back to the early first dynasties, as well as the archaeological Tell Farha, The archaeological Tell Al-Naml, with a circular urbanization similar to Tell Al-Fars, dates back to the same time period as Tell al-Fars. Finally Kar Tawaklti Ninurta city, its importance lies in being the fifth capital of the Assyrians, and it includes ziggurats and palaces. These four sites have not been fully excavated, and they need excavation and modern documentation

The aim of this study is to identify the human impact on the archaeological sites in the study area. Therefore, the two researchers studied a group of human influences, especially (agricultural land excesses, military operations, random digging, wrong maintenance and restoration, overgrazing, wrong unorganized tourism) And its impact on archaeological sites through its continuous activity and weakness, and the human influences are one of the most important influences that lead to the deterioration of archaeological sites. Conditions for joining the World Heritage List.

The research under the titled "The impact of tourism on building the economy of historical cities (a comparative study on the possibility of benefiting from the cultural and historical heritage of the Iraqi province of Babylon)".This research presents a new vision through a historical comparison of the most important capitals of the ancient world empires and the great economic benefits that they bring to their country by receiving millions of tourists annually and comparing it with the historical and cultural heritage of the province of Babylon, which has 269 archaeological sites until the end of the Islamic eras registered in the alwaqayie newspaper, among the most important of these four sites are the ancient city of Babylon, the ruins of the Borsippa region, and the ruins of the city of Kutha , and the last location is the religious monuments in the district of Dhul-Kifl.

Mohamme Mahdi Shamseddine is an important Islamic figure because of his clear impact on the Islamic cultural scene, we find him in politics, the call for renewal, and women's issues, as well as speaking in Islamic history in a new reading based on the commandments and ruling of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in various resources extracted from some of these texts from the bellies of books and fulfilling their support and then explaining them and explaining their contents, One of these topics is Islam's view of human progress.

The policy of the United States of America in the thirties of the twentieth century was preoccupied with the internal economic situation since the global economic crisis that swept the world in 1929, so it adopted a policy of isolation and neutrality from international positions and not to interfere in any international conflicts, which led to the growth of other empires such as Germany, Italy and Japan that sought The latter is to control China and dominate its natural resources, and it can be said that the policy of the United States of America It sought to prevent the expansion of Japan, especially after the Japanese forces invaded Manchuria in 1931, so it began to move against Japan, whether with the support of the League of Nations and its support for all the committees emanating from it, or by issuing protest notes denouncing the Japanese aggression or by not recognizing the government of Manchukuo, all in order to preserve its interests in the Far East .