Modern Sport

The research includes the introduction, its importance, and the problem, which is the limited use of modern techniques such as (deep breathing, colors, muscle relaxation, massage, etc.). The research objectives were:

To identify the state anxiety by measuring some physiological variables (blood pressure rate, heart rate) of the handball players from the premier league clubs.
To design and apply a psychological relaxation program with the use of pink color to reduce the state anxiety of the premier league handball players.
To identify the effect of the applied psychological relaxation program with the use of pink color in reducing the state anxiety of the premier league handball players.
The researcher used the experimental method with a sample of (72) players, and (20) players who represented the pilot trial were excluded, then the remaining sample of (52) was divided into two groups (experimental - control), each group consisting of (26) players.

The results of the research showed:

That the psychological relaxation program with the use of pink color has a positive effect on the physiological variables (blood pressure rate, heart rate).
That the psychological relaxation program with the use of pink color plays an active and positive role in reducing pre-match anxiety.
That the psychological relaxation program with the use of pink color plays an active and positive role in reducing pre-match anxiety.
The researcher recommends using the suggested psychological relaxation program with the use of pink color by coaches and psychologists for players in both (individual and team) sports. Additionally, conducting similar studies using other colors in psychological relaxation due to its effective and positive role in both psychological and physiological impact on the players.

The Effect of Using the Jointed Target on the Level of Learning Simple Attacks in the Foil Weapon

Educational tools have clearly proven their importance in the practical applications of various skills, helping learners understand and pass through different educational stages, as well as contributing to reducing effort, costs, and time.

The aim of the study was to identify the effect of using the jointed target in learning simple attacks in foil fencing.

The researchers used the experimental method on a sample of beginners enrolled in the fencing training center in Sadr City, with a total of (20) learners. They were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with ten learners in each group. After conducting pre-tests on the attacking skills for simple attacks (direct straight thrust, thrust with direction change, and the cutting thrust), an educational curriculum was developed based on the trainer's guidelines. The training unit was set to 45 minutes per session, with two sessions per week for five weeks. The experimental group trained with the trainer using the jointed target, while the control group trained with the trainer without the target. The jointed target was isolated from the players outside of the training time to prevent any unauthorized use or practice. After completing the curriculum, a post-test was conducted, and the results were analyzed.

The study concluded that the jointed target has a positive effect on learning simple attacks in foil fencing.

The researchers recommended designing more advanced and technical aids for learning offensive fencing skills.

Vitamins are not a source of energy, but they are essential for the body's vitality as they are involved in the structure of enzymes and hormones. The effects of certain vitamins on protein composition, blood formation, bone and cell growth, and the activity of the endocrine glands have been confirmed. A deficiency in vitamins leads to reduced work efficiency, general weakness, excessive irritability, and a weakened immune system.

Studies have shown that the supply of antioxidant vitamins, either individually or as a mixture, leads to a decrease in oxidative stress resulting from physical performance. Therefore, the researcher considered using dietary antioxidants from vitamins (A and E) alternated with a physical aerobics program with weights to develop certain immune components in female students who practice sports at the beginner level. Research in this field is still very limited, especially in female sports.

Research Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the effect of the prepared program using aerobics with weights and antioxidant dietary supplements (vitamins A and E) on the development of certain immune components in beginner female students.

Sample: The sample included first-year students from the College of Physical Education for Girls, totaling 15 students, with ages ranging from 18 to 20 years.

Research Procedures: The researcher prepared a program of aerobics exercises with weights appropriate to the physical and functional level of the sample. Vitamins A and E were administered alternately, two hours before starting the training session. Vitamin A was taken during the first training session, and Vitamin E during the next session, and so on.

The program lasted for 8 weeks with 5 training sessions per week. The researcher used continuous training with gradually increasing intensity through increasing the weight and repetitions. The intensity ranged from 40-60% of the maximum repetitions, and the intensity was gradually increased. Immune components such as white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, total monocyte count, IgA immunoglobulin, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes were measured.

Results and Conclusions: Based on statistical analysis of the data and the results obtained, the researcher concluded the following:

The prepared program (aerobics with weights) had a positive effect on the immune components under study, but with varying degrees.
There was a significant increase in immune components (white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and total monocyte count).
There was a slight increase in immune components (IgA immunoglobulin, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes).
Recommendations:

Emphasize moderate-intensity training and regulate rest periods appropriately when preparing fitness programs, so that the body cells respond through physiological adaptation in various bodily functions.
Maintain the health of the immune system through proper nutrition, rich in necessary vitamins and fluids, to avoid deficiencies that athletes face during training, which could harm the immune system.

The aim of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of positive and negative technical performance by calculating the effectiveness coefficient and comparing the technical performance of the rounds of the matches. The research was conducted on 4 players who participated in the final matches of the Iraq National Championship for advanced athletes in Olympic weights for youth in Taekwondo for the 2009 sports season. The researcher used the descriptive method with a survey approach and relied on the prepared form to evaluate the technical performance of each player, and calculated its reliability coefficient. After applying the appropriate statistical treatments, the researcher concluded several findings, the most important of which were: the offensive style dominated in the first rounds, with a shift to defense in the later rounds, and a lack of focus on mental training and psychological preparation for the competitions. There was also a weakness in the tactical training aspects (both defensive and offensive) and handling critical and emergency situations. The researcher recommended the need to distribute the players' physical and technical efforts across the three rounds of the match, focusing on integrated preparation for athletes, and not neglecting the mental and psychological aspects. The researcher also recommended that players make better use of the match time and exploit the weaknesses and gaps that occur as a result of the opponent’s play. The research opened the door for similar future studies.

The metacognitive knowledge strategy is one of the modern educational strategies and one of the key factors for successful learning. It helps learners engage in self-learning and raise their awareness to the level that leads to achieving the goal. This is achieved through a set of actions taken by the student, such as knowledge and awareness of activities and mental processes used before, during, and after the learning process. These processes include awareness of the basic principles of the subject matter, planning the educational task to be performed by the learner, and then monitoring, reviewing, and adjusting these processes to complete the educational task in the correct direction.

For this reason, the researchers used the metacognitive knowledge strategy in learning the setting skill in volleyball due to its effectiveness in stimulating the learner’s mind, which helps in easily acquiring, storing, and recalling information.

Thus, the research problem arises because the curricula followed in teaching volleyball do not include this important strategy, which makes the learner an active and vital element in the educational process. Instead, traditional learning methods based on the teacher delivering information in a lecture format are used, which lack the stimuli that engage the learners’ interest. Therefore, based on these considerations, the metacognitive knowledge strategy was used to contribute to the success and development of the educational process.

The study aimed to:

Identify the impact of teaching according to the metacognitive knowledge strategy on learning the setting skill in volleyball.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher hypothesized the following:

There are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test in favor of the post-test for both the experimental and control groups in learning the setting skill in volleyball.
There are statistically significant differences in the post-test between the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group in learning the setting skill in volleyball.
The researcher followed these steps in the study procedures:

The experimental method with two equivalent groups (experimental and control) was used.
The research was conducted on a sample of second-year students in the Department of Health and Recreation at the Faculty of Physical Education, University of Baghdad, during the academic year (2009-2010), with a total of 30 students.
The study required the use of two skill tests:
Setting test to center (2 - 4)
Setting test
After conducting the pre-skill tests, an educational program consisting of 8 teaching units was implemented for both the experimental and control groups, with two teaching units per week, and the duration of each unit was 90 minutes.
The post-test was conducted for the sample after completing the program.
After analyzing the data using appropriate statistical methods, the following conclusions were reached:

The educational curricula (metacognitive knowledge strategy and the curricula followed in the college) are effective in improving the skill performance of the setting skill in volleyball.
The educational program designed according to the metacognitive knowledge strategy proved to be effective and had a significant impact on learning the setting skill in volleyball, performing better than the curriculum followed in the college.
In conclusion, the researcher made several recommendations, including:

The potential benefit for educational institutions in the Ministry of Higher Education from the results of this research to build educational programs based on the metacognitive knowledge strategy, which can elevate university students' level.
Using the educational program based on the metacognitive knowledge strategy for learning the setting skill in volleyball with second-year students in physical education colleges in Iraqi universities, as it plays a significant role in improving the learners' skill performance.

The first chapter included the introduction, the importance of the research, and its problem, which is mainly the lack of a specific scale to measure the psychological pressures that individuals with disabilities face during competitions, due to the significant impact of these pressures on the athlete's mental state in general and on disabled athletes in particular. Therefore, the researchers emphasized the need to develop a scale to measure the psychological pressures of athletes with physical disabilities, identify the causes of these pressures, assess their impact on physically disabled individuals, and determine ways to alleviate these pressures. The objectives of the research included creating a scale to understand the causes of psychological pressures for athletes with physical disabilities and exploring the effects of these pressures on their athletic performance. The research sample consisted of 214 physically disabled athletes officially registered with clubs and federations affiliated with the Iraqi National Paralympic Committee. The main findings included the development of a scale to measure the causes of competition pressures and the identification of statistically significant differences in the athletes' responses to these pressures, which affect their athletic performance. The researchers also made several recommendations, with the most important being the need for a psychologist or social researcher to create a common ground with disabled individuals through exchanging views and discussions, helping them overcome these pressures.

Rowing is one of the distinctive activities related to performance achievement in terms of time. Achieving this goal is only possible by using the best scientific methods to obtain an advanced numerical level in these activities.
Thus, the importance of the research lies in analyzing the most important biomechanical variables in rowing quadruples (with two oars) to identify the strengths and weaknesses of this event, in order to utilize the strengths and address the weaknesses, helping Iraqi rowers achieve better performance.
The research aimed to:

Analyze some of the biomechanical variables in the 2000-meter race for the study sample.
Identify the correlation between the biomechanical variables under study and the performance in the 2000-meter race.
Research Sample:
The researcher used the descriptive method to achieve the research objectives. The sample included (4) rowers, representing the best Iraqi players in the 2000-meter rowing race for the 2008 sports season. The researcher selected this type of race, the lightweight double scull, because of its relevance between the groups.
The researcher selected the Iraqi national team (for seniors), consisting of four Iraqi champions for the 2000-meter race, according to international law, from April 5, 2008, to May 3, 2008, at the rowing federation’s training center.

In light of the results discussion, the researcher reached several conclusions that achieved the research objectives and hypotheses, including focusing on enjoyment, as well as focusing on variables that showed a high correlation and working on improving other variables, such as achieving the appropriate angles with the movement path.

The scouting movement is an educational movement that uses effective methods to contribute to the comprehensive development of young people physically, mentally, socially, and spiritually, as individuals, responsible citizens, and members of their local, national, and international communities. The value of physical development is based on the fact that an individual will be more energetic, perform better, and become stronger if they develop their body in a healthy way, thus performing their functions in the best manner possible.
The study aimed to identify the impact of a physical program in developing physical and motor abilities in female scouts. The researcher used an experimental program on a sample of students from the College of Physical Education for Women, University of Baghdad, first-year students, and divided them into two groups: the experimental group (Group A) and the control group (Group C).
The main experiment began with the implementation of the physical-health program on 14/3/2010, and the program was applied over two months (8 weeks), with three sessions per week, totaling 24 sessions. The duration of each session was 30 minutes, and the program concluded on 6/5/2010.
Post-tests were conducted on 9/5/2010 and 10/5/2010 on the study sample.
The SPSS software was used to process the results.
The researcher concluded that the applied experimental (physical) program had a positive effect, which led to the experimental group outperforming the control group in the post-test results across all physical variables. Therefore, the researcher recommends incorporating the physical aspect into the activities of scouting camps and trips.

The expansion in motor skill learning methods urges researchers to carefully select the appropriate method for the learning environment conditions, such as the type of activity, the age group, their educational and academic levels, and their physical and skill preparedness. Therefore, the researchers aimed to investigate the impact of using the comparative competition and reciprocal learning methods in learning the skills of serving and receiving in volleyball, as both depend on pair-based work but in different forms.
The first form involves competition between pairs, which generates a state of rivalry, while the other form involves cooperation between pairs, creating a sense of friendship and camaraderie through their roles. In this case, the first student performs the skill, and the second student observes. The study also addressed the traditional American method used in schools in general to determine the preference of one method in learning the skills of serving and receiving in volleyball.

The hypotheses of the study were:

There are statistically significant differences between the three groups' pre- and post-test results.
There are statistically significant differences in the post-test results among the three groups, with the comparative competition group performing better.
The objectives of the study were:

To determine the impact of using the reciprocal and comparative competition learning methods in learning the skills of serving and receiving in volleyball.
To identify the preferred method for learning the skills of serving and receiving in volleyball.
The experimental method was used, and the sample consisted of 45 students, with 15 students in each group. The results showed that the comparative competition method was superior in learning and acquiring the skills, followed by the reciprocal method, and lastly the American method.
The researchers concluded the following:

There were statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in all three methods, indicating varying degrees of effect in learning the skills of serving and receiving.
The general sequence of the effect of the three methods on learning the serving skill in volleyball was as follows: the comparative competition method ranked first, followed by the reciprocal method in second place, and the American method in third for both the skills of serving and receiving in volleyball.

The aim of the research was to identify the effect of the pre-competition phase on some electromyographic (EMG) variables of the deltoid muscle in the serving skill in sitting volleyball. The hypothesis of the research is that there are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test values of EMG (electrical activity) for the deltoid muscle in the serving skill in sitting volleyball.
The sample included 8 players from the original population of 15 players from the Iraqi national sitting volleyball team for individuals with physical disabilities. The experiment was conducted in the indoor hall of the College of Physical Education for Women - University of Baghdad, from 25/1/2010 to 27/2/2010. The study variables included: peak electrical activity, root mean square, and muscle activity area in the serving skill.
The researcher concluded the following:

There is a significant effect of the pre-competition phase on the EMG variables (peak, root mean square, and muscle activity area) of the deltoid muscle in the serving skill.
Recommendations included:

Involve other arm muscles for sitting volleyball players to understand the characteristics of each player, create a training schedule to improve these muscles, and focus on EMG studies to enhance their performance.

The study aimed to develop three training programs to enhance physical and skill capacities in football using training (with weights, plyometric, and combined training), and to identify the effect of training (with weights, plyometric, and combined) on developing explosive strength and speed-strength of the legs in football.
The researcher used an experimental design with three experimental groups and pre- and post-tests, which was appropriate for the nature of the problem. A number of female players from the Sulaymaniyah provincial football team were selected (18 players), and they were chosen intentionally. They were divided into three groups, each consisting of (6) players. They were tested in the pre-test for explosive strength of the leg muscles and speed-strength of the leg muscles.
The researcher prepared a set of exercises used in football to develop explosive strength and speed-strength, then conducted post-tests, and reached the following conclusions:

Weight training improved explosive strength and speed-strength.
Plyometric training improved explosive strength and speed-strength.
Combined training (weights and plyometric) improved explosive strength and speed-strength.
Combined training was more effective than weight training and plyometric training in developing explosive strength and speed-strength.

Most female fencers suffer from the inability to maintain the same level of performance throughout the competition period due to poor endurance. To perform at the same level throughout the competition, the researcher worked on preparing a training program to develop speed endurance and power performance in the legs of female fencers.

Thus, the study aimed to:

Develop an anaerobic training program (speed endurance and power performance of the legs).
Identify the effect of the program on developing speed endurance and power performance of the legs among the research sample.
The researcher hypothesized:

There are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-tests.
The researcher used the experimental method as it suited the nature of the research. The study was conducted on 14 female players from Al-Fatata Club (Baghdad) for the 2009-2010 sports season, selected intentionally and divided into two groups (seven players in each group), chosen randomly using a lottery method. Measurements were taken for homogenization purposes (height, weight, age, and training age), and equivalency was ensured through pre-tests conducted before implementing the training program. The program was developed based on expert opinions and lasted for eight weeks, with three units per week. After completing the program, post-tests were conducted, and the results were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods to assess the progress made through the proposed training units.

The researcher concluded:

Training with 30 - 60 seconds of endurance had a better effect on developing speed endurance in female fencers.
Training with 90 - 120 seconds of endurance had a better effect on developing power performance in female fencers.
Therefore, the researcher recommends:

To develop speed endurance, it is preferable to use 30 - 60 seconds of endurance, and to develop power performance, it is preferable to use 90 - 120 seconds of endurance.
Experimenting with other time durations to improve speed and power endurance in fencing.

The study aimed to develop combined exercises (physical - skill-based) based on biomechanical variables, and to examine certain angles (elbow, shoulder, knee, and trunk tilt) at the moment of the thrust in Arabic swordplay. Additionally, the study sought to investigate the impact of combined exercises on these angles, as well as the differences between pre-test and post-test results for both groups in certain angles at the moment of the thrust in Arabic swordplay. The researcher used an experimental approach suitable for the nature of the problem. The study sample was selected purposefully from 10 female fencers from Al-Fateh Club in Basra for the 2010 season. After ensuring sample homogeneity in terms of height, weight, chronological age, and training age, the researcher applied a training program involving combined exercises (physical and skill-based) on the skill performance angles in the thrusting movement to the experimental group. The control group performed only physical exercises in the preparatory phase and skill-based exercises in the skill phase. After processing the data from the pre-test and post-test, the following conclusions were drawn:

The combined exercises (physical - skill-based) positively impacted the development of certain angles (elbow, shoulder, knee, and trunk tilt) at the moment of the thrust in Arabic swordplay.
There were statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results for both groups in certain angles (elbow, shoulder, knee, and trunk tilt) at the moment of the thrust in Arabic swordplay, favoring the post-tests.
There were statistically significant differences between the post-test results of the experimental and control groups for certain angles (elbow, shoulder, knee, and trunk tilt) at the moment of the thrust in Arabic swordplay, favoring the experimental group.
Recommendations:

It is necessary to focus on the mechanical principles and foundations in training curricula according to motor performance requirements.

Judo wrestling is one of the sports that has witnessed significant development in recent years worldwide, and it requires special physical preparation, which necessitates determining the physical fitness of the athlete and the functional efficiency of the heart and lungs. Physical fitness is closely related to the athlete's performance ability, as it plays an important role in the athlete's ability to control the skillful and physical aspects during training and competitions.
The aim of the study is to identify the effect of training based on medium anaerobic endurance (30-60 seconds) on improving the physical fitness of female judo wrestlers. The researchers used the experimental method on a sample consisting of 16 female athletes from the national judo wrestling team. After dividing the sample into two experimental groups, each consisting of 8 players, equivalence was achieved between the two groups in the physical fitness test.
After completing the training based on medium anaerobic endurance (30-60 seconds), and in order to determine the differences between the pre- and post-tests of the sample groups, the results were statistically processed using the paired samples t-test. The researchers concluded that training based on medium anaerobic endurance has a positive role in improving the physical fitness of the national judo team female athletes. The researchers recommend adopting the use of training based on medium anaerobic endurance due to its effective role in improving the physical fitness of the national judo wrestling team athletes.

The aim of the research was to determine distances to measure the specific speed endurance for the 100-meter sprint for Iraqi runners aged 14-16 years, and to establish the standard scores and levels for these distances. The researcher used the descriptive method with the survey approach for the sample of short-distance runners, through collaboration with members and coaches of the Athletics Federation. The exploratory and main experiments were conducted on a sample from the research community for the 100-meter sprint event, consisting of 35 runners for the 100-meter event.

The tests were carried out over a period of six months from March 28, 2009, to September 18, 2009, across all governorates of Iraq, to construct the tests in the scientifically correct manner, taking into account expert opinions in the fields of training science, physiology, and testing and measurement, in order to determine the test construction method. The steps to be followed were outlined to make the test recognized by specialists, coaches, and researchers.

The proposed tests for the 100-meter sprint event were: (80 meters, 90 meters, 110 meters, 120 meters, 130 meters).

The test procedure took about 13 days for each governorate, with three days of testing followed by seven days of rest, and then the tests were repeated for another three days. After conducting the specific speed endurance tests, the results showed significant relationships between the proposed distances and their performance outcomes, though the relationships varied in degree.

The researcher determined the scores and standard levels for the runners on the specific speed endurance distances, using the SPSS system.

The findings concluded that it is possible to determine the appropriate distances for measuring specific speed endurance for short and middle-distance running, and it was proven that all the proposed distances for measuring specific speed endurance for the 100-meter sprint are indeed suitable for measuring that ability, with varying percentages. All the proposed distances for the 100-meter sprint showed a high correlation with the performance results for that distance with closely related correlation degrees.

The recommendations included:

Adopting the distances identified for the 100-meter sprint as standardized tests for measuring specific speed endurance for junior athletes.
Using the standardized distances for training and developing specific speed endurance for the 100-meter sprint event.

The coordination abilities are crucial in fencing, as the athlete must coordinate between the weapon arm and the legs while adjusting the distance of the bout simultaneously. Therefore, the researcher focused on bilateral muscular coordination by using combined exercises (physical and skillful together) that link the physical attribute with the motor skill in a way that suits the various fencing movements.

The aim of the study was to identify the effect of combined physical and skill exercises on developing bilateral muscular coordination in female fencers.

The researcher used an experimental approach on a sample of female fencers from the Baghdad Girls Fencing Club, with a total of 14 players. An experimental design with a controlled design was applied. The sample was randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with 7 players in each group. After ensuring the homogeneity and equivalence of the sample members, the training program was applied to the experimental group with a duration of 90 minutes per training unit, and 20 minutes of specific preparation exercises. The combined exercises (physical and skillful) were integrated into the program, considering only the exercise time, excluding the rest periods.

The training intensity ranged from 80% to 95%, with rest periods given for heart rates to return to 120 beats per minute between repetitions and sets. The program began on 16th January 2010 and ended on 19th April 2010.

After conducting the pre- and post-tests, the results were processed and it was found that the combined exercises (physical and skillful) had a positive effect on developing bilateral muscular coordination in the experimental group.

The researcher recommends adopting the developed exercises to enhance bilateral muscular coordination in female fencers.

The 400-meter race is one of the events that has become a fertile area in sports physiology training, and the characteristic of speed endurance in the race is one of the important qualities in running 400m, along with other requirements for the event. The importance of the research lies in determining or defining distances for specific speed endurance based on scientific principles, which is heart rate, thus allowing us to identify the optimal distances for specific speed endurance.

The research problem is the lack of tests to measure specific speed endurance in relation to performance, based on the heart rate index.

The goal of the research included determining the optimal distances according to the heart rate index through performance for the 400m race.

In the areas of research, the human sample consisted of a group of athletes from the junior category (14-16 years old), and the timeframe for the research was from 6/3/2009 to 28/8/2009, conducted in the training centers across the provinces of Iraq.

The researcher concluded the following:

The method based on the heart rate index led to the identification of distances for measuring specific speed endurance for the 400-meter race during full rest.
The testing method based on the heart rate index helped determine the optimal distances for measuring specific speed endurance for the 400m race.
Therefore, the researcher recommends the following:

Adopt the distances identified for the 400-meter race as standardized tests for measuring specific speed endurance for juniors.
Use the identified distances for training and developing specific speed endurance for the 400-meter event.
Conduct similar studies for the same ability in seniors and women.
Conduct similar studies on hurdle races and long-distance events.

The research includes the historical origin of the sport of fencing, where fencing is considered one of the global and Olympic sports that have physical, social, psychological, and educational requirements, and is practiced according to special laws and regulations that govern the duel between fencers.

The study also addressed the importance of understanding the effect of special exercises on muscular coordination, which are among the methods that enable us to link physical attributes and motor skills through their use in training units in a scientific and organized manner, as a simple step to assist coaches in the training field to achieve better levels.

Study Objectives:

To prepare special exercises to develop muscular coordination of the upper and lower limbs.
To study the effect of special exercises on developing muscular coordination of the upper and lower limbs.
The researcher hypothesized:

There are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results for the experimental and control groups in muscular coordination of the upper and lower limbs.
There are statistically significant differences between the post-test results for the experimental and control groups in muscular coordination of the upper and lower limbs.
The researcher used an experimental approach, appropriate to the nature of the problem, where 14 fencers from the Al-Fata Club in Baghdad were selected. They were divided into two groups:

An experimental group of 7 players.
A control group of 7 players.
After implementing the special exercises, the results were processed statistically using the SPSS statistical system.

Study Results:
The researcher concluded that special exercises have a positive effect on developing muscular coordination in the sample of the study. The experimental group achieved better improvement rates in muscular coordination tests for the upper and lower limbs compared to the control group.

The study aimed to:

Construct a wooden wall and examine its effect on developing muscular strength in the experimental group.
Identify the differences between the pre- and post-test results of some basic skills on the pommel horse (preliminary and final) for both the experimental and control groups.
Identify the differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-test results of some basic skills on the pommel horse.
Identify the development rates of some basic skills on the pommel horse for both the experimental and control groups.
The research sample was selected intentionally, including (12) players from those training at the gymnastics training center (Gymnastics Hall at Al-Janoub Sports Club), aged between (8-10) years. The researchers excluded two players who had participated in the pilot experiment. The sample was randomly divided into two equal groups of (5) players each using a lottery method. After determining the sample members in both the experimental and control groups, pre-tests were conducted on Thursday, December 24, 2009. The main experiment was applied on Sunday, December 27, 2009, lasting for (8) weeks, comprising (24) training units, with (3) units per week, each unit lasting (50) minutes. Both the experimental and control groups underwent the same educational conditions, with the control group receiving instruction in basic skills on the pommel horse based on the educational motor program of the Gymnastics Federation and trained by certified coaches. However, the experimental group used the wooden wall to develop their muscular strength. After completing (24) training units, post-tests were conducted on Sunday, February 21, 2010. After processing the data using SPSS version 11 software, the following conclusions were drawn:

The experimental group, which used the wooden wall, showed better results in the post-test of skill variables compared to the control group, as reflected in the differences in the mean scores.
The experimental group outperformed the control group in the development rates of all basic skills on the pommel horse, with the highest development rate in the back swing to dismount from the hanging support (57%) and the lowest in the leg swing into and out of the same direction (46%).
The main recommendations are:

Generalize the use of the wooden wall in gymnastics halls and training centers.
Develop the wooden wall to suit the physical development of other age groups.

The research included the development of strength endurance by preparing a proposed training program using strength exercises and its effect on strength endurance for the players of the national archery team in long-distance events.
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the proposed training program on developing strength endurance for the archery athletes in long-distance events. The study hypothesized that there would be no statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test in favor of the post-test. The researcher reviewed several theoretical studies discussing the concept of endurance, types of endurance, and strength. She also addressed the nature of archery, the equipment used in this event, the technical aspects, field specifications, the throwing program, competitions, and related studies.
The researcher used an experimental approach with a pre-test and post-test design, including a control and an experimental group. The sample consisted of 12 players from the national archery team in long-distance events. The training program was implemented from April 20, 2010, to June 30, 2010.
Statistical methods were used to process the data obtained from the pre-tests for the research variables. After statistically analyzing the data, the researcher concluded that the proposed training program using strength exercises had a positive effect on developing strength endurance in the sample.
The researcher recommends that the Iraqi Central Federation for Archery include strength training exercises in their training programs, as these exercises have proven to have a positive effect on developing aiming accuracy and, subsequently, improving performance.

In this study, an analysis and comparison were made of some kinematic variables related to the walking of disabled individuals with unilateral above-knee amputations and normal walking. The main objectives of the research were to identify the kinematic variables affecting the walking movement of disabled individuals with unilateral above-knee amputations and normal walking on level ground, and to then identify the differences between the variables of these two types of movement during walking performance.

The study was conducted on a sample consisting of one patient, who was one of the disabled individuals attending the educational clinic in the Department of Medical Rehabilitation / Prosthetics and Orthotics at the Technical Medical Institute in Baghdad, in addition to a normal individual who underwent the necessary tests to ensure there were no congenital deformities in the lower limbs.

One of the main findings was that the largest angles in the ankle joint for both the normal person and the disabled person, as well as the prosthetic foot, were achieved in both the healthy leg and the prosthetic leg of the disabled individual, where the angle was greater than in the normal leg, which achieved the smallest angle. As for the knee joint, the largest angles were found in the healthy leg of the disabled person. In the hip joint, the largest angles were distributed between the normal leg of the person and the prosthetic leg of the disabled person.

Regarding the measurements of step length, the longest step was achieved in the normal leg of the person with the shortest time, while the shortest step length was achieved in the healthy leg of the disabled person.

The main recommendations include the need to direct all rehabilitation centers for the disabled to use biomechanical analysis methods to detect any deviations occurring in their walking movements.

The goal of sports training methods is to raise and develop athletic performance, maintain it, and achieve the highest possible accomplishments that coaches aspire to by using sciences related to the motor, physical, physiological, and psychological aspects. Sports training involves creating curricula and programs that contain methods and goals aimed at improving the individual’s needs in their sport.

When developing these new curricula and training programs that contain a set of goals to achieve the main target, it is essential for coaches to understand how to build these goals in order to achieve and improve top-level performance, and to develop physical, skill-based, and motor abilities.

Many researchers and experts in team sports have found that the aforementioned sciences play a role in developing player levels. They began to explore methods and mechanisms related to these sciences, which can fulfill this role. One of these mechanisms is setting intermediate goals (Goals Interval) and examining their impact on player motivation. Through this approach, players' motivation is reinforced, as achieving these goals helps satisfy their motivation, which in turn directs their behavior toward excellence and good performance.

Research Objectives:
To set intermediate goals as a motivation to develop the main physical and motor variables for the players of Baghdad Education/Rusafa II Basketball Team.
To identify the impact of intermediate goals on the main physical and motor variables of the players of Baghdad Education/Rusafa II Basketball Team.
To recognize the development ratios for the research sample due to the setting of intermediate goals in the physical and motor variables.
Hypotheses:
There are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results for the main physical and motor variables for the players of Baghdad Education/Rusafa II Basketball Team.
There are statistically significant differences between the control and experimental groups in the post-test results for the main physical and motor variables for the players of Baghdad Education/Rusafa II Basketball Team.
There is an increase in the development ratios for the physical and motor variables for Baghdad Education/Rusafa II Basketball Team.
Results:
Setting and defining intermediate goals contributed to enhancing player motivation to develop certain physical and motor abilities.
The results of the control groups, which worked without intermediate goals, did not reach the results of the experimental groups that worked according to the intermediate goals.
The development ratios of physical and motor indicators for the experimental groups (Football Team, Handball Team, Basketball Team, and Volleyball Team) ranked first according to the development standards, while the control groups ranked second, confirming the positive impact of using intermediate goals on player motivation.
Research Recommendations:
Focus on setting and defining intermediate goals in a measurable way to enhance player motivation to develop their levels in physical and motor indicators, thus raising their overall performance.
Individual and short-term goals are essential for players, as they are important for knowing the improvement in their performance over a specific period. They also act as feedback, increasing enthusiasm, excitement, and perseverance to advance performance levels.
Tests are an important tool for increasing motivation for both players and coaches, and they should be used as a means of objectively evaluating curricula.

The study aims to assess the needs of students in the Colleges of Physical Education in Iraq in learning English for specific purposes. The students' needs in learning the language are the foundation for building and evaluating modern curricula, especially those based on learning principles. The study used a questionnaire for this purpose, which was distributed to a sample of (100) male and female students in the Colleges of Physical Education in Iraq. Through statistical analysis, it was found that the students' need for conversation is the most important skill they wish to learn at this stage, in addition to activities and games that develop their understanding of sports. Therefore, curriculum designers were recommended to consider students' needs when teaching them English, with an emphasis on conversation skills when designing curricula for the Colleges of Physical Education in Iraq.

The aim of this study was as follows:

To identify the statistical differences in the values of some cardiac variables and blood dynamics between the resting period and the post-aerobic effort period among males and females aged (12-11 years).
To investigate the differences in the values of some cardiac variables and blood dynamics during rest and after aerobic effort between males and females aged (12-11 years).
The researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of (25) children from both genders from the Abu Dharr Al-Ghifari Primary School for Boys and Girls in Nineveh Governorate, Mosul city center. The sample was divided into two groups: the first group included males, consisting of (14) students, while the second group included females, consisting of (11) students.

The researcher used tests and measurements as a means of data collection, which included the following: (aerobic effort test, physical measurements, and the measurement of some cardiac variables and blood dynamics).

The tests were conducted on two separate days, with the first day including the aerobic effort test for females, while the second test was conducted for males two days after the first test.

The researcher used the following statistical methods: (mean, standard deviation, and the t-test for related and unrelated means).