Adab AL Rafidayn

The food security issue in Iraq has become the centre of attention to the Iraqi government and various stakeholders, such as international organisations. Many factors affect Iraq's food security, and whilst the issue of food insecurity in Iraq is gaining the momentum it needs now, it is not an unprecedented problem. Throughout the history of Iraq, the country went through many life-changing events that impacted its food security. In general, the issue of food security has been studied extensively by examining the internal political and non-political factors related to the problem. However, the impact of external political forces has been neglected. This article aims to show historical evidence of the external political forces' impact on Iraq's food security through the effects of these forces on Iraq's food production system. This paper will provide basic information on Iraq's location and geography, which shaped its economic conditions to understand why it came under the influence of external political forces. These forces also established a feudal system that impacted Iraq's food production system and will help economists and scholars understand the country's modern history when examining the 1900s since Iraq remained relatively the same, as abolishing feudalism and social change were unattainable until the late 1950s. Furthermore, the paper will help show the readers how the destruction by external political forces impacted the country's food production system, causing famines and food insecurity and test the impact of these forces in other post-colonial cases

This study investigates the production of English segments by Bahdini Kurdish (BK) learners of English in the 2nd and 4th years of their study. The study aims at identifying the type or subtype of English sounds that are considered problematic for BK learners of English and examining whether there is an improvement in the production of the 4th year in comparison to that of the 2nd year. 50 undergraduate students from College of Languages, Duhok University purposively are selected from second and fourth years of their study. From each level, twenty-five students are taken and their ages range between 20 and 23. A production test composed of (118) words is employed as an instrument to collect the required data from the respondents. The respondents are asked to read the whole wordlist then the data is transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols. To fulfil the aims of the study, both descriptive and statistical analysis methods are used to describe the findings of the data analysis of both levels. The findings reveal that vowels, in general, are more problematic than consonants for BK learners of English and the diphthong class is more difficult for both groups compared to that of the monophthong class. Furthermore, the results of the statistical independent sample test reveal that statistically the 4th years’ production of both types of sounds is better compared to that of the 2nd year. The means of the 4th year learners’ correct production of consonants as well as vowels are 1.91 and 1.73 respectively; whereas 2nd year learners scored the means 1.90 and 1.63 for consonants and vowels respectively. Learners’ mispronunciation of English sounds is mainly due to some linguistic factors such as L1 transfer, the disparity of the sound system between Kurdish and English, inconsistency of vowel sounds. Finally, some ideas are recommended by the researcher for BK learners to improve their pronunciation of English sounds

Pragmatic competence is an important ingredient for language proficiency since the grammatical knowledge alone is not sufficient. In this way, the pragmatic content in textbooks, especially conversation textbooks, used for Teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) is important and should not be neglected. It should be oriented towards the facilitation of students’ communicative competence development. As a result, it seems that the development of students’ communicative competence in English should be in their overall objectives or at least within implicit goals.
The current study aims to contribute to investigating the pragmatic knowledge offered by the content of conversation textbooks used to teach Iraqi under-graduate EFL students. The study is a content analysis of a part of conversation textbook series called Person to person quantitatively and qualitatively.
The study finds that there is a poverty of some components of pragmatic information such as implicature, formality, and appropriateness in spite of being highly important for any communication. In regards to pragmatic tasks, it seems that the series lacks the balance between pragmatically- oriented tasks and culturally- oriented tasks. Moreover, the series is poor with culturally-oriented tasks

Dark humour is a genre of humour which is characterized by its dark or morbid content used to pass issues that are normally sensitive or taboo. The current study is an attempt to investigate dark humour, as a politeness strategy in 4 posts that are in English and by Western speakers, the first two are extracted from Facebook and are against Muslims, the third from Twitter, and the fourth from Youtube and are in defense of Muslims. The study, while adopting Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory (1987), aims at finding out the role played by dark humour in utterances that are for or against Muslims and how far such roles differ accordingly. It is hypothesized that dark humour can be an aggravation or a mitigation strategy depending on the speaker’s/writer’s stand in relation to Muslims. In conclusion, dark humor can be used to aggravate or mitigate the face threatening act towards Muslims when the utterance is meant to be against Muslims, and it can only aggravate the face threatening act against those who attack Muslims when the utterance is meant to be in their defense.

Writing errors are an inevitable aspect of students\' efforts to enhance their writing proficiency. Various studies have tackled the identification of challenges and errors in students’ academic writing, aiming to explore the complexities inherent in writing activities. Such studies enable educators to determine the significant obstacles encountered by students and offer remedial measures. This research aims at detecting the most prevalent errors encountered by students when tasked with academic writing assignments. The problem lies in the relatively poor performance of students in writing English essays as such low performance affects even the quality of writing in written translation subjects. The study hypothesizes that the students’ low writing quality is due to a high frequency of errors. Additionally, it hypothesizes that the most common type of errors is the morphological ones. Through employing a descriptive and quantitative data analysis approach, the study examines errors following Chanquoy\'s (2001) taxonomy of writing errors. Focusing specifically on grammatical components, the research analyzed 47 essays. A total of 481 errors spanning all categories were documented. The study\'s findings revealed that most recurrent errors were categorized as orthographic errors (54%) followed by lexical (19%), syntactic (17%), and morphological (10%) errors. Within orthographic errors, capitalization represented the highest error rate with (47.5%) while subject-verb agreement represented the lowest rate (2%) within the category of morphological errors. Ultimately, the study concludes that students exhibit deficiencies in grammar mastery, particularly in the composition of grammatically sound writing tasks.

This study focuses on studying how equational sentences can be intonationally phrased. The phrasing is achieved through determining the boundaries of each equational sentence (henceforth ES) in addition to examining the identity of the boundaries at the periphery of each element within the ES from syntactic, phonological and phonetic points of view. The model adopted in the study is the Autosegmental-Metrical Approach (henceforth AM) which is firstly presented by Pierrehumbert (1980) and developed by Ladd (2008) within the framework of intonational phonology. The data are produced by Iraqi speakers using the Modern Standard Arabic in their interviews on TV show programs. The utterances are collected, edited and analysed according to a specific notation system showing the internal syntactic structure in addition to the phonological and phonetic structures of the boundaries of each ES.

Arabic has many varieties and is spoken all over the Middle East. This study talks about one of the varieties of Arabic called North Mesopotamian Arabic, also known as Mosuli Arabic. Mosuli is spoken in the city of Mosul in the north of Iraq, and it is an understudied variety of Arabic, so studying it deeper would help linguists and documentary linguists understand more about the universality of human language. This study gives a descriptive analysis and discusses sentential negation in Mosuli Arabic. The research investigates different ways to negate verbs in present, past, and future tenses, as well as questions and imperative verbs. In addition, the negation of nominal sentences in the Mosuli dialect will be discussed. Furthermore, the negation of verbless phrases, or what is called nominal phrases, such as nouns, processive case, adjectives, and participles, is also discussed. Upon the dissemination of the collected data, it was found that Mosuli utilizes a number of negation particles, such as (ma:), for present, past, and future verb negation. The negation particle (la:) indicates a request from peers or advice, while the particle (ma:) is used to negate the imperative, indicating a command and an order. Additionally, Mosuli and the use of the negation marker (kəl). Finally, the particle (wala) negates multiple verbs, such as nouns, adjectives, and prepositional phrases.

This study tackles the translation of Attitude resources in political texts from English into Arabic. It seeks to explore the concept of Attitude. It aims to specify and analyze these resources by comparing and contrasting them based on Martin and White's Attitude System, which is part of Appraisal Theory (2005). Following the concept of shift that is adopted by Munday (2012) and Seo (2012) 'shift of attitudinal meaning'. This study focuses on shifts of attitude that may occur through translating these resources. The data of this study draw on two texts collected from the ‘Voice Section’ of British online newspapers ‘Independent’ two versions released in English and Arabic. This study hypothesizes that the misuse of the translation method can lead to a shift of attitude. The failure to capture the Attitude resources of the source text (ST) has led to violating the intentionality of the text producer. The study has concluded that the evaluative functions of these resources in many cases are neutralized and omitted. Consequently, the evaluative meaning of the text is weakened.

The aim of this research is to investigate the difference between the achievement scores of Iraqi EFL learners‟ in English in online and real-life classrooms. This research is conducted to show some facts about the two teaching and learning environments: online and face-to-face classrooms. The research also shows the cons and pros of each teaching and learning environment. It investigates the impact of each teaching and learning environment on developing students‟ English language: reading, writing, speaking and listening skills.
The researcher conducted the current research on 40 Iraqi EFL sixth preparatory students. The students were chosen randomly from different Iraqi schools. They were divided equally into two classrooms: online and face-to-face. The students were distributed to the two groups equally according to their English achievement scores in the final exam of the previous year: fifth preparatory (See appendix A). Both groups were taught the curriculum books: Student’s Book and Activity Book by the researcher. It is worth mentioning that the method adopted in teaching the curriculum is the communicative approach. The students were pre and post tested to measure their development in English.
The overall results revealed that students in both classrooms have improved their scores in English significantly, and there is no significant difference in the gained mean scores between the two groups.

Pragmatic analysis includes verbal and nonverbal elements. The current study aims to show speech act and image act types and subtypes included in Iraqi EFL textbooks "English for Iraq" in the intermediate and preparatory stages. It also aims to analyse the speech act of written content in Iraqi textbooks "English for Iraq". Finally, it tries to reveal the nonverbal illocutionary force indicating devices in the visual context in Iraqi textbooks "English for Iraq" in the intermediate and preparatory stages.
The study is based on a qualitative methodology. The data is collected from the Iraqi EFL textbook “English for Iraq” in the intermediate and preparatory stages. The steps of content analysis are employed to reveal speech act types, adopting “Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology” by Krippendorff (2004). Moreover, three models are employed to analyse the speech acts in the written dialogues, such as “Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts” by Searle (1979), “Foundations of Illocutionary Logic” by Searle & Vanderveken (1985), and “Speech Acts an essay in the philosophy of language” by Searle (1969). Furthermore, four models are employed to analyse the pictorial acts in the images. The first model is Schmitz. (2007). “How to do things with pictures. The second model is semiotics (Peirce, 1931), and the third and fourth models are “The Definitive Book of Body Language” by Allan & Barbara Pease (2004) and “Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction” by Knapp, Hall & Horgan. (2013).
The study concludes that Iraqi EFL textbooks include different types and subtypes of speech acts, such as directives, expressives, assertives, and commisives. Moreover, it has no declaration type. Finally, the illocutionary force of utterances in “English for Iraq” is manifested through visual elements, such as gestures, facial expressions, eye behaviour, body shapes, objects etc

The main aim of the current study is to identify the factors that predict Second Language Writing (L2 writing) of Iraqi EFL sophomore students at Departments of English in two colleges: College of Arts and College of Education for Humanities at University of Mosul. To achieve this purpose, data were collected through an online survey with a final sample of 116 students, 35 students from College of Arts and 81 students from College of Education for Humanities. This study used prevalidated adapted scales to collect data, where the motivation scale was based on that of, Khazaee, Dowlataldadi, Amerian, and Fathi (2020), and the transfer scale relied on that in Alsaghier`s study (2020) and Chulak`s study (2023). Simple Linear Regression was utilized to analyze the collected data. The results indicated that motivation and transfer were significant predictors of learners’ L2 writing performance in both colleges. Gender, however, was not significant in predicting learners’ L2 writing achievement. The findings of this study have crucial pedagogical implications theoretically and practically. Theoretically speaking, the results of the current study add new information to the existing literature about the predication relationship between multiple factors like the ones in this study with EFL students’ performance in writing. In terms of practical insights, this study is hoped to enlighten instructors about the importance of motivation and transfer in learning writing, the most difficult skill among the four skills, reading, writing, spelling, and listening, writing is the most difficult skill. especially for EFL learners.

As translation assessment is one of many interests in translation studies, the current research aims to apply H. P. Grice’s maxims (Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner) as tools for assessing the quality of literary translations from English into Arabic. It also supposes that adherence to these maxims contributes to achieving fluency, accuracy, and cultural appropriateness in the target text. Golding’s Lord of the Flies (1954) and its two Arabic translations, Al-Jammal (2000) and Nassar’s (2014) novels, are taken to be compared in terms of applying and adhering to the four maxims. By the analysis of the two Arabic-translated works through the lens of the maxims, the research aims to assess how translators tackle the challenges of conveying the intended meaning, maintaining natural language flow, achieving accuracy, and adapting cultural references for the Arabic reader. Accordingly, the findings will contribute to a more comprehensive framework for assessing literary translation quality, ensuring that the translated work effectively communicates the author's message and resonates with the target reader.

Color is an important means of expression and understanding, and research and experiments have shown that it is still a hidden treasure that a person could not reach his decision .... It is a positive force that affects the nervous system (). “Colors are one of the most beautiful and fertile things in the life of human beings, one of which has enriched man’s life and bestowed on it the beauty and splendor of beauty. And it is images that express the issues of life and human emotions in it \"(). On the one hand, color sometimes distinguishes things, and on the other hand it is one of the most striking qualities, and colors have always been a big issue in human life, as they are closely related to their means of living, and to their ideas, traditions, customs and concepts (). It has been said: The color is “silent poetry organized by the eloquence and manifestation of nature, for it is its words, language and expressive of its psyche” () and in this view it is considered; Because the colors in nature are made by God Almighty. The employment of color has contributed to a prominent and important role in shaping the personal image of what it possesses symbolism and inspiration. Women have used colors in their hair, wisdom, and anecdotes affected by what surrounds them from nature, whether they are alive or moving, and this has been reflected in a beautiful and gentle manner..

Color is an important means of expression and understanding, and research and experiments have shown that it is still a hidden treasure that a person could not reach his decision .... It is a positive force that affects the nervous system (). “Colors are one of the most beautiful and fertile things in the life of human beings, one of which has enriched man’s life and bestowed on it the beauty and splendor of beauty. And it is images that express the issues of life and human emotions in it \"(). On the one hand, color sometimes distinguishes things, and on the other hand it is one of the most striking qualities, and colors have always been a big issue in human life, as they are closely related to their means of living, and to their ideas, traditions, customs and concepts (). It has been said: The color is “silent poetry organized by the eloquence and manifestation of nature, for it is its words, language and expressive of its psyche” () and in this view it is considered; Because the colors in nature are made by God Almighty. The employment of color has contributed to a prominent and important role in shaping the personal image of what it possesses symbolism and inspiration. Women have used colors in their hair, wisdom, and anecdotes affected by what surrounds them from nature, whether they are alive or moving, and this has been reflected in a beautiful and gentle manner..

Researching the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, is a matter of utmost importance, especially if we take into account the tricks and machinations that are being set up for our nation, and the intended turning away from the guidance of the Prophet, and doubts about what connects the generations to their Prophet, may the peace and blessings of God be upon him. Likewise, it is not hidden from He has insight into the great importance of the Prophetic Sunnah in understanding and interpreting the Noble Qur’an, as it is the second revelation through which we reach the intent of God Almighty. Likewise, the Prophetic Sunnah complements the Noble Qur’an, explains it, and clarifies its provisions. The Noble Hadith constitutes a fertile field for research. The hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, are distinguished by their magnificence, eloquence, and clarification. In reference to his saying, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him: ((Indeed, I have been given the Book and something like it with it)), from this standpoint we chose a topic related to (the noble hadith), especially with its strangeness, so the title of the message was
Narrations of Shamir bin Hamdawayh (255 AH) in Gharib al-Hadith by Ibn al-Jawzi (597 AH) - A semantic study). This study aims to uncover the secrets of prophetic eloquence and determine the true meanings of the significance of strange words in the noble hadith.

Nature, its texts, and its contents are considered an effective and influential factor in the human soul, as they are the universe that contains it, the land that contains it, and the place in which it lives. Nature represented most of his texts in the poetry collection of the poet Ibn al-Dhahir al-Arbali and was his basic objective starting point. Nature’s texts had variable connotations for him according to the change in context and his aesthetic visions. .
The study was a critical attempt to reveal the features and phenomena of nature with all its assets. Nature, with all its descriptions, was a poetic material that possessed the conscience of poets in general, and Ibn al-Dhahir in particular, in which his poetry and imagination were centered. The relationship between nature and the poet was based on mental and aesthetic interaction, similarity, physical description, and sensory scenes, so nature took over. The poet’s being took care of them and made them symbols of his joys and sorrows.
The abundance and diversity of natural assets and the environment in which the poet lived gave him horizons and added dimensions in forming his imagination and constructing his ideas. His land became an appropriate place for him to express his various themes, just as the scenes of nature were a source and stage for the poet’s imagination, providing him with appropriate poetic energies. Ibn al-Dhahir is a poet who celebrates nature. He gives it a prominent place in his poems and texts. The elements of nature are almost present in every line of his poetry. Nature was a reflection of the poet’s self, and a vessel containing all his aspirations. He is the artist holding the brush of formations. To give poetic topics raw material, nature was the focus that gave poetry to Ibn al-Dhahir al-Arbali’s texts to fill those texts with vitality and effectiveness.

This study deals with the extent of Sheikh Al-Raghib Al-Isfahani’s care for the Qur’anic vocabulary, through his interpretation, and highlighting the beauty of his presentation of the Quranic vocabulary from multiple aspects such as the linguistic aspect, the semantic aspect, and the Quranic terminology aspect. The study reached the breadth of Sheikh Al-Raghib’s study of the Qur’anic vocabulary, and his extreme care for it, although the methodology was Pioneering and distinguished, especially in approximating the semantic meaning of a word through the contexts of multiple Qur’anic verses.
The most prominent results reached by the research were:
1- Sheikh Al-Ragheb’s focus on the capacity to study Qur’anic terminology, his extreme care for it, and the beauty of his presentation of its interpretation.
2- We extracted a number of Qur’anic vocabulary, for several aspects, which are as follows:
• Linguistic aspect: as a single word: (father(
• The aspect of semantic meaning: as a single word: (qantoun).
• Aspect of the Qur’anic term: as a single word: (stawa).

The morphological aspect represents an important aspect of the difference in Arabic dialects, and is based on the difference in word structures and forms. The structure of words changes as a result of short and long soft sounds and silent sounds.
Morphology occupies a high position in the sciences of the Arabic language, as it is the science that is concerned with the small structure called (the word) before it enters the process of attribution to form a structure and a sentence. Since the singular precedes the compound, knowledge of morphology takes precedence over knowledge of grammar. Ibn Asfour says about the importance of morphology: Morphology honors the two parts of Arabic and obscures them; The one whose honor is evident is the need of all those working in the Arabic language, whether grammatically or linguistically. Because it is the Arabic meter. Don’t you see that a large part of the language is taken by analogy, and this can only be achieved through morphology.

The Noble Qur’an is an inexhaustible source, an irrefutable proof, and a declarative miracle that does not leave out any major or small thing without enumerating them carefully, determining the positions of sounds, letters, formulas, and sentences. With the best speech and the most beautiful statement; Until it became the first tributary of Arabic to which every stray and incoming word could be resorted to.
Scholars devoted themselves to it because of the clear beauty and the gold-studded cast they found in it. He is the target of the student and the teacher. It is a book that did not leave any branch of explanatory-statement without including it and lavishing it with eloquence that honors Arabic and its sciences. From this standpoint, studying the Qur’an in front of me was an honor for which hearts were united. So I proceeded to choose my research entitled (The significance of morphological structures derived from the root (m. l. k) in the Holy Qur’an)

The research aimed to study nostalgia among the two poets: Al-Baroudi and Ahmed Shawqi, through their poetry of alienation, and aimed to highlight the manifestations of nostalgia in their poetry and its poetic structure, while presenting a balance between them for this purpose, in terms of: subject matter and style. The study concluded that the purpose of nostalgia was prominent among them, especially during the stage of their exile and their distance from Egypt, which was a primary motivation for them to say about the purpose of nostalgia, and that the difference between them is in style and depiction. Shawqi was more modern in his style and photography, in addition to his vast imagination and abundant imagery in his poetry. In addition, Shawqi’s exile to “Spain” (formerly Andalusia) affected his nostalgic poetry. He used the experiences of Andalusian poets in his poetry, and mixed his talk about Andalusia with his nostalgia for Egypt. As for Al-Baroudi, “Serendib” was completely foreign to him, and he did not find in it anything that helped him, or what he could use in his poetry, or even alleviate his pain.

After extrapolating the texts of Taj al-Arous, which are described as healthy, we found some morphological topics that are worthy of study, so the research focused on studying the groups of taqsir that were described as healthy. This is after Al-Zubaidi or those from whom he quoted used the correct words, such as “Sahih” and “Al-Sahah.” To clarify the validity of the plural form mentioned in his texts or not, the study was limited to two requirements: The first requirement: the form of the plural of the few, and the second requirement: it dealt with the form of the plural of the many, including: the form of the finite plural, the plural form, and the noun of the gender, in addition to the plural form. Anomalous and rare, and we have selected examples that represent these types of crowds, and the research has fulfilled them through study, analysis, and interpretation, supported by the sayings and opinions of scholars, regardless of their differences, and demonstrating the validity of them.

Poetry is a distinct human activity, linked in one way or another to the nature of the poet psychologically, intellectually, historically and artistically. The poet Ahmed Jarallah Yassin is a professor and doctor of Arabic language and literature. He is distinguished by his playing with many literary genres. He is a poet, storyteller, painter, and critic. He has a distinguished academic presence and has won many awards in various artistic and research fields. Among that activity was his prolific output in poetry, as he wrote seven poetry collections, most of which were prose poems, and dealt with life issues with confident language and conscious thought about what he was saying.
The collections of his printed poetry were chosen to be texts because we were engaged in a morphological-grammatical study concerned with derivative description, and choosing the predicate as a model for this derivative description. We cannot fail to mention that Ahmed Jarallah’s poetry seems easy to read, but it requires a second and third reading and careful consideration.

Among the connotations, and the Qur’an presents them with various meanings, methods, structures, and morphological forms that indicate confirmation and occurrence in language and purpose.
There are many bad descriptions, expanding in their connotations between reminder, definition, restriction, multiplicity, release, and varying tenses between accusative and declension, some of which appear as commands, prohibitions, oaths, and conditions in linguistic systems that are composed of patterns and discourse.
Researching its objectives is to achieve the contents of the surahs in establishing the desired divine approach to the characteristics of manhood, in which they will identify the bad qualities that are far from the Sunnah, and in a way that suits

Al-Hajjaj is considered a deliberative field connected to poetic construction, and is rooted in it carrying the function of persuasion and influencing with perspectives in which visions differ. The poet Ibn Masum Al-Madani was considered one of the figures of Arabic poetry in the Middle Ages. His poetry was adorned with the depth of experience and the diversity of its methods, and Al-Hajjaj was an integral part of his product, in style and function, with argumentative linguistic capabilities. It has become a clear feature that deserves attention, and contributes to achieving a reading that provides a comprehensive literary understanding of the text. The research may have two axes: the first: the argumentation of intertextuality with the Holy Qur’an as an argumentative support that presents arguments with a dominant authority in consciousness, and the second: the argumentation of literary intertextuality with the intention of producing effective argumentative structures in reception. With a well-established abundance in mind, the research makes use of the pragmatic perspectives of intertextual arguments. And its effectiveness in the poetic text

The research aims to take a comprehensive look at verbs with two letters in the maqamat of al-Zahir Abi al-Hasan. It included the morphological forms carried by these verbs as well as the connotations carried by the (interaction) form. The verbs in this study were arranged according to the alphabetical order of the Arabic language, and the (interaction) form has meanings. Specific to it, it came as a result of the addition that occurred to it. This means that adding additional letters to the buildings leads to a change in meanings, as stated in the form of (interaction), such as the verb (forgot), which indicates forgetfulness, which is (sickness), so when it was mentioned additionally in the form of (interaction) ( Forget) that is, in the sense of forgetting by ignoring, i.e. the fault. The increase here led to a change in the meaning. Moreover, the linguistic meaning was identical with the conventional meaning in all the analyzed verbs.

This study deals with the poem ‘Let the days do what they want’ by Imam Shafi\'I :a linguistic study. The paper has revealed the verbal wealth in this poem. By showing the most important linguistic methods used in it, the researcher has chosen to study the following variables: phonetic, morphological, grammatical, semantic level through asking the following questions: What is the language, what are its levels and its role in activating internal communication?
Thus, language has a major importance and role in life, which is a field of communication, that represents human and life process with a psychological and social aspect that social life is not right and is not complete without it.
This study aims to reveal in depth the language contained in (12) verses of Imam Shafi\'i poetry in wisdom that contain useful messages for life. In the end, the research proves that Al-Shafi\'i is not only a mujtahid, jurist and imam in Islamic sciences, but he is a scholar in Arabic, and a poet of its poets, and that his doctrine is a rich source of linguistics, using the descriptive and analytical approach. The research included an introduction and two sections. The first section dealt with the concept of poetry and the levels of linguistic analysis, including the levels (phonological, morphological, grammatical, in language and terminology. Then the second section came to focus on the linguistic analysis in the poem (Let the Days Do What They Want) by Imam Al-Shafi’i at the levels mentioned above.

Part of the happiness of a person is that God Almighty gives him work in which he seeks to please Him, guides him to benefit His servants, and a reward for which he is rewarded with the sincerity of his intentions. This can only be achieved by whom God Almighty has granted him success, guidance, guidance, and correctness. And from all the purposes mentioned, I made my way, tightened my apron, and rolled up my robes. Help me write my doctoral dissertation in a way that will focus on the benefits of science and the merits of research, as many days as I have and as many years as I have. I intended to study the noble prophetic text in a book from one of the famous books of the noble hadith, namely (Misbah al-Sunnah) by Imam al-Baghawi, so this book was a way to implement it. A semantic grammar for one of the types of sentences in Arabic, which is called (the sentence of the one calling to him..), which will be discussed later. It is not surprising that the noble prophetic text was chosen, as it was said by the Messenger of God, who was given the most comprehensive words, and whose wisdom was summed up in a nutshell. The world has never known someone more eloquent in speech than him. It was more eloquent than he was, so I resolved to ask God Almighty for guidance and guidance in moving forward with this choice without having any intention of rejecting it, or doubting its acceptance, or turning a blind eye to it. After examining it, contemplating it, and contemplating it for a long time, it was decided that the title of the research would be marked with: (The significance of the sentence calling for him with the letter (Ya) in the text of the hadiths of the book _Masabih al-Sunnah_ by Al-Baghawi (d. 516 AH), a past tense verbal sentence as an example).

The minority that seeks to rule a belligerent majority has no way to guarantee its existence other than to be stationed in relatively small numbers and in fortified places, whether cities or castles. Despite this, this means was not sufficient to establish control over the regions and cities of the Levant, to ensure communications and security, and to establish presence. The Crusaders' security in the Holy Lands is permanent and real and tangible. This is why the Crusaders worked to build huge and fortified cities, impregnable castles and defense lines. The Crusaders benefited from the art of war and military architecture in Western Europe. They also benefited from ancient forts and castles whose origins go back to the Byzantines or the Persians in the Levant. The fortified Crusader sites were like fixed military institutions, while the army was the moving element in them. The Crusader fortifications varied between small towers erected on the roads and giant castles, and it is a must for everyone who contemplates the location of those. Castles, their lofty buildings, and their fortified walls enable him to draw in his mind a picture of the brutal war events that took place around them. These castles and fortresses were not single facilities that existed alone at all, but rather they constituted a series of integrated military fortresses and fortifications interconnected between them, some of which existed from an era prior to those wars, and some of which were built during them. The Franks took full advantage of it, preserving their presence in this country.

Abdul Rahman al-Jalili is one of the prominent Iraqi figures who played a prominent role in the political and economic aspects, so the study focused on his biography, upbringing, lineage and the history of his family that inhabited the city of Mosul. His family, his love for reading and his passion for it had a great impact on the formation of his personality with the impact of the intellectual and cultural framework in his environmental environment on his cognitive upbringing, as well as his university studies, obtaining doctorate and his relations through his interest in social and national activities and their impact on the formation of national societies and belonging to them, which later contributed to determining the course of his orientations from the events he experienced.

The study dealt with the Egyptian and Jordanian position on the events in Gaza (2006-2017), since the start of the second legislative elections and the victory of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) until the national reconciliation agreement between Hamas and Fatah, the study aims to clarify the Arab position, including Egypt and Jordan because of their direct link to the events in Gaza, especially that the Strip was under Egyptian control for nearly 19 years, as well as the Jordanian link to the Palestinian events in general, especially that Hamas leaders were residing in Jordan before To be expelled in 2000, the study seeks to present the forces affecting the course of events within the Gaza Strip as the study dealt with Arab positions after the Arab Spring revolutions, which clearly affected Zionist policy.

The Zionist aggression against Lebanon in July 2006 represented a strategic Zionist goal since the withdrawal of its forces from southern Lebanon in May 2000, to eliminate the Lebanese Islamic resistance there, especially after its development and possession of great political and military power, in addition to completing the new American project to control the entire Middle East region, especially after The events of September 11, 2001 in New York, the American occupation of Iraq in 2003, the Syrian-Lebanese political disputes in 2005, and developments in the events of the Palestinian-Zionist conflict at the beginning of 2006, All of these events made France fear for its political and economic interests in Lebanon from American influence, so it sought, during the 2006 aggression, to change its policy according to the requirements and developments of the current circumstances at that time, in an attempt to prevent the Zionist entity and the United States of America from being alone in achieving their strategic goals in Lebanon, and to take real positions. To preserve its interests in Lebanon by assisting the Lebanese government in stopping that aggression and removing the Zionist forces from southern Lebanon with the assistance of the United Nations.

The study begins with an introduction, followed by a research on the three supports. First, we delve into the life of 'Abd al-'Azīz ibn Mahmud ibn al-Mubarak, also known as Ibn al-Akhdar, who died in 611 AH / 1215 AD. Second: We review the life of Abdullah bin Muhammad Al-Hashemi bin Shafin, who died in 640 AH / 1442 AD. We deal with his name, surname, lineage, birth, scholars' opinions on him, the most important hadiths he narrated, and his role in the field of hadith. Finally, we focus on the life of Abu al-Faraj 'Abd al-Mun'im ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab ibn Sa'd al-Harrani, Musnad al-Iraq, who died in 596 AH/1200 CE. And we talk about his name, surname, lineage, birth, the opinions of scholars about him, the most important hadiths that he narrated, and his impact on the field of hadith

Timurlank was able to establish a great empire that included Persia, Iraq, the Levant, and part of Anatolia, Most of these regions came under his direct contro, when we began studying the research topic , we have decided to provide a clear picture of the geography of the regions that came under the rule of Tamerlane. and because of the vastness of the Timurid state’s geographical area . Highlight the geography of the Country of Iraq and the Levant only, There is a difference in the etymology of the name, and meaning of the name Iraq Al-Hamawi said that Iraq was named by that name so because it is the lowest land of the Arabs , And it is said that it was called Iraq because it is lower than Najd and closer to the sea. ‏And another said, Iraq in their speech birds, they said, and it is a plural of urqa and the urqa: a kind of bird, It is also said Iraq is the plural of sweat and Iraq lies between the mountain region and Khuzestan to the east, And the lands of the Arabs and the Persian Sea from the west, and the land of the peninsula from the north and it was called in ancient times the land of Babylon, This name is now given to a city called Al-Hillah, and this city we will discuss among the cities that were controlled by the Timurid Empire, also a group of cities in this region also entered Under Timurid influence after their advance from the east towards Iraq , the same is true for the Levant It is a vast land bordered by the The Roman Sea to the west and the desert to the east ‏, from Ayla to the Euphrates, then from the Euphrates to the Roman border and to its north is the land of the Romans and the south is the border of Egypt and the wandering of the sons of Israel. and its last border is after Egypt and from what comes after the stomata Romans , This country has suffered the most destruction and devastation by the hand of Timur Lenk and his army , Where many cities of this country were subjected to Timurid conquest. and its inhabitants were subjected to killing and its buildings to destruction and its farms to destruction, as we will notice in our mention of these cities.

This research deals with the issue of slaves and the sources of obtaining them and methods of bringing them and the methods used to sell them, in addition to how to deal with them, as well as we touched on the slave trade and the trade routes taken by traders, and who are those who took this profession as a source of livelihood, and we talked about the markets for the sale of slaves and ways to divide these markets, and why these markets are divided, our duty to the question that arises, which is why some types of slaves are sold in private markets, in addition to the methods followed by slaves In the sale of slaves, including fraud and fraud, we also pointed out the most important recommendations and warnings to be followed when buying slaves, and the most important prices at which they are sold.

This study rejects attempts to reduce questions of faith to political, economic or social issues and insists that the English Reformation was primarily about religion, which was, of course, closely linked to other phenomena. It will also argue that the way religion was practiced and especially heresy was defined and even understood changed dramatically over the course of the Reformation. In this period, most Eng-lish clergy rarely preached, but unlike their counterparts in most of continental Eu-rope, they took their vows of chastity seriously and sparked intense debate about the limits of religion and the definition of heresy. The 'Martyrs of the English Reformation' were therefore not a homogeneous group, but rather there were many Catholics and a large number of Protestants who were killed for defending their understanding of the Bible and the Christian faith. Of course, in a culture of great religious change and conflict, such as that of early modern England, terms of anathema such as heresy were far from stable: they were subject to multiple and competing interpretations and understandings, as we will often see in the course of this study. It is true that the main starting point of the English Reformation (unlike other Protestant movements in the rest of Europe during that period) was the denial of papal authority, nevertheless, there were a range of different specific beliefs re-garding other areas of faith among English Protestants, some of whom sacrificed their souls for beliefs such as incarnation, free will, predestination, sacraments, and other beliefs that neither the king nor the Establish church could turn a blind eye to.

vocational schools have a great role in achieving human development, which aspires to the greatest benefit to society .in order for vocational schools to accomplish the tasks assigned to them, efforts must be combined at all social, economic and scientific levels in order to achieve what they are aiming for. when they reach advanced stages of human development, they seek sustainable development, which all societies aspire to in order to enhance economic and social stability. sustainable development in the long term leads to the well-being and prosperity of all members of society without prejudice to the rights of future generations. The research reached important conclusions, the most prominent of which are :
1-vocational schools contribute to the qualification of young people and adults for the labor market with required and renewable skills that enhance the economy.
2-vocational schools in Kirkuk governorate have worked to provide the labor market with students of both sexes trained in various specialties and according to the scientific subjects followed .
3-human development is of great importance in providing conditions, conditions and possibilities that enable a person to achieve his humanity, aspirations and goals .
4-vocational education greatly helps to reduce unemployment and poverty rates and enable individuals to find a meaningful career development through its integration with human development programs and empowering individuals .

We can assume that one’s conscious life began with him/ her taking clothing for himself/herself , and this assumption is supported by what is stated in the Book of the Torah: “Then the eyes of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked, so they sewed fig leaves and made themselves aprons (Genesis 3:7). Here began an intellectual and material connection between human and clothing, and thus man was pushed to believe that the dress is the one’s himself, or at least a part of him. Changing the dress is an expression of changing the personality, and therefore the popular costume is considered a part of the heritage and a symbol of it due to its close connection with customs, traditions, and environmental, economic, and social influences over time.It becomes a tool of differentiation between people and an image of life in this world in one society or another, and it constitutes a national reference for its people, The research consists of three sections:-
The first section: research methodology , The second topic: The concept of popular fashion , The third topic: The costume of the Syriac woman in Baghdida
The research has reached the conclusion that among the most important reasons and environmental influences (natural, social and religious) that prompted Syriac women in the Baghdida region "Qaraqosh" women to choose patterns and colors to decorate their popular clothes are: -
1- Imitating its natural environment, imitating it by decorating the fabrics of its clothes with decorations and engravings whose themes are inspired by plant nature, and whose elements are derived from the shapes of roses, flowers, tree leaves, and plants in general, and executed in a decorative style similar to nature with evergreen and blooming flowers colored in bright colors such as red, yellow, orange, and green, as is the case of scarf.
2- In her Al-Baghdidi Syriac dress, women use bright, strong, sharp colors and contrasting colors together in an attempt to attract attention and stand out in their environment, and they use various shapes such as triangles that take the form of a veil or amulets for supplications to ward off dangers.
3- The environment affects humans due to the natural sources present in it, such as the environment’s influence on the colors of fabrics and the colors of their designs due to the natural dyes present in them, which Baghdidi individual extracted from plants and colored with it the fabrics of his clothes

The study aimed to find out the point of view of the community by knowing the point of view of the beneficiaries of the Social Protection Network Services, because of its importance for officials of the Ministry of Labor and social affairs when developing plans for the Social Protection Network, and also aimed to identify the nature of the problems, difficulties, challenges, and obstacles facing the social research team when they go to the field of work ( street ) in order to reduce or eliminate them, and the importance of the study comes from the preliminary information it provides to officials at the state level and those in charge of their development plans, or at the level of the institution responsible for government departments in sections of the social protection network by their applied results .
This study is one of the descriptive analytical studies, The study sample benefited from the social protection network of the city of Mosul .

In order to upgrade its performance, publishing houses had to adopt a new approach to business intelligence through the use of big data techniques and analytics tools to obtain a huge amount of data that differed from what decision makers had previously adopted with the information they needed in real time. The study aims to learn about the reality of the use of big data technologies in publishing houses in Iraq, while urging them to provide the necessary infrastructure for the use of those technologies and their tools from human resources and specialized hardware and software. The study followed the survey's methodology for collecting and statistically analyzing data from publishers to ascertain the reality and utilization of the techniques. The findings found a clear weakness in human resources' knowledge of the concept of big data, as well as a lack of integrated human resources infrastructure, software and specialized devices for the use of big data and its technology, as well as a lack of the most basic types of databases so that they can use those technologies to analyses their data, extract perceptions and extract insights from them to improve their performance. The study suggested seeking to develop human resources by providing specialists and experts to learn from or participate in training courses With the creation of databases that are employed at work, and work on the creation of a special section supported by a local big data management network while ensuring the protection of its security and privacy by adopting laws and regulations governing its access Seeking to acquire software and devices specialized in handling and applying big data in work whether in storage, exploration, analysis, visual representation or showing results to contribute to giving perceptions and insights in supporting decision-making processes and taking them in real time to improve performance by converting data into value added in the areas of identifying opportunities, investing them, predicting risks, avoiding productivity, guaranteeing profit, activating control, competing and creating innovation.

The current study sought to address the topic of objective analysis of scientific literature, which is represented by scientific research. The study set out to define the concept of objective analysis, its nature, and the sections that it consists of. Then, it went back to identifying the goals that lie behind this scientific research, which is considered the basis for arriving at the concepts that lie behind research texts. And scientific literature. It also worked to define the methods, methods and steps used in thematic analysis, including the tools used in it, whether traditional or digital. Given the importance of scientific research in this study, it was addressed to define its concept, characteristics and importance, and then the basic elements used in expressing the topics were identified. Scientific research is represented by the title, abstract, and keywords. The title was addressed as a basic era in expressing the subject of scientific research in some detail, as it is the focus of the current research. All its types were reviewed after giving a detailed definition of each type and specifying the basic conditions that must be taken into account for choosing and formulating the research title as well. It turns out that there is a formal group that the researcher must review before formulating the title of his research.
The study used the survey method to collect information related to the research topic. It concluded that the process of objective analysis and choosing a title for the research or the product of the scientific researcher is not an easy process and requires the researcher to review a set of conditions that must be taken into account before formulating the research title, as it is the most used entrance to access the full text of the research and must He must take into account certain conditions to formulate the title of his research.

The study aims to identify the concept of “cloud computing”, its types, characteristics, advantages, and the challenges faced by staff members in the University of Mosul libraries when using it. The questionnaire is adopted as the main tool for data collection regarding the variable of “cloud computing”. It includes three dimensions: the use of “cloud computing” technology, the importance and benefits of “cloud computing”, and the challenges of its implementation. The descriptive analytical method is used to analyse the collected data from the research field, utilizing the statistical software (SPSS V.25) by employing frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations for the indicators of each dimension in the study. The study concludes the following: (1) The implementation of “cloud computing” technology leads to the development of the library by improving the quality of services provided.
(2) There are various challenges facing the implementation of “cloud computing” technology in libraries, including the lack of guarantees for protecting intellectual property rights of “cloud computing” users, centralization in decision-making, and the issues of slow or interrupted internet connectivity. The study recommends the necessity of harnessing the vast capabilities and potentials offered by “cloud computing” to support the library profession and reap the benefits derived from relying on it. It also emphasizes the importance of training librarians on modern technologies and enhancing their technical skills through workshops and educational seminars in this field.