ISIN Journal

The Mi.Enlil-Arakhtum project for archaeological survey took its name from the ancient designations of two branches of the Euphrates River, as told by cuneiform texts. It is a project to survey archaeological sites in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, according to the latest archaeological survey methods, its start from Dagharah as a first stage, and then to other provinces, using The latest technologies in its implementation, in its first phase, which began in 2016 with a survey of archaeological sites in the district of Dagharah, and the most important objectives of this project were to determine the actual number of archaeological sites, their current state, document the damage and abuses inflicted on those sites, follow the course of rivers in the survey area. As well as trying to find out the names of the ancient sites through their geographical location among the known sites, and trying to find out the origin of the local name and its relationship to the ancient name.

The food of human, its preparation, and the tools used in its preparation, is an important issue that human beings focus on as it is the source of their energies, and the most important requirement in their lives. He has cooking and its diversity, but it was originally a place to light the fire, which is known as the stove, and due to the need and the diversity of the food to be cooked, other types of food preparation places have appeared, the most important of which is tannur that was associated with the baking industry despite its use in cooking other types of foods In this article, I will try to study enlightenment in the light of linguistic data, whether it is Sumerian, Akkadian or Arabic, and to link between the vocabulary indicating enlightenment, as well as studying and rooting the linguistic vocabulary associated with enlightenment, used in the vernacular dialect in southern Iraq, as well as studying the types of enlightenment used in the past. Which is still used at the present time, relying on what was provided to us by the results of archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia, including some archaeological sites in northeastern Syria to the archaeological sites in Iraq.

The Mesopotamian civilization is one of the most important civilizations that arose in the ancient Near East, and it had many civilizational achievements. Sculpture was among these wonderful achievements.Sculpture is one of the arts in which the Mesopotamian artist expressed the religious ideas and beliefs that were prevalent at the time, and he portrayed many scenes of daily life for us. The Akkadian sculptor established a school of realistic art, and the Akkadian sculptures differed from their Sumerian predecessors
As the sculptor embodied in the human personality a supernatural divine power and in a different way from the Sumerian sculptures, which had always represented worshipers humbled before the gods, in line with the new thought, which looks forward to strength and expansion in the formation of the kingdom, which made the Akkadian sculptor tend to depict the achievements of kings, and his concern was The work of statues of kings with an appearance that speaks of prestige and power.

The marshes appeared on the seals since the earliest historical eras and continued to appear in the later ages. The marshes appeared on the scenes of seals, especially the cylindrical seals. The daily lives of the marsh dwellers, including the dairy industry, fishing scenes, or drinking boards inside a boat in the middle of the marsh.

In my research, I dealt with some cases and grammatical indications that would reflect grammatical and grammatical aspects and connotations, bringing the Sumerian language closer to the Arabic languages, including the Akkadian and Arabic languages, through the study, analysis and translation of unpublished texts from the Iraqi Museum from the third dynasty of Ur age, and a number of texts To complete the content of the research, so that used, Published tex, the cases that were addressed in my research, this attribute, adjective and descriptive, number and countable, the text messages, the way it was written, and the structure of the economic text.

This research includes the study of hybrid animals šeg9-bar in the light of unpublished cuneiform texts (from the Iraqi Museum) dating back to the Akkadian period from the city of Adab. Study the nomenclature and information related to this category in the cuneiform sources, as well as presenting the results of the study.

The ancient Iraqi man realized security in the process of stabilizing life in all its joints. This concept was reflected on the perpetrator of urban planning and made the buildings defensive fortifications, the most important of which are the walls to maintain security from the enemies. These walls must have entrances and doors, which are considered one of the most important elements of security for building a city, palace, temple or a house .
Babanu and dalati (entrance and door) are synonymous terms. The two terms are given together, one complements the other, and each of them consists of several parts and is considered one of the most important parts of any building as it represents a center of security, safety and stability for those inside the building in addition to entering and exiting the building and for its importance the kings and rulers took care of in Its construction, maintenance, adornment, stability and strength reflect the security and strength of defensive fortifications, whether it is a city, palace, temple or house. The gates were not only for crossing, but were one of the administrative, economic, judicial and political centers as well as a place for many religious rituals and divination.

The study of personal names in the Assyrian Empire (911- 612 B.C) is considered as one of the most important and richest social and linguistic studies. It is natural for a sprawling Empire to have different people and from this point the importance of the study comes to shed light on different foreign names which forms an important part of the Assyrian society at that time which were mentioned in various cuneiform texts. The aim of this study is to analyze the non-Assyrian names which have religious connotations in their general concept and are similar to the religious Assyrian names. In addition, discovering the most important Gods which used to be worshiped by those foreign people mentioned in the various cuneiform texts in which these Gods are similar to the Iraqi ancient ones. Moreover, studying these names is important to know the Assyrian society classes that foreigners worked in certain crafts, professions, and different jobs which helped for the educational and civil exchange at that time. The study reached to conclusions which reflected the range of effect of the personal foreign names from phrasing and the religious indications among Semitic languages at that time.

The city of Kimash was one of the most important cities that exported raw materials to Mesopotamia, including (copper), which was one of the raw materials that Mesopotamia lacked. Thus, it came back to one of the most important cities that shed light on it, and the kings of Mesopotamia tried to include it within their administrative and political borders and make it subordinate to them, especially the kings of Ur III dynasty and the most of them to King Šulgi (the second king of Ur III dynasty).
In our research, we talked about the most prominent names given to the city of Kimash, as well as about the history of the city of Kimash, in addition to the most important opinions that dealt with the site of the city, As well as the campaigns of King Šulgi, in addition to prisoners of war, celebrations and feasts, as well as two texts unpublished cuneiform texts from the Iraqi Museum that date back to the last years of the reign of King Šulgi in the historical formula that dealt with the destruction of the city Kimash.

Measures and weights are one of the most important achievements that prevailed in the ancient Iraqi society, . We find that the kings and rulers of ancient Iraq had singled out multiple legal articles that established the systems of measures and weights in their laws that they enacted, in order to establish a unified system for weights in all cities Ancient Iraq, in addition to their issuance of many royal decrees.

The research is a study in Mesopotamian myth and (Metalogy) represented by the symbolism of the bird in these myths, starting from the Sumerian civilization to the Babylonian, with taking a model that represents this symbolism and how it was traded by the Mesopotamian literature because of the importance and symbolic images expressive to utter wisdom through this literature, and it must be noted. The bird was a symbol in the civilizations of the ancient Near East, and not only in the civilization of Mesopotamia. The research deals with the definitions of myth and (mythology), as well as the mention of the bird and its symbolism in these legends, its types, and the metaphorical images that were taken on it after that. In the research, we discussed the relationship between the symbol and the myth, with a mention of examples of the Mesopotamian examples of the myth that included symbols of birds in those legends.

The Mesopotamian civilization and the ancient Egyptian civilization constituted the most important human civilization tributaries in the march of mankind in the ancient world, even after the emergence of the Greek and Roman civilization and its formation, the face of the new world and its European civilization that grew out of the womb of those two countries “Iraq - Egypt” which gave birth to the two greatest civilizations that illuminated the world thousands of years before birth.
There is a wide debate between specialists and writers about the primacy of one of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations over the other, and therefore which of these two civilizations formed or influenced the construction of the other civilization? .. It is a question that appeals to non-specialists who compete with their personal tendencies and whims in the narrative of the preference of that civilization over the other away. From understanding the nature of those two civilizations, and the common foundations between them as one agricultural or river civilizations, established in a convergent historical context that shaped their features on the one hand, and on the other hand, that competition based on personal whims far from the historical and scientific approach that sees that the relations between states and civilizations On top of that, the cultural relations in particular are a reciprocal relationship between two parties, and therefore their civilizational and cultural influence is a reciprocal effect that intersects and is similar at times, parallel and differs at other times.. It is the main objective of this research, which sheds light on the cultural influences between the civilizations of the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia. In each of these two great civilizations.

The study of ancient societies is one of the most important studies in the knowledge of any human civilization, for every civilization built its components on the foundations of this society, whether this society was primitive or civilized, its products reflect the reality of daily life for it, and that the particles of these ingredients are linked in one way or another to the thought and belief of these people.
Man’s thought and life interacted remarkably with the environment in which he lived and with his contact and interaction with the environment and society of other civilizations, whether that was through trade or through military campaigns. himself and his family, and it is obvious that a person at the beginning of his life did not use violence, killing and bloodshed except in certain cases, sometimes related to his obtaining food and sometimes related to his defense of his life and the life of his family or relatives.
And since man had gone through harsh conditions that often prompted him to kill, and since man also knew how to draw near to the gods, imagining that by her will she manages the universe in all its complex details, by offering sacrifices, sacrificing sacrifices and making vows, so he had an intellectual conception and a religious and ideological dimension of what blood is. Which is related to these two sides, as well as its connection, i.e. blood, with other aspects related to the daily life in which he was living, so blood occupied a large place in his thought and belief, as it was closely linked to society, its practices and rituals, and many other aspects that we will try to shed light on in this research.

Civilisation in Mesopotamia developed greatly in various economic, religious, military, legal and political fields. We owe this development to the Mesopotamian kings who ruled and administered in different eras and historical and civilizational roles. Their rule was in most aspects fraught with tragedy and suffering, for many of them were killed in the battles they fought or murdered in their palaces by one of their retainers, sons or those close to them, or fell into captivity after being besieged by the attacking armies of the castles, fortresses and royal palaces that conducted the affairs of the land. By them. This study, therefore, illuminated in turn the principal kings who were assassinated and captured in Mesopotamia. It consisted of eight axes, examining the methods used to eliminate the king from the era of the Sumerian city-states (2800 BC ___ 2370 BC) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC.

Linguists and narrators differed concerning the pronoun ‘you’ in terms of its component elements. However, there is a consensus that the pronoun ‘you’ consists of two elements, namely, the particle ‘ina’ and the character ‘ta’. The character ‘ta’ appears in all semiotic languages. In this light, the study adopts a descriptive approach to describe the male singular addressee pronoun in semiotic languages (Hebrew and Arabic). Aspects of similarities and differences have been highlighted, and a detailed account is given on its association in the nominative, accusative and object cases.

The most important results of the research are: It seems that Edith's connection to her society and her acceptance of them is evident through the events of her story mentioned in the Bible, despite the heinousness of their actions and their homosexuality, she agreed to this vice and even encouraged them, despite the fact that she is the wife of Lot to the righteous as described by some biblical texts, who had He denied his people their ugly deeds, but she supported her people against her husband, so she deserved the torment on her people, and her end was destruction. The researcher conclude that Edith’s behavior of refusing to receive her husband’s guests with bread and salt, as is the custom of the peoples of the world in receiving the guest, therefore the Lord was angry with her and punished her with the same crime that she turned into a salt monument to serve as an eternal and visible testimony to deter others from these actions, perhaps this is related to the literature of world heritage and Jewish cultures.
The opinions of researchers and Jewish studies differ about Edith's personality and the reason for her turning back. Some of them try to give a positive image of this character through sympathy with her. The reason for her behavior is justified by the fact that she had left her daughters, home, and property that she left behind, and cannot abandon her feelings towards her people in Sodom, that stricken city, while other researchers believes that the punishment is inevitable and determined regardless of whether she committed the crime or not, and thus her punishment was harsh and severe.
While some conclude and believe that the Jewish heritage made Edith a negative heroine when she refused to receive guests, and thus resulted in a relationship between sin and its punishment, and this is what religions and myths draw. Despite that, some try to make excuses and justifications. However, the reality of her punishment remains because of her disobedience and non-acceptance of the divine commands issued by the Almighty God, who cannot be ignored or transgressed, but must be implemented and obeyed.

Linguistic substitution is known in all languages, especially in Semitic languages, including Arabic and Syriac, and it is a phonetic substitution that is not subject to certain laws. Turab (d. 270-280 AH approximately), The Book of Substitution, Punishment, and An-Nazaer by Al-Zajji (d. 340 AH), and The Book of Substitution by Abu Al-Tayyib Al-Lughi (d. 351 AH).
We did not find an adequate independent study dealing with linguistic substitution in the Syriac language by study and analysis, so we thought that we would be the first to study it, and open the door to study in it. One, and the Syriac language grammar books did not address this substitution, and examples of it were mentioned in different language topics, and this is what compelled us to search in the Syriac language dictionaries page by page, for these words, and analyze them before making sure that the substitution occurred between them.
In this research, we dealt with the linguistic development, the reasons for substitution, and its types, focusing on the linguistic substitution, and the letters that occur in it with examples.

Women in the societies of the ancient Near East suffered from looking down on them and contempt the heavenly religions appeared .One of its goals was to find a balance between women and man and to define rights and duties with justice and mercy and to confirm that the Creator ,the Almighty ,blessed the tow .He made them inhabit the land and build it ,and Judaism was affected by the pagans surrounding it ,so it distorted many of the rules and constants , including the position of women and their role in society and it began to look down on them So he respected their presence and entered into dialogues and discussions with them and gave an opportunity to those who made a mistake in repenting and refusing to impose the punishment in a zakat manner . He also accepted the presence of women among his disciples and they followed him on his travels and transportation and provided material and moral support to him and were loyal to him until the end ,but the message of the Lord Christ was revoked after his lifting and sentencing By crucifixion at the hands of the Apostle(Paul), when he denied women even the right to speak in churches , and the look of contempt returned to them, and he prevented them from teaching and blaming them .Until it came to considering marriage as a necessity to produce children only, and the first thing is that the man should be intimidated if he is able.

The issue of religious monotheism has been of great importance to historians, as there are no historical documents that are not sufficient to confirm the stages of the passage of religious unification historically in a serial and documented manner. Since the study of ancient history requires relying on orientalist books, they preceded the descendants and heirs of great civilizations to study their civilizations, during which the Orientalists deciphered the symbols and inscriptions of those civilizations, including the secrets of their religious thought, and since the island peoples (the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula) are the center of the effectiveness of the peoples of the Near East The focus of the research focused on the study of religious monotheism and the emergence of the innovators among those peoples, and the orientalists' point of view on it.

Medicine was known through man’s knowledge of pain. He began to search for ways and means that alleviate that pain, and by his nature, man attributed everything around him and everything that touched his life to nature and the things in its orbit.
As soon as religion entered human life, we see him (man) turn to magic, sorcery, and divination, to the locations and paths (orbits) of the planets, and to treatment with the blood of the nobility of his people. Then, the science of medicine took another turn in the shadow of the Islamic religion (after the advent of Islam), which is that Islamic scholars got their information from the Qur’an and the prophetic sayings (hadith) that addressed the great ailments which afflict humans. Illustrated manuscripts were the best evidence and the greatest documents on the greatness and progress of that science, as their images show us methods of treating many diseases and even major operations carried out by scholars of that time. And God willing, the pages of this research, based on the pictures of these manuscripts, will show the foundations of this science, the means of its development, and the most prominent treatment methods that were followed.

The research highlights the light on an important cultural aspect of the Abbasid period represented in the concils, beginning with the study of the council the introduction of it, and the study of archeological models from the councils, that were held, the court of the caliphs these councils varied according to the diversity of their purposes and is attended by writers and wise people and, the owners of mirrors and thus.

This research studies the masjids which were built in the Levant during the era of the Orthodox Caliphate. The research focuses on Al-aqsa Mosque as it examines its unique status and the prominent extensions and renovations that were executed at that era by both the Orthodox Caliphs and the Umayyad Caliphs. In this regard, the accomplishments of Abed Al-Malek Ibn Marwan, the Umayyad Caliph, are studied meticulously. The research elaborately studies the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus with special reference to the developments that occurred after liberating the city form the Byzantine rule. It also touches on the subsidies which were spent on the constructional and architectural works. The third study is about Al-Masjid Al-Jami' in Halab (the Congregational Mosque in Aleppo). In addition, the research demonstrates the functions of masjids, their religious, social, and scientific roles, and their impact on the intellectual movement.

This research deals with the family of Banu Derbas Al-Marany and their scientific biography ,whose origin goes back to the banu Maran in Almoroj near city of Mosul , they had a journey ... anumber of cities and countries to receive knowledge of religion and prophetic hadith but they settle down in Egypt, Banu Derbas differenatiated in many fields especially in jurisprudence, prophetic hadith,literature and poetry as well as they served as judges and some of them held many positions at the same time beacause they have gualifications and experiences which make them suitable for such positions.

The research dealt with (the importance of Yathrib in the history of the Arabs before Islam), that city, which was one of the most famous cities in the ancient Hijaz, Natural factors made it the temporary comfort that Arab trade caravans were looking for, a station and a market for the exchange of goods.
What contributed to this stability, especially that it is a fertile oasis abundant with water, has been inhabited since ancient times by the Arab peoples and then the Jews until the Aws and Khazraj descended there, Because of the fertility of education, the abundance of water, and the abundance of fertile valleys, its inhabitants became famous for agriculture, As agriculture provides raw materials, it is known as industries, crafts and trade.

The research aims to highlight the role of the judiciary in Islam and that it has gone through historical stages, it developed according to the political and social conditions that the Islamic Caliphate went through. What was prevalent at the beginning of Islam and its development, and it was found that the legal aid system appeared early in the Islamic judicial organization, and the judicial system preceded the modern by many centuries with its accuracy and precision, which made legal scholars dependent on it in many matters, but the jurists and those interested in judicial affairs discussed it in They discussed the judiciary, and some of them singled out a chapter under the title of Judicial Ethics
Therefore, they set conditions, provisions and specifications for those who assume the position of the judiciary, in addition to giving advice and commandments to establish justice and equity. And if the cases increased and their types varied, and the regions of the state expanded and their parts and outskirts diverged, there was an urgent need to allocate judicial work in type and place. And if the number of judges in Muslim countries increased throughout their history, it was necessary to arrange and form this number and to find a reference to which matters of the judiciary and judges would devolve and have a type of supervision over their work. successive.
It has been shown that the principle in the method of appointing judges is appointment, and that the method of appointment was a necessity behind it - as it seems - and that the idea of the specialization of judges and the diversity of courts and it is one of the organizational matters outside the essence of the legal ruling and therefore outside the intervention of the Islamic legislator, but it is left to the authority Whoever has the power to be subject to the requirements of the situation with the change of time and its development. And that the Islamic legislator granted the judge immunity, so his removal is not a personal right of the jurist or the judicial authority, except for special reasons that call for that. Rather, the right of the nation is related to him, since the contract that took place between the judge and the imam or the head of the authority is only in the interest of the nation. He has the right to dismissal, and this is one of the important guarantees for the judge in his work.
It has been shown that the principle in the method of appointing judges is appointment, and that the method of appointment was a necessity behind it - as it seems - and that the idea of the specialization of judges and the diversity of courts and it is one of the organizational matters outside the essence of the legal ruling and therefore outside the intervention of the Islamic legislator, but it is left to the authority Whoever has the power to be subject to the requirements of the situation with the change of time and its development.
And that the Islamic legislator granted the judge immunity, so his removal is not a personal right of the jurist or the judicial authority, except for special reasons that call for that. Rather, the right of the nation is related to him, since the contract that took place between the judge and the imam or the head of the authority is only in the interest of the nation. He has the right to dismissal, and this is one of the important guarantees for the judge in his work.

The research aims to study a multi-talented personality who left his mark in several fields, especially in the scientific and urban fields, which prompted Shah Abbas Safavi to seek his help in defining, planning and supervising the construction of the city of Isfahan after the Sultan decided to move from the capital Qazvin to Isfahan. It is clear to this day in this aspect along with other sciences, especially mathematics and astronomy, and this is what prompted the researcher to delve into the depths of that personality whose effects are still visible in Persia to this day.

This research deals with the study of the characteristics of the heritage shrine of the Prophet Al-Uzayr in the Maysan Governorate, southern Iraq. In this article, a research was made about the importance of the cultural heritage embodied in the shrine of Al-Uzayr for the Iraqi society, with a brief historical and architectural overview of the importance of the shrine and its development throughout history.
The local community's view of this shrine was also studied and an awareness program for the value of this shrine was presented. This research found that this shrine plays an important role in improving social cohesion among members of Iraqi society despite the diversity and religious and ideological differences.

The study included a survey of the topography of the site and the structural structure of the place and working on it through aerial photography of the city and what man did in it, as well as a description of the surface of the site's land sculpted by environmental conditions and the state of its change from time to time. A study of the changes that occurred to the site during the last half century and the agricultural abuses that surrounded the site from all sides, as well as the sand dunes that covered the features of the hills of Zubaliyat, most of which reached a height of (8-9 m). And also the use of modern technologies to determine the abuses taking place in the city, as well as a field survey of the site.
To study the changes taking place on the site, the research team collected digital and topographic maps of the area to be studied and used (Digital topography srtam and aster) maps. Pictures from the Quick bird imagery website are in high resolution.
By examining the satellite visuals of the study area, we noticed the changes taking place in the hills of the zombies. By examining the satellite images, we saw through these images that date back half a century ago that these hills and the surrounding lands are desert lands unsuitable for agriculture, and there is no transgression on this area because of the lack of Water is available, but the changes that have occurred in the area in recent years began in 1991 when the Third River Project was excavated on the eastern side near Al-Zabayat, 8 km away from the hill. The changes that took place in the agricultural lands of the region can be seen due to the availability of water from the Third River. Opening modern irrigation canals near the site.

this research deals with a brief description of the shrine of Abdullah bin imam Musa al – Kadhim (peace be upon him ) , which is located in the district of Ghammas , where it sheds light on its location and the generl condition of the graves in the Euphrates region , and the violence and deliberate sabotage that they have endured through different ages , which led some to accuse these graves to hide it sometimes , as I searched for about the life span of the shrine , by which I mean the time distance that this shrine is supposed to withstand by shedding light on the death of sayyid Abdullah bin imam musa al – Kadhim (peace be upon him ) , which was after the year 203 AH to this year , and it was the difference between the year of his death and this year of ours is approximately 1238 years , because his death is not precisely defined , but rather came in an approximate way , this is to return the shrine,s age to the mentioned owner , of course , and I discussed with it the evidence that the people of madinah gave to the authenticity of the grave through its occurrence on this road of the wild pilgrimage , as it did not stand up to analysis and criticism at all , because there are traces left to today , from the land pilgrimage road , which is far from Ghammas ,I also put the views of the defenders of the shrine on the discussion table , then I went to analyze the reason for using the word “ al-majihel “ on the owner of the shrine , and studied the real age of the shrine , according to what I found of tracing the historical events of the region in general , and I also presented my observations on the book of Mr Hamza Abdul- Kazim Al- jubouri in this shrine is my desire to complete the benefit so that a complete picture of this tomb is clear in all respects , and I summarized the research with a conclusions of the conclusions.

In order to enhance the concept of historical value and enhance interest in the importance of heritage and historical areas, how can the media contribute to spreading a culture of interest in antiquities? And building collective memory towards the concept of historical and symbolic value of national antiquities through the media discourse of a group of meanings and ideas and surrounding the media environment towards the subject of antiquities and value investment. The symbolism of the Iraqi archeology calls, in general, to stop at the dictionary of collective action and collective influence by provoking a set of national values, and trying to use the concept of shock (by taking the topic to the (National Crisis Department) represented by all the vocabulary of recall and tension towards an important issue, as it represents the subject of antiquities.

The political aspect of life in general because of its influence on the life of the individual and society, and it seems that Muhammad Mahdi Shamseddine had interests in this aspect, this is what the reader finds when he sees his intellectual outputs such as his first book (the system of government and administration in Islam) which he issued in response to voices heard at that time claiming that Islam did not have a theory of governance, muhammad Mahdi Shamseddine confronted against these calls and voices highlighting the light on these concepts accurately.

This study dealt with the Franco-Syrian treaty of 1936 and the French opposition position, as this treaty is one of the most important political events in the history of Syria because of the consequences of joining the League of Nations, getting rid of the French mandate, and establishing an elected national constitutional government.
This study showed that despite the signing of the treaty by the French government, it delayed its presentation to the House of Representatives and the Senate in the French Parliament. To the treaty, as well as to the opposition of the French military establishment, which was looking forward to the survival of direct colonialism over Syria, in addition to the great role played by the Zionist lobby in France in opposing this treaty, these factors led the French Parliament to announce its rejection of this treaty.
The most important finding of the study is that the transfer of power from the ruling Popular Front in France, which adopted the conclusion of this treaty, to a government of a colonial nature, which was subjected to pressure from the right-wing parties and the military establishment, in addition to the great pressure by the Zionist lobby against the treaty, this led to Reject the treaty.

Language of the Arabs magazine is one of the first magazines established by Father Anastas Marie Al Karmali in 1911. It conveys the news of Iraq and its political, economic and social wages in , and the magazine was not without its opinions and treatments, starting with trips, being one of the sources of Arab and Islamic history, and the monasteries that were an important factor in urbanization and a center for science, and the books and libraries that form the backbone of the cultural life of peoples, as well as Pioneers of thought and culture, the magazine’s articles varied between literary, scientific and historical articles. Where was one of its chapters devoted to “The History of the Facts of a Month” section for transmitting political, economic and social news. This magazine turned into a great cultural space that attracted many writers and researchers in linguistics. It had an impact on his selection as a member of the Arabic language academies in Baghdad, Damascus and Cairo, in addition to his membership in the Oriental Languages Academy.

The research deals with the a approach of one of the thinkers who left us a number of writing research and articles , and relied in his study on a large number of early and modern sources that dealt with historical events in that period . Al-shibi was not satisfied with relying on what the critics wrote, but he excelled in giving his own opinion on the topic he studied , which increased the importance of his writing.

Muawiyah resorted to creating system of succession, and stated in many situations that his position came as a result of Islam and Muslims avoiding sedition and fighting among themselves, as happened during the days of Othman bin Othman, and Muawiyah also expressed his desire to take over his son Yazid, forgetting all the disadvantages that were in the character of Yazid. Therefore, he beautified his image in front of public opinion by presiding over the Hajj season and sending him at the head of a military campaign that besieged the city of Constantinople, and Muawiyah relied by creating the system of succession on the people of Levant who agreed with him, while he found opposition from the people of the city who found this matter contrary to the approach of Muslims .
The Umayyads of the Marwani branch also held on to the position of the system of succession, and they found from it a means of consolidating their rule.