Journal of Education for Pure Science-University of Thi-Qar

Monosodium glutamate is wider used for additive and as a flavor enhancer. This study aimed to
evaluate the effect of MSG on liver and kidneys of albino mice by measuring of biochemical parameter
(ALT, AST, Urea and Creatinine) , (body , liver and kidney) weight were measured in this study and
histological examination of liver and kidneys tissues, twenty albino mice were used in this present which
randomly divided in to two group, the experimental group (10 mice) received MSG 100 mg /kg daily for
30 days, the results showed significance increase in the body weight in MSG treated group compared to
the control group, MSG cause increases in liver and kidney weight in treated group compared to the
control group. The results also showed significant increase in ALT and AST in treated group compared
to the control group, also the urea and creatinine increased in experimental group compared to control
group. The histological examination off liver tissues showed mild inflammation of portal area, necrosis
in the hepatocytes, abnormal hepatic parenchyma architecture, congested hepatic vein and dilated central
hepatic vein, while the, histological examination of kidney tissues shows hydropic degeneration of tubular
cells of the kidney dilated tubules of kidney hyalinization and hyaline cast of renal tubules, interstitial
mononuclear” inflammatory cells and partial sclerosis of glomerulus.

A searching study in Suq- AL shyuohk city Thi – Qar Province explained the spread of the intruder ticks
on the cattle for three months, the study found that the rate of infestation was (38 from 40) in the November
and December the infestation rate was 35.29% from cattle were found infestation by ticks 1-5 animal is
infested with ticks 43%this the highest rat and was infested 3% 21 – 25 ticks this the lowest rate. The
study explained that the most infested places Testicle in the body of the animals were thigh area and the
rate was 55% and the less infested places is the Neck and the testes the rate was 5%. Two species of ticks
were isolated and classified. the Hyalomma ssp and dog’s ticks Rhipicephalus ssp The rate of the first type
was 50% from test tick’s samples. The rate of the second tope was 64%. When the hard tick puts their
larval stages with a dissolved liquid (1, 2, 3) and focus (5. 5, 10. 5, 20. 5) respectively, the females recorded
the highest percentage of male deaths. The larvae stayed for short period while the nymphs showed ware
resistance than the suffocated females because their cutical were more rigid.
Key word: Ticks, Rhipicephalu ssp, Hyalomma spp.

The present study was carried out at the Biology Department laboratories, for the period of (December
2017 to November 2018). The aim of the current study was to investigate polymorphism of CTLA-4 gene
in patients with Asthma. The study subject consisted of patients with asthma (74 females) and (26 males)
were their aged between (15-55) years, with (50 persons as control group. After DNA extraction, PCR
was made by using specific primers for the CTLA-4 gene, the study results explained the incidence of
polymorphisms in a samples of 25 out of asthma patients when using the restriction enzyme (BSTEII).
After analyzing the results by statistical analysis results showed that no association between the incidence
of Asthma and appearance of mutation in CTLA-4 gene when compared to the control group.

This paper deals with automatic clustering algorithm, which partitions a many of objects to get
smaller sets (clusters). Where objects of the one set are related to each other rather than to those in the
other sets. The number of clusters in automatic clustering don’t given priori, they determinates
automatically, the number resulted of clusters exact closed to the numbers of the real dataset structure.
This paper represents a stimulus for the current study to introduce an algorithm that automatically finds
the number of clusters based on distance among vertices. The study is based on the hypothesis that the
proposed algorithm is able to efficiently find the clustering partitions for the whole dataset.

The issue of robotic football game is one of the most complex multi-agent systems. In order to make the
game more enjoyable and exciting by scoring goals, therefore it's important for a robot football agent to
have a technique on how to score a goal. This paper proposes RSPSO algorithm, where the particle swarm
optimization algorithm (PSO) based on Q-learning is used to find the best point from the goal gate to
shoot the ball toward it. As we show in simulation, our method enables the robot to learn soccer skills to
score a goal.

In this work, the dynamics of quantum dot laser are studied. Turn on dynamics with increasing the
injection current density leads to increase the laser output and carriers in quantum dot level. The system
under the effect of direct current modulation appears various dynamics with variation of control
parameters of modulation (m, b, fm). The scenario will be finished in the steady state to periodic, chaotic
and spiking behavior with increasing the modulation frequency and return to steady state. Carriers are
increasing in wetting layer with increasing the temperature.

The present study aimed to assessment of irisin level in patients with the newly onset type 2 "diabetes
mellitus" (T2D.M.) and the scanning the association of irisin value with some physiological and
inflammatory parameters. This study comprised 60 individuals diagnosed in newly onset T2D.M. and 40
healthy contributors (control group). IL-6 and C-reactive protein(CRP) concentration was calculated in
patient who involved in this study. Serum irisin levels in addition to inflammatory factors were evaluated
by ELISA kit.
The present study showed a significant increasing (P ≤ 0.05) of glycohemoglobin (HbA1C) and FBS
level in patient with DM2 compared with the control groups (6.88 ± 1.02 vs 4.15±0.56; 7.85 ± 1.89 vs
4.94 ± 0.40) respectively. Also, the results explained a significant increased (P ≤ 0.05) of T-Ch, Tg and
LDL level in DM2 group compared with the control group (4.27±0.90 vs 4.23± 0.40; 2.14 ± 0.86 vs 1.89
± 0.26; 2.84 ± 0.94 vs 2.23 ± 0.52) respectively. Whereas, the results showed a significant decrease (P ≤
0.05) of irisin, insulin, C-peptide and HLD in DM2 group compared with the control group (22.32 ± 4.55
vs 27.81 ± 2.93; 18.29 ± 3.66 vs 27.27 ± 6.90; 3.12 ± 0.99 vs 6.03 ± 0.48; 1.0 ± 0.17 vs 1.61±0.37)
respectively. On the other hand, the results of inflammatory parameters showed a significant increase (P
≤ 0.05) of IL-6 and CRP level compared with the control group (19.85 ± 4.97 vs 12.0 ± 1.23; 8.41 ± 2.11
vs 4.60 ± 0.35) respectively.
In correlation analysis the results showed a negative association between irisin and (HbA1c) (r= -0.152),
glucose (r= -0.331), insulin (r= -0.156), HDL (r= -0.114) and BMI (r= -0.219). Whereas, the results
showed positive correlation between irisin and IL-6 (r=0. 0.115), CRP (r= 0.153), C-peptide (r=0.013),
T-Ch (r= 0.057), Tg (r=0.209) and LDL(r=0.035).

Nonlinear refractive index, n2, of methyl red is estimated at the visible (532nm) laser beam via the
generation of diffraction ring patterns. As high value as 5x10-7cm2/W for n2 is obtained. Nonsymmetries
in the diffraction ring patterns in the y-direction are noticed as a result of convection currents in the vertical
direction.

This study was conducted in the labs of the College of Education for Pure Sciences, Al-Hussein
Educational Hospital and Al-Nahrain Specialized Laboratory of the Health Department of Thi-Qar
province, during the period from October 2018 to March 2019. The study included of 100 blood sample
of patients with acne (39 males) and (61 females) and their age between 10-35 years. The patients were
divided into groups according to age stages to three age groups. The age group 10-20 years is the most
prevalent group 52/100 (52%). Followed by patients group 21-30 years was 42/100 (42%) and patients
group more than 31years was 6/100 (6%). Blood serum was isolated by using centrifuge and examination
was performed by using ELISA technique.
The current study showed detection of the level of some cytokines and their relationship to acne
vulgaris, where included measuring the concentration of interleukins in the blood of persons with acne
and comparing them with healthy persons including interleukin-1α and interleukin-10.
The results of the statistical analysis showed a high significant increase (p <0.05) in patients with
acne in concentration of the (IL-1α) and (IL-10), where they were examined for 70 samples of acne
patients, and 20 healthy samples in the control group. The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05)
in the levels of interleukins in the serum (IL-1α, IL-10) in all acne patients compared to control group.

Face recognition has become an important issue in our current life and it is a fundamental task for
applications such as face tracking, red – eye removal, face recognition and face expression recognition.
In this paper we present a hybrid approach based on combination of local binary pattern (LBP)and
Histogram of Oriented Gradient(HOG). LBP algorithms, which works with the shape and texture
information are taken into consideration for representing the facial image. The hog algorithm of descriptor
attributes is used to detect the object. It is computed using a dense grid of uniformly spaced cells and uses
overlapping local contrast normalization for improved accuracy.
The ORL database was used to test each algorithm for a set of images. The efficiency of the LBP algorithm
is evaluated by distinguishing a group of face images from 80%. The HOG algorithm achieved 90%
classification accuracy obtained, while the hybrid method 94.25%.

In this paper, we introduce and study ideal in AB- Algebra, it is called SBA-ideal, we give some
examples, properties and theorems about it .Also,we study the direct product of SBA-ideals finaly, we
introduce and study fuzzy SBA –ideal of AB-Algebra.

The earthquakes are catastrophic events that must be studied and predicted. In this research, signal
processing based method is used to detect the location of earthquake and the main shock time. The
correlation coefficients and the total correlation coefficients used to detect the earthquake time. The results
show that the use of the correlation coefficients in general is effective to find the main shock. The
correlation coefficient among six stations are given a higher accuracy of 100% than two stations only, the
data took from Iraqi seismic monitoring stations for date 2017-2018.

In this paper, a parametric linear transformation model is considered with left truncated and interval
censored case I data. The maximum likelihood estimators of the regression parameters are computed.
The testing of hypotheses regarding to the parameters are also performed. An extensive Monte Carlo
simulation technique was used to compute the proposed estimators along with some of their properties.

The study showed the effect of hormonal activity GHRP-6 and insulin used in laboratory animals by 48
males and 48 females divided into six groups. The control group was injected with a 0.1 mg solution and
the other groups were injected with a mixture of stimulants at 0.01and 0.01 times syringe (P <0.05) in the
first group of males and in the female treatment groups, and a significant increase in the complex
triglycerides excluding the group (P <0.05) and both sexes were observed, (P <0.05) was significantly
higher in proteins VLDL and HDL in male rats and significantly lower in fameles (P <0.05), significant
increase (P <0.05), was significantly higher in Cholesterol in the male rats and significant decrease in
fameles (P <0.05) treated with a combination of stimulants (GHRP-6 + Insulin) compared with control
group.

In this paper, a new system for liver diseases diagnosis has suggested based on using fuzzy logic by
analyzing histological liver images. The suggested system has performed in four steps: the first step is
a pre-processing step where the image has enhanced to improve its quality; the goal of image improving
is to obtain an image with a high contrast and visual details. The second step is for image analysis by
using wavelet transform to decompose and analysis the images into sub-bands. The third step is to
extract best features, which will be use the results from the wavelet transform to obtain most important
features. The fourth stage is by using the fuzzy logic system to diagnose the livers diseases types (Auto
immune, Non-autoimmune, Alcoholic and Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E). The performance of the
suggested system has tested and evaluated using 86 histological images and the experimental results
confirmed that the proposed system gave 98% accuracy.

The current study was carried out in Thi-Qar Province which included a collection of stool samples from
non-symptoms children. The aim of the study was to detect of co-infection of Giardia. lamblia with
Helicobacter pylori in non-symptoms children. Atotal 96 stool samples taken children were under five
years of both sex and examined by PCR for detection of G. lamblia. The results showed that the percentage
of positive samples was 32 positive and 64 negative. The most infection was in females more than males.
The highest infection with G. lamblia according to PCR was in rural more than in urban population. The
highest infection rate with G. lamblia in the age group (1-12 months) , Patients and the lowest age group
(37-48 months) .A total of 96 samples were examined by PCR for diagnosis of G. lamblia also to
detection of H. pylori . The results showed 32 positive samples with G. lamblia and only 14 positive
samples with H. pylori. The number of samples that have co-infection between G. lamblia with H. pylori
is 13. The BLAST results for DNA sequencing showed that isolation for G. lamblia different with the
isolates recorded at the National Center for Biotechnology (NCBI); therefore, these isolates were
registered in NCBI as new isolates under the GenBank accession numbers, that including two isolates per
microorganism. G. lamblia, isolate IQ No.1 (MN096738) and G. lamblia co-infection with H. pylori
isolate IQ No.2 (MN096739). The accessions number for isolates of H. pylori are, seq1(MN115555) and
H. pylori co-infection with G. lamblia isolates seq2 (MN115556).

The present study was carried out in the Labs of college of Science and specialized center for respiratory
disease in Nasiriya city, during the period from May to August of 2018. The aim of study was to examine
possible association between polymorphism of STAT6 gene in patients with asthma and evaluate immune
status to them by measuring the levels of some cytokines (IL4, IL13) and IgE in serum by using a
technique enzyme-linked immune sorbent adsorptive (ELISA). The study included a total of 63 patients
with asthma and 31 healthy people and their age between 10 - 60 years.
DNA was isolated and RFLP-PCR was performed by using primers specific for genotypes of region of
the STAT6 gene, the results showed the presence of mutations in most sample of patients after using gene
sequence. The gene polymorphism reveal that a direct relationship between the STAT6 of the asthmatic
patients.
The statistical analysis also showed that a high significant increase (P < 0.05) in serum IL4 and IL13 and
IgE in the sera of asthmatic compared to the control group.
In conclusion, the results indicate that a polymorphism of STAT6 gene with immunological study of IL4,
IL13 may be a useful as marker for predicting asthma diseases in Nasiriya/ Iraq population. Accordingly,
the study of asthma genetically and immunologically to provide a theoretical basis for asthma protection.

Through dealing with technologies and technology, in field use image processing in the systems of
electronic Including smart driving systems for cars. In order to facilitate and improve the performance of
electronic systems. Some mathematical concepts and algorithms are employed for this purpose. Where
traffic Sign Detection and Recognition (TSDR) systems provide an additional level to driver assistance,
leading to improve safety for passengers, road users and vehicles. As part of Advanced Driving Assistance
Systems (ADAS), ADAS helps the driver to drive the car and leads to a better awareness on the road.
proposed system for the detection of traffic signs, classification into danger, information, obligation and
prohibition classes.
Through this research we aim to provide a system capable of taking images of traffic signals on both sides
of the road, Analyze and recognition its and alert the driver to what the sign image mean. The driver will
be able to act on the instructions in the traffic sign. The traffic system helps drivers recognize signs they
did not recognize before. The operation is performed using a Similarity metrics were using correlation for
Complete the matching process between the resulting image and the stored image in the database.

In this paper, an additive hazard model is considered as a semiparametric model in which the unknown
parameter consists of finite dimensional and infinite dimensional parts with left truncated and right
censored data. The full likelihood function for the model is obtained for the parametric part and also for
the nonparametric part using linear sieve procedure and then compute the maximum likelihood estimators
for the two parts. The consistency of the maximum likelihood estimators is also proved for the two type
of parameters. The score operators for the parametric and nonparametric parts are obtained and their
adjoint score operators are computed. Finally, a simulation study using Monti-Carlo method and R
language is implemented to compute the maximum likelihood estimators and compare the results of the
proposed method with the true values. As a real life application, Stanford Heart transplant data is
considered and the maximum likelihood estimators are computed.

New measures have been proposed for assessing the similarity of gray-level images. The famous structural
similarity index measurement (SSIM) has been designed using statistical approach that fails with high
noise (lowPSNR). The two proposed measures have been suggested, the first one depend on Manhattan
distance and standard division, this measure combined from two parts: the first part depend on the
Manhattan distance which is used in geometric features the second part is based on statistical feature. The
second measure utilized the modification of Euclidian distant. The two proposed similarity measures are
outcome for human face. The new measures outperform the classical SSIM in detecting image similarity
at low PSNR, with significant difference in performance. The results were (95.3% for the first
measurement) and (99.2% for the second measurement). We used database Face94.

Image segmentation is one of the main step for images processing and analysis. It is the process of
recognizing objects in images and may consist of two related processes, recognition and delineation. Edge
detection removes and reduces the quantity of unnecessary data and information and give its significant
information. In digital images, there are several representations of colors which have its own
characteristics. In this paper, the Prewitt edge detection was applied as segmentation technique of color
images in four different color spaces. These color spaces are RGB, HSV, YCbCr and YIQ respectively.
Structural similarity index matrix (SSIM), entropy and elapsed time are used as measures to compare
between the segmented images of the four color spaces. Experimental results showed that several
differences among segmented images for spaces by Prewitt technique. The RGB images have batter
resulst for SSIM, entropy and elapsed time values when comparing with YCbCr, HSV, and YIQ spaces.
Analysis of the obtained results of the RGB, HSV, YCbCr and YIQ color spaces are given in this paper.

A DCell network topology is designed to support infrastructure data center, and operations routing, and
decision-making are a challenge for network designers routing the data packet from the source node to
the target node, and selecting the shortest path. In this paper propose a new algorithm to address failures
(Node, Link, Rack) The algorithm has three parts, part one: using the routing resolution to address link
failure, selecting the average number of random paths for the server and selecting the shortest alternative
path (time), delay, and throughput. To find out the adjacent nodes we use point to point. Part two:
Handling Node Failure by finding the shortest two paths (disjoint). After reverting to the previous node,
routing, checking and jumping to the alternate path protocol. Part Three: Addressing Rack Failure an
alternative path is chosen for the same node level from the failed Rack1 to another Rack2 shortest path.
When comparing the proposed algorithm with the algorithms used, it has excelled (transmission
efficiency, high throughput, less time, less delay, bandwidth 100Mbps, fault tolerance).

Enterococcus faecalis strains are common commensal of the intestines of humans and other
animals. Production of different metabolic substance from Enterococci has highest effect on the
microorganism and cytotoxicity. The present study highlights the effect of metabolic productions
on the cell toxicity by used VERO cells. The results also showed that the metabolic productions of E.
faecalis A1 and E. faecalis A2 were toxic untile dilution factor 12 and had cytoxicity effect on the
VERO cells, While the E. faecalis A3 was less toxicity at dilution 1/8.

The great environmental importance of algae is formed of so many basis of food chains. This study aims
to reveal about certain properties for further of algae in Sawa Lake. The study was the first of its kind on
the waters of Sawa Lake, about the algae and its affected by the Physical and chemical properties of Sawa
Lake water. Water samples were collected during winter and spring in 2017 from four sites around Sawa
Lake. Algae samples were collected from the surface and then the qualitative and quantitative study of
the algae found in the water was conducted. The results showed that diatoms or bacilli were predominant,
followed by green and blue algae, and recorded a new type of algae which not previously recorded in
Iraq (New Record). In conclusion the current study shows that algal growth is increasing in the spring
season due to the increase in the activity of analyzers in this season.

Freshwater snail Lymnaea aurcularia that is known as the intermediate host forTrematode larval stages
were studied by using cercarial emergence and crushing. 659 samples were collected from August 2018
to July 2019 from five stations represented by Karmet Ali, Musab, Qurna, Shafi and El Deer. It was
found the infection rate was 27.01%. Five species belong to three different groups including two species
were recoreded for the first time in Basra. Echinostoma cercariae B, Armata xiphidiocercous cercariae B
and three species were recorded previously: Virgulate xiphidiocercous, Echinostoma cercariae A and
Armata xiphidiocercous. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of the environmental agents in
Basra Province on the cercaria diversity and spread in Lymnaea auricularia.

In this paper, we analyze the dos risk within the Software-Defined Networking structure to look at
extenuation strategies. SDN assaults are observed remember normally about the impersonation of the
source MAC address, IP Address, and port. In addition, mitigation strategies center of attention on
buffering or scheduling policies. It can't stop assaults out of coming into the community then necessity
additional hardware. To give up rejection concerning work assaults concentrated on SDN beyond the
source, we propose dos defender. We appeal such between the detector power one or consider the dos
protagonist effectiveness. The empirical results show so much dos advocate do shield towards denial on
employment attacks that target SDN effectively. Although modern-day extenuation techniques between
dos cannot guard the OFA, proof trough assets then limit simultaneously, our designs are able
efficaciously barrier traffic beyond network access or soothe dos attacks. Research on software-savvy
networks is nevertheless between its short stages, or we consider such a healthy sign to that amount at
that place is already lots action in conformity with stand performed in accordance with boost latter
revolutionary safety options and applications because it networks. We performed a stark comment about
safety-oriented research among software-defined networks. We bear classified the present day labor
within couple foremost streams: Threat detection, cure, and fitness so simplify yet enhance the protection
of programmable networks yet security service, supplying current innovative security performance to
users, certain as like identity then community management. In computing, we think about dynamic
challenges yet future protection developments among SDN: This consists of the necessary issue of
securing SDN itself, out of regulating security policies across heterogeneous networks, customizing
overlay networks to furnish tightly closed environments, expanding the originate glide mannequin
together with hardware then community customization and virtualization applications Richer than the
services among the redirection path.

Journal of Education for Pure Science- University of Thi-Qar
Vol.10, No.1 (March., 2020)
Website: jceps.utq.edu.iq Email: jceps@eps.utq.edu.iq
240
DOI: http://doi.org/10.32792/utq.jceps.10.01.027
A Molecular Detection for Some Bacterial Resistance Genes Escherichia Coli
Isolated from Fresh Red Meat in City of Al- Nasiriyah
2
, Rahman L. Chelab1
Hussein A. Assi
.Qar, Iraq-, ThiQar-University of Thi,College of Education for Pure Sciences,Biology Department1,2
Received 3/9/2019 Accepted 17/12/2019 Published 20/1/2020
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License.
Abstract:
The present study was conducted to detect the contaminated microbial pathogens of fresh red meat in
different places of the al-butcher shops, where 100 samples and swabs were collected from different places
and tools from meat shops in different areas in Nasiriyah for the period from September 2018 to March
2019. The highest isolation rate for Escherichia coli isolates was different according to the type of sample
taken (31.53% meat samples, 21.42% the ground, 21.33% cutting boards, 19.1% cutting tools). 15 isolates
were selected for the sensitivity test for eight antibiotics, to detect resistance genes, sul1 and tet (B) The
isolates were highly resistant to Ampicillin, Vancomicin, Amoxicillin at a rate of 100%, they were very
sensitive to antimicrobial antiperspirants such as Trimethoprim, Norfloxacin, Chloramphenicol at a rate
of 100%, The sensitivity of Tetracycline and Gentamycin was 86.7% and 80% respectively. The results
of the electrical relay were shown after DNA extraction using Kit and amplified the genes using a PCR.
Specialized gene primers were used for each gene, the presence of the resistant gene sul1 in the isolates
of E. coli was 80%, and the tet (B) was 87.3%. Some isolates were record as new strains in the NCBI
gene bank database.

This study suggested design and implementation biometric-based electoral system for Iraqi state
institutions and its political system. The proposed system employs automated methods of identifying and
authenticating the identity of a voter based on his/her face image and fingerprints. Using face and
fingerprint, ease of acquisition and high matching accuracy made them suitable for biometric application.
The system consists of two phases: the voter registration phase and the verification phase that is activated
on the Election Day. Voters interacting with the system through graphical user interface, which gathers
their data in different databases to reflect their functions. Flexible and user-centric design methodologies
have been adopted. The system was designed using Python programming language, MySQL database
server and Apache web server in addition to some other descriptive languages as PHP. The
implementation of this system shows that the integrity of the Iraqi Electoral Process can be greatly
enhanced in the state instead of the previous election system.

In this work, a double quantum dot (QD) structure is introduced as an intermediate band for high-
performance solar cells (SCs). Coupling the dynamical (density matrix) equations with the continuity-
current equation and solving them numerically to obtain the quantum efficiency (QE). which allowed to
address the interaction between all the states and band of SC which is not possible elsewhere and better
than the rate equation modeling. Throughout this modeling, the momentum matrix elements of QD-QD,
QD-wetting layer (WL), and WL-barrier transitions are calculated and the orthogonalized plane wave is
assumed for WL-QD transitions. Results are simulated both the excitonic and non-excitonic (electron-
hole eh) cases and exhibit the importance of adding the QD layer.
The valence band (VB) DQD states have similar occupations while the conduction band (CB) is
not. The WL occupations are the smallest in both CB and VB as it works like a reservoir. These results
confirm both the importance of adding the intermediate band (QD layer) and the carrier scenarios. The
band-to-band recombination rates in the DQD structure are modulated with the energy difference. The
VB relaxation rates between states are of the same order and lower than the corresponding CB rates related
to their occupation. The occupations in the excitonic model do not much differ from the eh model. A few
increments in the excitonic model in the CB and VB barrier-WL relaxation while a reduction in the VB
WL-QD and QD-QD relaxation appears. The band-to-band recombination rates in the excitonic model
are reduced compared to the eh model. The photo-generation rates have the highest rate at QDs. The
quantum efficiency (QE) in the eh model is increased at semi-linear relation with VB relaxation rates
while it is increased exponentially with CB rates. Longer relaxation times for WL-QD check it pleas
transitions are attained with a wider energy difference. For the DQD structure, the longer relaxations and
band-to-band recombinations are accessed depending on the wider energy difference.