Philosophy Journal

This research talks about the idea of reincarnation in Greek Philosophy which took place and occupied a large area. This research was limited to philosophers who say this idea especially if we know that the Greek philosophers before Socrates, did not refer to this idea this is because the interest of philosophy in general was the search for the first principle from which the universe originated. This research clarified the philosophers belief in reincarnation through their texts. And to explain the depth of this idea with Greek Philosophy.

The idea of tolerance is an essential component in the thought of civilized peoples , and it until after a difficult labor in which the woes narrowed , and the idea of cognitive doubt had its highest value in reaching the prinching the principle of tolerance , and as long as the difference between human beings is a natural thing , and reaching certainty is impossible , and this is what is observed by those who follow the thought The modern European and how it developed until it developed until it reached the Enlightenment era Modern scientific discoveries questioned man about his previous ideas which lasted for long centuries , whether related to religious ideas or other things , so the contribution of thinkers in adopting the idea of doubt , such as Montany and Sharon , and the subseguent emergence Scientific methods such as those of Francis , Bacon and Rene Descartes , and what is observed on them in highlighting the importance of doubt in reaching sound scientific certainty , and what was subseguently important role in spreading Tolerance culture , as it was shown by john locke in the late seventeenth century .

Our research is knowledge according to Francis, which will be a study from a different perspective as we chose this topic because we wanted to decipher the problematic that some people may fall into by asking the following question: why did Bacon not directly care about (the truth) despite being an empirical-sensual philosopher? what we found with him is completely different from the sensual experimental philosophers who came after him, headed by John Locke, as we found that Locke was closer to the mental direction and directed in knowledge towards ( the truth ) and this is his goal, but Bacon was only concerned with Controlling nature and this is why it came His famous phrase (knowledge is power) stemming from his philosophy in which he demonstrated his rebellion against Aristotelian thought and philosophy Especially his inductive method in scientific research, claiming that (Argonne Aristotle) has become an old methodological tool that has become obsolete and is no longer able to enable man to (control nature), in addition to keeping Science stagnant and relying on theoretical thought more than on realistic observation, Therefore, he believes that philosophy and natural science should be studied inductive, but according to a different view, considering that knowledge by its nature is, cumulative, and this path is sufficient to achieve what rigid theoretical philosophies fail to do. Therefore, he relied on a precise scientific strategy aimed at granting man sufficiency in knowledge and pushing him to Search for new knowledge, and this does not come except through changing the old method with new one so that it enables man to control nature and this is his goal, and from here he saw that man should discover the natural system for things to expand his knowledge and consolidate his pour at work, Considering that nature is man, but rather his strength.

There is a scientific and legislative necessity for this study for having a huge effect upon the society and upon the life . Thus , the current study sheds the light as to uncover the doctrinal errors in the Iraqi public wise sayings . These wise sayings have abbreviations in the speech and they are accurate in the meaning . The study is relied on books that are concerned with the Iraqi public wise sayings which are the Baghdad wise sayings for ( Jilal al-Hanafi al-Baghdadi ) and public wise sayings for the retired brigadier (AbdulRahman al-Tikriti , the collection of the Baghdadi wise sayings for Mohammed Sadeq Zalzilah , The current study depends on the analysis and concluded with recommendations that should be mentioned to explain the types of the public wise sayings with its different pictures and that being considered as a responsibility for all as to build the societyin a doctrinal peace.

Philosopher John Dewey\'s position from Marxist economic philosophy is determined by the category of production that Karl Marx made the basis for the development of society. And also in terms of his saying of the class struggle, in which the victorious class (the proletariat) appropriates the surplus production that was due mainly to the men of the capitalist organization. Dewey found that the nature of this economy is incompatible with everything that would call for development because it stands at an inevitable stage which is the emergence of scientific socialism. And the policy of this economy in distributing the surplus value of production is unfair. The Marxists, in saying the class struggle, have separated politics from economics, because political power will be seized by those victorious classes, which leads to the decline of the governmental role that the state plays. Not only that, Dewey believes that all social processes carried out by Marxism negate the spirit of moral ideals, especially in terms of making the individual\'s value and individuality as a means of production, to increase the material quantity of it at the expense of their muscular effort, their free intellectual and cultural spirit.

The current research sought to define a new and very important concept in the old and modern theoretical psychological and social literature is \"gratitude\" or \"thanks\",and to clarify its role and importance in the lives of individuals and society in general and how gratitude can contribute In raising the level of human life, well-being, happiness, health, success, and creativity .... being one of the most important psychological concepts in positive modern psychology, the research included the first chapter in detailing the importance, problem, goals and terminology of the research in detail, and the second chapter explains the theoretical literature of the concept in religious literature as mentioned in Quran The noble and noble prophetic Sunnah and a general social and cultural overview, then the third chapter to clarify the theoretical psychological literature for psychological gratitude and the most important theorists, visions and scientific studies that dealt with and clarified its essence, advantages and advantages in the overall life of individuals and society, then a fourth chapter includes the conclusion and conclusion of what the researcher concluded from achieving the goal of the research by clarifying the most important The advantages and characteristics of the concept of \"gratitude\" or \"gratitude\", which can make it a way of life for every person who is accustomed to using it and working with him in the entirety of the details of his life religiously, family, socially, practically, healthily and culturally because of his important advantages for individuals Society, so everyone lives the most beautiful life by raising the level of satisfaction in everything that could interfere with their lives and enjoy happiness and contentment and health and creativity and increase in goodness steadily, so armament \"by gratitude\" or \"thankfulness\" as a characteristic and an advantage and virtue and great human value, which builds the human with the highest and highest human qualities, which In turn, it adopted a society of virtue and creativity, and the research ended with the most useful recommendations and proposals.

The main objectives of the research :
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-Measuring theideal anxiety of a sample of non-thinness.

- Measuring the ideal anxiety of a sample of thinness people - Identify the significance of differences in The ideal anxiety in thinness and non- thinness people .
-Measuring theoxidativestress inthinness and non-thinness people.
-Identify the difference by measuring theoxidativestress between thinness and non-thinness people.
In order to achieve the research objectivetheidealanxiety and TheOxidative Stress scale which was prepared for this purpose , was applied to a sample of 200 individuals, 100 individuals with thinnessand 100 non- thinnessindividuals. The results revealed that the thinness suffer from height scores on the scale of the ideal anxiety andtheoxidative stress, and the results revealed in a number of recommendations and suggestion.