Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

The aim of this research is to use of combined method of non- destructive tests for analyzing the results of the tests for 71 concrete cubes measuring 150 mm different in terms of the mixing ratios and the quality of the materials used in the concrete mix and the concrete cube age. Two types of tests were performed on these cubes: 1) non- destructive tests (ultrasonic plus velocity- rebound hammer); 2) destructive tests (compressive strength). The results of this data were analyzed in three different methods (Facaoaru - Belander - Galan) to confirm the compressive strength of the concrete using the combined method of non - destructive tests. The results showed that the estimate compressive by Facaoaru method gave almost identical results with the true compressive strength of the concrete with strength to less than 40 N / mm2، whereas the estimate compressive strength by Belander method gave higher results than the true compressive strength up to (30%). The estimate compressive strength by Galan method was significantly higher than the true compressive strength up to (15%).

Cities in the world were formed by the compatibility and integration of the physical characteristics of the urban environment from buildings and urban spaces and methods and related environmental and economic requirements and other psychological characteristics of individual and community related to the culture of communities and the behavior of its members and the associated customs and traditions. The relationship between human and his environment in the formation of the urban environment is an important factor in its success and neglect leads to abandoned environments that encourage negative behaviors and reflect on the human and thus on society, it is the human who forms his environment and therefore they constitute. What we are witnessing today is the loss of the importance of human in the design process and attention to the formal considerations of the urban environment with material relations that are oblivious to the psychological aspects and the minimal role of architecture as a material product of human needs. This is way its important to study the environmental psychology of human. The urban spaces are the most prominent appearances of the urban environment of cities, which measure of the liveliness of the city in view of the inclusion of all physical and psychological characteristics that reflect the privacy of communities in the world.

The lane changing model is one of the most important cornerstone models to build a traffic microscopic simulation model. To build such lane changing model, there is a need to investigate the drivers’ characteristics from field data. Accordingly, this study has mainly focused on lane changing behavior of Iraqi drivers. A huge amount of data has been collected from different sites in Iraq using specific type of cameras; these five sites (roads) are: Baghdad–Hilla, Baghdad–Mahmudiyah, Baghdad-Kut, Baghdad–Diyala and Najaf- Karbala roads. In addition, gun-speed has been also used to collect data of desired speeds. Different data have also been collected such as flow, headway, and speeds. The results show that as the flow increases, the frequency of lane changing also increases up to specific range of flow then as flow increases the frequency of lane changing decreases. In addition, this study indicates higher number of lane changing over all observed sites comparing with other countries. Finally, this study also indicates that the violated number of lane change varies with different levels of flow.

In present investigation a twin-fluid external mixing atomizer was designed and developed for fuel atomization which is used in liquid fuel burner. The droplet sizes (SMD) in the spray which was produced through the atomizer was measured experimentally. The experiments have been performed for different liquid fuel types, as well as for air to liquid mass flow rates (ALR), to study the effects of these parameters on droplet size (SMD).The liquid fuels used during the tests are biodiesel and its blends (biodiesel-diesel Bx and biodiesel-kerosene Bkx) with three values of ALR (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0).The droplets sizes were investigated for the region near-nozzle by using imaging setup and using dispersion technique. The images viewing regions 366.6 mm2, to determine the droplet size (SMD). Matlab cod software has been used for a number of image processing techniques to identify and improve the detection of small droplets.The results showed that the increasing of biodiesel ratio in blending with diesel and kerosene increases the (SMD), and the increasing of ALR reduces the (SMD) for all experiments fuels. Also the results showed that the agreement is good of this method of SMD measurement and calculations with published studies.

Nanotechnology is one of the key technologies of the 21st century, which has a potentiality to offer sustainable solutions to contemporary architecture and lower building costs. It helps biomimicry (as a way of thinking which is going back to nature for inspiration) to be achieved at new levels, through producing (new materials, devices and robots), that function as the same way as organisms do. Both nanotechnology and biomimicry take their power from nature and could have extraordinary results if implemented in building design, systems and construction. This research is looking at the concept of nano-biomimicry (biomimicry on nano level) and its usage in architecture. The main concern of this research is to arrive to a better understanding of the levels of implementation of nano-biomimicry for sustainability in architecture. The research uses qualitative method and case study approach to analyze and evaluate the levels of implementation of nano-biomimicry in sustainable architecture. It leads to a new understanding of the levels of implementation for nano-biomimicry for achieving sustainability in architecture and considers an expansion of the old categorization into seven categories including form, materials, construction, function, system, computer modelling, and robotic strategies.

Extensive use of digital photographic devices has resulted in large volumes of digital images being acquired and stored in databases. Whether it is for scientific research, medical or social networking, there is a growing demand for effective retrieval of digital images based on their visual content (e.g. colour and texture). Content-Based Image Retrieval systems are developed to meet this demand. However, searching for similar and relevant images from large-scale databases still poses a challenge for Content-Based Image Retrieval systems due to the gap between high-level meaning and low-level visual features. This paper reviews different Content-Based Image Retrieval approaches such as Clustering, Region-of-Interest, Bag-of-Visual-Words, Relevance Feedback, Browsing, and indexing that have been developed to reduce such “Semantic gap” issue. So, the interested researchers can interest to determine which method is benefit to his work.

The monitoring process is important for any structure for many reasons, but unfortunately most of Iraqi constructions suffer from the lack of their drawings and plans due to different reasons. Such drawings and plans are very important in monitoring process to identify locations of damages, thus a new approach has been applied to monitor highway bridges damages using accurate digital cameras with GPS to determine locations of the damages in site, then such defined locations axis have been used to obtain the related Google images of the site to locate the position of damages on images. Also a new colored code of arrows has been used to locate the damage position and identify the direction of images. It has been proved that using such approach was very successful and will reduce time and efforts due to their activity, accuracy and easiness of both damages recognition or identification of damages location when compared with respect to the traditional method of monitoring process as well as the new approach was essential to solve the problem of missing drawings and plans of the sit.

Shatt al-Arab River is considered one of the systems affected by the phenomenon of tides and has the economic, environmental and historical significance of the city of Basra in southern of Iraq. Manning or roughness coefficient (n) is considered an important bases in the hydraulic studies of river's flow. Experimental methods are used to calculate the value of (n) depending on the field's measurements for six measuring stations (Fao, Seehan, Aboflos, Al-Ashar, Ektiban, and Al-Sharash). It is concluded that n-value is varying along the Shatt al-Arab river, ranging between (0.0115- 0.06) along the river course. The highest value is recorded in Al-Sharash station (0.06) where many factors are interfere, including the velocity of currents, the nature and size of the sediment surface and shape of the river bottom (level, or zigzag).

The present paper aims to validate ABAQUS finite element model to analysis the rectangular reinforced concrete beams in order to study web opening effect on the shear, and ultimate strength of these beams. The validation has been achieved through comparison of load-- deflection curves obtained from the finite element model with those of experimental works of another researcher. The dimensions and flexural reinforcement of the beams were kept the same. The investigated test parameters were the size and the location of the openings. Comparison between load-deflection curves obtained from finite element model with those of experimental works indicates good agreement such that the proposed model can be adopted in future for further studies.

atmospheric stability is very important parameter because is ruled the dissipation of air, in this study modern device depend on sound wave used to measure atmospheric stability by Monin-Abukhov length (L) and scaling parameter z/L over Baghdad city at summer season months. This parameter z-zd/L need to estimated topographic surface by morphometric analysis to obtain zero plane displacement (zd=10.4m) and roughness length (zo=1.4m) from domain wind direction (from North to South at this study). At this study 2640 run done ,79% unstable , 12.6% neutral, and 8.3% stable, there is also subdivision for these results in cases unstable and stable condition to very and slightly . Classification is also done at daytime and nighttime, where the rates for unstable at daytime and nighttime is high and nearly have small difference, but in neutral and stable there is clear difference. Similarity function and scaling parameter from monin-Abu khov theory is calculated to test the turbulent and also can be comported with previous studies such as Businger and other.

The present work studies the effect of adding nano-silica (nano-SiO2) particles, that were
added with different volume fractions of (0.5 %, 1 % and 1.5 %), and random woven fiber glass with
fixed volume fraction of (3 %), on some mechanical properties of composite prosthesis complete denture
base materials by using poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin as matrix. In this work, the prosthetic
dentures base specimens consist of two groups include particulate composites materials and nano-hybrid
laminated composites materials, according to the types of reinforced materials that were prepared by
using Hand Lay-Up method, the first group consists of PMMA resin reinforced by nano- silica particles,
only, while the second group consists of PMMA resin reinforced by nano- silica particles and random
woven fiber glass. The mechanical tests were performed on these specimens include (flexural and impact
tests). The results showed that the addition of (nano-SiO2) particles has a noticeable effect on the most
properties of particulate composite material specimens and nano-hybrid laminated composites materials
specimens for prosthetic denture base, the values of (flexural modulus, flexural strength, shear stress and
impact strength) properties increased with the increase of the volume fraction of (nano-SiO2) particles in
the composite denture base material, whereas the values of (flexural strain) property decreased.

This research aims to study experimentally behavior of hybrid deep beams with web openings when subjected to two points' monotonic and repeated loading in effect of web openings shape. All tested deep beams have the same flexural (0.0184) and web reinforcement (ρw=0.003) and same dimensions of (1500mm length, 150mm width and 350mm height). In this research, the idea of hybridity was achieved by reinforcing the two shear spans with steel fiber keeping the middle span free from this fiber. The aim was to strengthen shear region against shear failure (diagonal strut failure). To achieve the aim, six deep beams were cast and tested. Three of them were tested under monotonic loading as control beams to the other three beams tested under repeated loading at levels of 55% of the ultimate load of their control beams. The variables studied were: loading type (either monotonic or repeated) and web opening shapes. The results indicated that using different opening shapes (rectangular, circular or square) with an equivalent shape of 1.37% of beam size show that the ultimate load of beams with rectangular opening decreases by 10% as compared with beams with square web openings of the same area. Also, the ultimate load of beams with circular openings increases by 6.8% as compared with beams with square web openings of the same area. Also, it can be concluded that deep beams haves circular openings are increasing in ultimate loads by 17.5% as compared to rectangular web openings shapes with equivalent area.

One of the most serious problems of reinforced concrete structures is corrosion of embedded reinforcing steel bars especially in aggressive environments. To control steel corrosion, several approaches have been followed but do not introduce 100% corrosion resistance and guaranteed long-term performance. Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars are considered to be an ideal alternative to overcome corrosion problem in steel bars because of their high corrosion resistance. This paper discusses the main topics related to the use of GFRP bars as reinforcement in structural reinforced concrete applications and presents an overview to the available literature especially in GFRP bond behavior. The main conclusions are: standardizing the manufacturing process of GFRP bars are needed in order to limit the contradictory results of their performances due to the high differences in the products characteristics, and that the available design guidelines have much conservative equations, so they are recommended to be revised to be more practical.

In this work, the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy includes copper with different ratio is investigated by immersing the specimens in acidic solution (HCL & H2 SO4) with concentration (5%,10%) then put in furnace at three temperature degree(40, 60.80)oC and holding for (30) minutes the results showed that increased in (Cu) at alloy contain leads to increase in weight losses while when fixed cupper ratio and increased (Ni) at alloy contain the weight losses decrease .corrosion rate of studied alloy increase in(HCL) solution more than(H2 SO4).

the paper is about establishing a reliable correlation that can predict specific heat (Cp) of a series of normal alkanes over a wide range of temperatures. High quality experimental measurements reported in the relevant literature were used to verify the accuracy of the developed correlation, including data of heavy n-alkanes up to (n-C30H62). For a fair assessment, all the experimental data used were selected such that are measured at constant pressure. The developed correlation, for the first time, considers the effect of both temperature and carbon number for gas and liquid phase of normal alkanes, ranging from C1 to C30. Interestingly, the results showed that the correlation predicts closely the experimental data with an average relative error (AARE) not exceeding 3.63% for 97 data points