AL Ghary Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences

Iraq is one of the countries that possesses natural gas reserves, most of which is associated with associated gas, as the associated gas is about 70%, and it was and still is not able to use this promising fuel in an optimal economic manner, as a lot of it is burned now, but the attention paid by the Ministry of Oil in Reducing this waste has begun to bear fruit, but it is in its initial stages, and it is expected that Iraq will enter the global natural gas market in the foreseeable future. The revenues it generates for the economy by providing hard currency for the state budget, providing the necessary fuel for the industrial sector, especially petrochemicals, fertilizers, iron and steel, and providing job opportunities for the workforce

The dissertation reviewed a topic that is considered one of the most prominent topics on the global scene at present and the most complex and sensitive, as it links migration and the goals of sustainable development, through what was included for the first time in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of direct goals on migration and the rights of migrants, as light was shed on migration trends and types in the world. Iraq specifically, migration movements and the features of migrants to and from it are explored, working on sustainable development goals, its indicators in both countries of origin and destination, its paths

The dissertation reviewed a topic that is considered one of the most prominent topics on the global scene at present and the most complex and sensitive, as it links migration and the goals of sustainable development, through what was included for the first time in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of direct goals on migration and the rights of migrants, as light was shed on migration trends and types in the world. Iraq specifically, migration movements and the features of migrants to and from it are explored, working on sustainable development goals, its indicators in both countries of origin and destination, its paths

Crude oil prices play a pivotal role in the global economy, influencing everything from energy expenses to inflation rates. Accurately predicting these prices is crucial for governments, businesses, and investors. In our paper, we introduce two forecasting models: the first is a weighted Markov chain (WMC), and the second is an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. The weighted Markov chain is employed to capture the probabilistic transitions of crude oil prices across different states or regimes. The weights assigned to these transitions are determined based on historical price data, allowing us to give more importance to recent price movements. This approach offers a versatile and adaptive framework for modeling the dynamic behavior of oil prices. We collected data from the period of January 1, 2000, to September 29, 2023, for crude oil prices, spanning 285 months, from the website (https://sa.investing.com/commodities/brent-oil-historical-data). We compared two models using metrics such as mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and AIC. Our study led us to conclude that the ARIMA (2,0,0) model outperforms the weighted Markov Chain (WMC) model. This conclusion is supported by lower values for mean absolute error, root mean square error, mean absolute percentage error, and AIC. Additionally, the predictive performance of the chosen model for crude oil prices showed an increasing trend for the months of October and November, followed by a decline for the months of December, January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, and September

The study aimed to show the impact of artificial intelligence techniques in improving the process of proactive accounting reporting for companies, and for the purpose of reaching the goal of the study and testing its hypotheses, the questionnaire form was organized and distributed to a sample of academics and professionals in the city of Erbil through social networking sites and then analyzing the responses of the respondents through the use of the statistical program (SPSS), and the study reached a series of conclusions, the most important of which is that artificial intelligence techniques contribute to improving the accounting reporting process Proactive companies sample At the end of the study, based on the conclusions reached by the study, the researcher recommends companies to apply artificial intelligence techniques due to their role in improving the process of proactive accounting reporting

This study aims to know the nature of the relationship and the extent of the impact of customer relationship management through three dimensions: relationship orientation, configuration, and customer information - on organizational performance, the level of which was identified through three indicators: efficiency, growth, and profit. This relationship was tested in ten famous beauty centers in the city of Baghdad. A random sample of (187) individuals working in these centers was selected. A questionnaire was distributed with specific items for the individual to answer according to a five-point Likert scale. The statistical programs SPSS V.23 and AMOS V.23 were used to extract the results. After presenting and analyzing the results, the study concluded that there was a positive effect of customer relationship management on organizational performance, in addition, the greatest effect of customer relationship management was on profit, while the minimum effect was on efficiency

This research aimed to test the impact of human resources flexibility as an independent variable with its dimensions (Flexibility of skills, Flexibility of behavior, and Flexibility of practices) in strategic response operations as a dependent variable in Al-Sadr Hospital. The researchers relied on the descriptive analytical approach in analyzing the data, and relied on a comprehensive survey method for members of the research population. The researchers used the questionnaire as a tool to collect primary data from the research population. The researchers used appropriate statistical programs for this purpose to obtain the appropriate results, which are (AMOS V 24 & SPSS V 26) to analyze the primary data, the statistical analysis showed a number of results, the most of which was the findings indicate there is a significant impact of the flexibility of human resources in strategic response processes, these findings encourage enhanced strategic response and health sustainability

The current research aims to identify the nature of the relationship between the marketing mind and consumer behavioral intention by surveying the opinions of a sample of Asia Cell managers. To achieve this goal, (241) questionnaire forms were distributed to the officials, of which (222) questionnaires were returned and retrieved, with a retrieval rate of (92%), (6) of which were neglected because they were not suitable for analysis due to their incompleteness, and thus the number of questionnaires subject to The analysis consists of (216) questionnaires with a response rate of (97%). After analyzing them statistically, the results of the study concluded that there is a correlation between the marketing mind and the behavioral intention of the consumer, as well as the existence of a significant effect of the marketing mind on the behavioral intention of the consumer. On this basis, a number of conclusions and recommendations were drawn up, the most important of which is the necessity of Employing the marketing mind in the company under research and possessing the skills, ideas and capabilities to achieve marketing goals, and the necessity of adopting marketing mind strategies in the company and knowing and achieving the behavioral intention of the consumer.

Banks face many diverse risks, which are considered dangerous phenomena that, if they occur, cause a waste of money and a threat to the development and development plans that are to be implemented in order to achieve the goals they have set, which prompted these banks and their management to find appropriate and quick solutions. Among these solutions was relying on management. Banking risks and their effective role in defining, identifying, measuring and monitoring risks and their attempt to control and be aware of the risks expected to occur for the purpose of encircling them and keeping them within acceptable limits, and under the supervision of senior management that works through audit procedures in accordance with the risk approach in accordance with Basel II decisions. Accordingly, the problem of the research is the limited use of indicators. Measuring banking risks by the external auditor when implementing audit procedures in the banking sector. The research generally aims to emphasize the importance and role of the external auditor in protecting the bank from banking risks and its continuity, and to shed light on the legislation and recommendations of the Basel Committee. One of the most important findings he reached was that the purpose of banking capital adequacy standards is to ensure that the bank maintains a minimum of its own funds to confront the risks to which it is exposed, in order to absorb any expected losses. The importance of the research appears through the process of coherence and application of international standards and modern concepts of the decisions of the International Basel Committee with current applications in local banks in banking risk management, as well as the research’s contribution to proposing a testing and auditing program on risk management in the banking sector

The research seeks to study the importance of basic commodity trade and its economic effects on the national economy, as the external sector plays an important role in linking the national economy to other economies and this sector is the mirror that reflects the nature of the structure of the Iraqi economy.

The Iraqi economy is one of the economies whose exports are linked to the global market and relies heavily to meet its local demand on its imports from the outside world. Therefore, trade in basic goods has economic effects on the national economy, and the most important of these effects are economic growth and the general budget.

To reach the goal, the researcher used the inductive approach by studying the movement of foreign trade, leading to the overall variables represented in economic growth and the general budget.

The research concluded that the Iraqi economy depends largely on its external sector due to the nature of its production structure, which depends on one commodity, which is oil, in the global market, and relies on obtaining their needs through its imports.

In addition, the research found that there are economic effects of the foreign trade movement in Iraq on economic growth and the general budget, some of which are characterized by a positive effect and others by a negative effec

Purpose: This current research aims to measure the impact of the interactive role in the relationship between entrepreneurial capital and superior performance among construction service companies in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate.

Methodology/Design: The researcher employed a comprehensive survey approach to the research population, represented by employees working in construction service companies in the same city. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed, and after sorting and verification, 140 questionnaires were deemed suitable for statistical analysis. These questionnaires were analyzed using structural equation modeling and partial least squares.

Results: The research findings indicate a positive influence of mental models on the relationship between entrepreneurial capital and superior performance, as well as the confirmation of the hypothesis of a correlation and impact between the independent and dependent variables.

Authenticity /Value: The research relied on identifying mental models as an interactive variable to demonstrate their role in the relationship between entrepreneurial capital and superior performance.

The variation in the quality of the estimated regression models and the invalidity of using some of the models because they do not have the characteristics of good estimators leads to a lack of confidence in their predictive or estimating accuracy, which necessitated studying the geometric distribution to which the data is subject and estimating the distribution regression equation using some parametric estimation methods (the method of least squares method of least absolute deviation) for data represented by the numbers of annual secondary students in the holy province of Nineveh by 17 observations, and after comparison between the results of estimating the two methods using comparison criteria (AIC, BIC, MSE) to determine the optimal method for estimating the geometric distribution equation, the method of least squares appeared to be the best because it It has the smallest values ​​of differentiation criteria and was used for the purpose of predicting the number of secondary students for the time period (2023-2027)

This study aims to identify the banking integration and its impact on the quality of banking services in the branches of Al Rasheed Bank merged in Basra governorate through the dimensions of the quality of banking services.

The researcher has adopted the descriptive analytical method, using the questionnaire form as a tool to collect the study data. The study community has selected from all employees of Rasheed bank branches integrated in Basra governorate, and a random sample of (80) employees was selected. From (80) questionaries (60) forms are valid for analysis, i.e. (75% ) of the study sample .

The study data has been analyzed and its hypotheses have been tested by applying some descriptive and inferential statistical analysis tools most appropriate to the nature of those data, using the statistical package program for Social Sciences, known for short (SPSS) . Aafter conducting appropriate statistical analyses of the data, it was found that there is a statistically significant effect at the level of ( 0.05≥α ) for banking integration in the quality of banking services in the branches of Rasheed Bank merged in Basra governorate . The study has recommended increasing attention to the quality of banking services by improving the quality dimensions of (concreteness ,reliability ,responsiveness ,security ,empathy ) ,and the need to pay more attention to banking integration as it significantly affects the improvement of the quality of banking services , as well as the need to conduct training courses for employees to identify the latest developments in the administrative and organizational field in order to perform business efficiently for a positive reflection on the quality of banking services

This study aims to identify the banking integration and its impact on the quality of banking services in the branches of Al Rasheed Bank merged in Basra governorate through the dimensions of the quality of banking services.

The researcher has adopted the descriptive analytical method, using the questionnaire form as a tool to collect the study data. The study community has selected from all employees of Rasheed bank branches integrated in Basra governorate, and a random sample of (80) employees was selected. From (80) questionaries (60) forms are valid for analysis, i.e. (75% ) of the study sample .

The study data has been analyzed and its hypotheses have been tested by applying some descriptive and inferential statistical analysis tools most appropriate to the nature of those data, using the statistical package program for Social Sciences, known for short (SPSS) . Aafter conducting appropriate statistical analyses of the data, it was found that there is a statistically significant effect at the level of ( 0.05≥α ) for banking integration in the quality of banking services in the branches of Rasheed Bank merged in Basra governorate . The study has recommended increasing attention to the quality of banking services by improving the quality dimensions of (concreteness ,reliability ,responsiveness ,security ,empathy ) ,and the need to pay more attention to banking integration as it significantly affects the improvement of the quality of banking services , as well as the need to conduct training courses for employees to identify the latest developments in the administrative and organizational field in order to perform business efficiently for a positive reflection on the quality of banking services

The current study examines the actual role that the Price-to-Earnings Multiples Model can play in achieving an objective evaluation of financial markets. This model is an important topic for both investors and companies alike, as it relates to a significant financial ratio for both parties, namely, the price-to-earnings ratio. Given that this ratio has faced numerous criticisms for not considering inflation cases, the current study aims to uncover what the model can offer in addition to the advantages of the model in evaluating financial markets.

The study measured its variables using several financial indicators and statistical equations, the most important of which are: (Price-to-Earnings Multiples as a ratio of inflation regarding the independent variable, regarding financial markets, three financial indicators were relied upon: Price-Weighted Index, Value-Weighted Index, and Equal-Weighted Index). The study was applied to a community consisting of companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, while the sample included (30) companies distributed across all market sectors, representing best capital companies according to the industrial and Dow Jones in line with the general market index. The study's duration extended over the years (2022 - 2013).

The study reached several important conclusions, one of the most important being the significant disparity in the prices of stocks traded in the Iraqi financial market, as they are characterized by significant exaggeration in their values, as they are priced higher than their real value. The results also indicated the inefficiency of the Iraqi securities market due to unjustified price disparities, which results in errors in pricing stocks for companies listed in the market. The study recommended the need to reduce errors and problems resulting from pricing traded stocks, as this would positively impact the efficiency of the financial market. It emphasized the need for companies listed in the market to enhance the disclosure of financial and operational information regularly and accurately.

The research aims to clarify the role of the government sector in the Iraqi economy and the impact of this role on the private sector, as the government sector plays a decisive role in the development of the Iraqi economy, and increasing government spending by creating job opportunities, providing income for them, and purchasing the necessary materials for infrastructure projects, all This makes the public sector have a positive role in the Iraqi economy on the one hand, and on the other hand, the expansion of government spending in light of the security and health conditions, fluctuations in oil prices, and weak tax revenues may create great pressure on the state budget, and the effect of that pressure will be in creating a financial deficit in the budget. The public, and therefore it is difficult to finance this expansion in government spending, as the state may be forced to finance the deficit with internal and external public debt, which competes with the private sector for the funds available for lending through high interest rates. In measuring the impact of economic competition between the public sector and the private sector, the study relied on a methodology ARDR, as it found, although private investment tends to rise in absolute terms or as a percentage of GDP, this does not prevent public investment from crowding out the private sector, especially crowding out the funds available for borrowing to the private sector, when the government resorts to borrowing to finance the increase in spending. The relationship between public investments and private investments becomes complementary, meaning that public investments stimulate private investments in the long term

The present investigation aims to elucidate the degree to which the Healthcare sector in Iraq has embraced digital transformation and this because the importance of digital transformation and its advantages as well as its direct connection to overall effectiveness enhancement. information and data was obtained by a survey as a method of data collection . Hospitals and Primary Healthcare Centers of Karbala was the community of research, research sample consisted of 137 employees from various hospitals and primary healthcare centers in karbalaa and they was selected randomly. The investigation employed statistical software programs such as SMART PLS and SPSS V26 to assess its hypotheses. The independent variable of the investigation focused on digital transformation encompassing its’ aspects while The dependent variable was represented by high performanceand its’ dimentions. The study produced multiple findings, including a significant correlation and impact of digital transformation on organizational performance. Moreover, the inquiry provided several recommendations to capitalize on the positive influence of digital transformation on high performance

The current study aims to help the Iraqi banking system deal with this problem, which is research on knowing the reality of green credit and its role in improving the financial performance of Iraqi commercial banks, which necessitated stopping at this problem and presenting the best proposals that would contribute to enhancing the role of green credit. The study population included the Iraqi banking system, and the time limits of the study included the extended period (2010-2022). The Iraqi banking sector data related to the subject of the study was relied upon, which was used in the financial and standard analysis aspect to measure the variables of the study, as the main hypotheses related to correlation and influence relationships were tested. Among the variables of the study, relying on the statistical program (SPSS), the study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that commercial banks do not distinguish between green credit and credit for projects that are harmful to the environment, as they provide credit of all types, in addition to the weakness of the role of the Central Bank, especially in the first years of the study period. In enacting laws to protect the environment, in addition to the weakness of incentives in this field, the most important recommendations were the need for banks to establish strict procedures and restrictions that limit financing for projects that are harmful to the environment by raising interest rates on financing these projects, and moving towards financing with green credit because of its impact on performance. Financial support for banks on the one hand and sustainable development on the other hand, and the need for the Central Bank to take credit measures to stimulate green and environmentally friendly investments, such as green loan installments and soft loans for priority sectors

The research aims to study the relationship between internal audit and cybersecurity risk management in economic units, as well as to know the ability of internal audit through cybersecurity risk management to reduce insurance costs by reducing the strength of these risks on economic units.

A questionnaire form was designed according to a five-point Likert scale. For the purpose of testing the research hypotheses, 100 questionnaire forms were distributed and 85 questionnaire forms were retrieved. For the purpose of testing the research hypotheses statistically, the SPSS V.23 program was used.

The researchers reached several results, the most important of which is the presence of a statistically significant effect of internal audit on cybersecurity risk management and its impact on insurance costs

The research aims to study the relationship between internal audit and cybersecurity risk management in economic units, as well as to know the ability of internal audit through cybersecurity risk management to reduce insurance costs by reducing the strength of these risks on economic units.

A questionnaire form was designed according to a five-point Likert scale. For the purpose of testing the research hypotheses, 100 questionnaire forms were distributed and 85 questionnaire forms were retrieved. For the purpose of testing the research hypotheses statistically, the SPSS V.23 program was used.

The researchers reached several results, the most important of which is the presence of a statistically significant effect of internal audit on cybersecurity risk management and its impact on insurance costs

The Research Aims To Determine The Nature Of The Correlation And Influence Relationships Between The Smart Leadership And Organizational Proactiveness Through The Mediating Role Of The Entrepreneurship Strategy, Based On A Basic Problem That Was Diagnosed After Questions That Included The Extent To Which The Influence Relations Were Perceived At The Field Level. The human resources empowerment variable was measured in four dimensions: (availability of information, involvement of knowledge, rewards, and Authority), and job gratitude was measured in three dimensions: (feelings of gratitude, attitude of gratitude, behavior of gratitude), and the Holy Karbala Health Department was chosen. A field for research through a questionnaire distributed to (50) individuals from its administrative staff., Was Done Use a Set Of Measures Of Statistical Descriptive , Rank Correlation Coefficient (Pearson), Structural Equation Modeling, , These Methods Have Been Used By Statistical Software (SPSS ; Amos), The Research Reached Several Conclusions, The Most Important Of Which Is That The entrepreneurial strategy variant plays a holistic mediating role between intelligent leadership and organizational proactiveness Of The Researched Organization. The Research Was Concluded With A Number Of Appropriate Recommendations

The research addressed the risks of auditing and its impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of planning in the work of the auditor in the General Directorate of Education in Najaf Governorate. The research problem is determined in the following question: Are audit risks and changes in their levels taken into account when planning and implementing the auditor’s work? The knowledge and estimation of the risks in auditing is an important and effective matter for the auditor’s work when planning and implementing the audit process, which enables him to reach logical results and thus achieve his goals.

The research was chosen in the Directorate of Education in order to reach a good level of performance in the work of the auditor, since the directorate is one of the service units.

The aim of the research is to identify what is meant by audit risks and their main components. As well as explaining the factors affecting audit risks and analyzing them in order to estimate the risks. In order to achieve these goals, the auditor’s procedures were analyzed and studied through 40 questionnaires. The questionnaire contains questions related to multiple indicators. The researcher thinks that these indicators affect or determine the audit risks in order to adapt them to be acceptable at a minimum level.

The importance of the research highlights the great role played by audit units as they are a safety valve for the General Directorate of Education. The most important conclusions are:

The auditor’s achievement of a right assessment of regulatory risks depends on understanding and studying the internal control elements, the degree of compliance with them, the continuity of their application, and the results of their tests.
The auditor’s decision to determine the acceptable level of challenges in the audit process depends on studying and analyzing a group of factors that are useful in this field and refers to the size of the unit and the nature of its work

In reaction to the constrained individualistic viewpoints prevalent in sociology, political science, and economics, new institutionalism emerged in the 1980s. Conventional neo-classical economics and behavioralists saw collective political and economic activity as the total outcome of individual decisions, and they considered institutions as epiphenomenal, just the aggregation of individual-level features. Following a long history, modern institutionalists utilize institutionalist approaches to explain significant macro outcomes and long-term secular change. They contend that rules, conventions, and customs—which are sometimes arbitrary and artificial—structure human interaction. While this paper focuses on the new economic institutionalism, it should be noted that earlier forms of institutionalism, which go back at least as far as the seventeenth century, are the source of all current institutionalist variations. Consideration of how institutions influence individual behavior and collective action has a distinguished history. This paper continues as follows. It first examines how earlier generations of institutionalists, the classical political economists, provided the scaffolding necessary to address the puzzle of underdevelopment. It explores how the ancestors of the new economic institutionalism imagined new worlds where none had existed before, and outlined foundations for secular authority, liberalism, and capitalism, despite the fact that religiously justified rule, disorder, absolutism, and illiberalism were the only game in town. This paper argues that they fashioned a more primitive, yet visionary, articulation of the question of where development comes from; in doing so, they bestowed on the next generation of institutionalists a fruitful research agenda. It then turns to the new economic institutionalists and explores how they marry the study of economics to the study of politics to generate clear, falsifiable predictions about where order, liberalism, and development come from, and how this equilibrium is sustained. It concludes with a question: How do we make sense of a world in which many of the practical problems first diagnosed by the classical political economists endure, even though knowledge of what institutions contribute to development has become widely available?

The research problem was the extent of the impact of successful administrative leadership with its dimensions (sources of the leader’s power, the leader’s influence on subordinates, the leader’s skills) on organizational performance with its dimensions (sources, results, goals). The questionnaire was relied upon as a tool for collecting information as well as observation, as it was distributed (87) A questionnaire was administered to the senior leaders in the Doura refinery and then they were tested intentionally. The data was analyzed using the statistical program (Spss). The research found that there was a correlation and a significant impact of successful administrative leadership on organizational performance. In light of this, a set of conclusions and recommendations were formulated. For the benefit of those concerned with the current study

Although Iraq has great economic potential in the fields of energy and food, there are many challenges represented by the complex restriction and its repercussions on the economy, especially in light of the absence of a real will to develop the various fields of energy and food in a way that ensures energy and food security, and then the immediate economic damage it has caused. The heavy reliance on the export of oil in its crude form, and thus the major shortage in the supply of electrical energy and petroleum products, their import and loss, and gas, in addition to the food shortage and lack of security, which has harmed the economy. Iraq’s absolute dependence on the production and export of crude oil, the loss of the added value resulting from its refining, and its absolute dependence on trade Foreign affairs import most of the goods and most of the services necessary to meet consumer needs, especially the increasing import of agricultural goods, especially food. All of this contributed to the loss of its economic security, as the economic changes have not yet led to the creation of a productive structure capable of supporting and advancing the economy.

In this research paper, quantitative regression was studied because of its great importance in application in various fields of science. There are many researchers who have dealt with the topic of quantile regression with binary data, that is, when the response variable (y) takes only two values, either (0) or (1), using classical methods as well as Bayesian methods. In this study, the researcher is trying to build a model for analyzing binary data using the Quintile Regression method. The Bayesian method was adopted, which is one of the methods that has gained wide resonance recently because of its accuracy, especially in small samples. In addition, the researcher restricted the study by using inverse penalty functions to select explanatory variables that actually have an effect on the dependent variable, and to exclude ineffective variables using variable selection methods

To identify the extent to which pharmaceutical projects achieve their goals, a study was carried out to evaluate the performance efficiency of Al-Mansoor Pharmaceutical Industries using multiple criteria and indicators, as well as directing the interest of investors and researchers to the company's variables and clarifying the obstacles and challenges it faces in particular and facing the pharmaceutical industry in Iraq in general. The research derives its importance from the importance of pharmaceutical commodities as they are important strategic commodities because they are related to human life, national security and medicine. The study assumed that Al-Mansoor Company for Pharmaceutical Industries and Medical Appliances worked efficiently during the period (2014-2021). Through this study, a number of results and recommendations have been reached that contribute to the development of the pharmaceutical industry in Al-Mansoor Company in particular and other companies in general and raise its contribution to the development

This study aims to identify the concept and importance of modern management methods represented by the balance scorecard with its six dimensions and the activities of the sustainable value chain and their role in improving strategic performance. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher relied on the deductive approach in the theoretical aspect by collecting sources and previous studies. He also used the practical approach based on data and reports of the Department of Religious Tourism / Al-Hussainiya Holy Shrine for the years (2018-2019) for the purpose of improving the strategic performance of the institution. In addition to personal interviews with officials at the Imam Hussainiya Shrine, the study summarized a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: The traditional methods of evaluating and improving performance suffer from many shortcomings due to their reliance on financial indicators only without taking into account other non-financial indicators, as they focus on results and lack of Pay attention to the causes. Therefore, there was a need to use a coherent set of financial and non-financial measures in the process of evaluating performance in line with the variables of the modern business environment

The study aimed to measure the actual growth rate, to identify its impact on the joint-stock companies, the study sample, on their financial stability, as the study problem was identified with a number of questions, the most important of which were “What is actual growth and what are its mechanisms for industrial joint-stock companies listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange? And the size of the effect between actual growth and the financial stability index?

In order to achieve the objectives of the study and answer its questions, the companies listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange were tested as a community for the study. A sample of (10) industrial joint-stock companies was selected, using the data published on the website of the Iraqi Stock Exchange for the period from 2009 to 2019. Many financial and statistical indicators were relied upon to analyze the results and discussed them using the (Excel) and (Eviews-9) program in analyzing the results. The study concluded that the actual growth depends on the ratios of the return on assets and the percentage of retained earnings, due to the different rates of growth and activity at the level of each company, and that the joint-stock companies whenever they can improve and provide sources of financing for growth whenever this leads to achieving financial stability.

purpose: The study aims to define and test the logical relationships among its variables represented by the financial innovation and its relationship to the development of banking services through the mediating role of knowledge management systems. The study aims to provide real solutions to the researched phenomenon, which is how to develop banking services through the direct role of financial innovation with the mediating role of knowledge management systems..

Study methodology: The study was designed with a descriptive analytical approach through deductive analysis in the cognitive and experimental field of the study model and hypotheses. The data was collected by distributing questionnaires to a sample of employees who have the rank of (bank manager and officials of departments and divisions) and the study population was represented by all workers in the branches of commercial private banks / the Middle Euphrates region, which numbered (34) banks in the field of the study. Distributing (163) questionnaires to the respondents, and (150) of them were retrieved, valid for analysis, while the number of invalid forms was (13). The questionnaire was designed on the five-point (Likert) scale, as the researcher relied on solid measures whose validity and reliability were tested through statistical means and methods using the confirmatory and confirmatory factor analysis method, and the data was processed through the use of advanced statistical software (Smart Pulls) and (Spss v.26).

Conclusions: It proved the existence of a real role for the variable of financial innovation in the development of banking services, and this role increases through the mediating variable of knowledge management systems.

The current study aims to test the relationship of the effect of internal marketing in promoting marketing superiority by analyzing the opinions of a sample of workers in some branches of government banks in Al-Najaf Governorate, The research stems from a problem represented in the existence of a weakness in marketing superiority due to the weak adoption of internal marketing in banks, the field of study.

To address the problem of the study, the necessary information was collected by adopting the study scale (questionnaire form), Then the data were classified and analyzed using the approved statistical methods, and the questionnaire data were analyzed using the statistical analysis program, ( SPSS v.23 ) (SMART PLS) (MICROSOFT EXCEL ), The descriptive analytical approach was adopted to address the problem, and the study sample consisted of (150) employees of government bank branches in Najaf Governorate. The study reached conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a positive relationship and significant impact of internal marketing on marketing superiority in the banks surveyed . The study ended with a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the need for the surveyed banks to adopt the concept of marketing excellence by banks and consider it as part of their culture

This research aims to identify the seaports and focus on the ports of the fourth and fifth generations and the Great Port of Faw and the economic importance of the Great Port of Faw in the event that it is established as the largest investment project in Iraq, as well as one of the largest ports established on the coast of the Arabian Gulf, as well as the dry canal project that will connect Iraq and the Gulf states with the countries of Asia and Europe, and its huge economic impacts by contributing to increasing the Iraqi gross domestic product and increasing the volume of foreign trade and investment at the local and international levels, reducing the unemployment that the Iraqi economy suffers from, and increasing the revenues of the current Iraqi ports and their development, especially after work According to the joint operating formulas in the management and operation of Iraqi ports and their expansion through establishing new berths and increasing the mechanisms used in handling operations, many port countries have sought to develop their port services by employing the technological capabilities available to them to expand the existing ports or establish new ports equipped with the latest machinery And advanced equipment, and provide a scenario based on the feasibility study and determination of the term Controlling the plan, its continuity, fulfilling its financial obligations, overcoming external obstacles, and providing technical leadership for the plan. Key

The study aims to demonstrate the (impact) of financial balance on sustainable growth, which is one of the important topics in financial thought. The study sample consisted of the insurance sector listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, which consists of the companies: (Al-Amin Insurance, Al-Ahlia Insurance, Dar Al-Salam Insurance, Al-Khaleej Insurance, Al-Hamra Insurance). The problem of the study centered on the effects of the external environment on the sustainability of companies and their continuity in doing business. The problem of the study was represented in the main question: What is the effect of financial balance on the sustainable growth of the companies sampled by the study

Studies and research have shown that investment has a number of benefits that accrue to the national economy. Indeed, it has become a tool for achieving economic and social goals. One of the most important goals is achieving development dimensions, creating job opportunities to reduce unemployment and poverty, attracting foreign currencies, as well as attracting national migratory capital. It contributes to the transfer and localization of advanced technology from developed countries by attracting foreign investments, especially direct, and by providing infrastructure. In addition, the presence of policies and procedures affects the advancement of the unilateral Iraqi economic reality. By contributing to investment projects that lead to the revitalization of the agricultural, industrial and tourism sectors and the development of tourist facilities to diversify sources of income. Accordingly, investment has positive effects in transferring scientific methods in management and production. Investment also affects the development and development of infrastructure, represented by various service facilities, electricity stations, water and sewage networks, and roads. Likewise, investment has positive effects in increasing sectoral interactions, achieving human development and developing the skills of workers in different economic sectors

Foreign loans have distinct provisions regarding their legal nature, foreign loans are different than sources of international financing such as foreign investment, and foreign aid. Moreover, foreign loans differ from internal loans, including interest rates, borrowing conditions, loan donors, and other factors.

The paper focuses on the idea that an international debt contract takes many forms such as an international treaty, it needs to a treaty requires the fulfillment of specific formal and substantive conditions to acquire its international legal status.

The research problem revolves around the legal nature of the international public loan, which differs from the national public loan. The research found International foreign debt agreements concluded by the borrowing State with other States or international economic organizations are considered international treaties because their parties in all cases are subjects of public international law, and therefore subject to the provisions of public international law. However, it differs from it in terms of the details of how it materializes, except for the form element of the legal authorization by the legislature to conclude a treaty on international foreign debt.