Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

With the increase use of large industrial machinery (such as huge generators) and the increase in public awareness and concern for noise control the desire to be able to properly design a silencer for specific application is increasing. A test rig is built for a reactive muffler. The object is to minimize the noise level using different pipe lengths for inlet and outlet (discharge) tubes are studied. The major conclusion was that the taller outlets pipe the higher noise attenuation will be obtained.

The developing laminar flow in the entrance and disturbed regions of concentric circular pipes has been studied numerically. Both main pipe and disturbed pipe are concentric and stationary. Uniform developing flow occurs in entrance region of main pipe and inside disturbed pipe at disturbed region. while non-uniform developing flow occurs in annular concentric disturbed pipe at disturbed region. For the two-dimensional problem, numerical solutions are obtained for a wide range of Reynolds number from 25 to 375. A computer program and AutoFEA software were used to calculate the velocity and pressure drop within the entire channel. The maximum velocity at the centerline of the pipe, hydrodynamic boundary layer developed faster for the lower Reynolds number. However, the flow field is similar for all studied cases. All the present work data are in good agreement with AutoFEA software.

Neural network are appropriate for the modeling and control of multifaceted physical systems because of their capability to manage multifaceted input-output charting without thorough mathematical model of the systems. Demonstrating a non-linear active charting, Model Reference Controller Neural Network (MRCNN) is appropriate to manage active non-linear complications. In this paper, a MRCNN have employed in a sun-seeker tracking system. First, the MRCNN will be used as identifier to recognize the opposite model of the system to be controlled through supervised, and then the MRCNN is used such as a feed forward controller, to create control voltage to power the sun-seeker to track pre-selected routes of location.

The principle operation of speed control systems is depended upon a wide range of generated frequencies a microprocessor was used to generate PWM or a six-steps modulated signal to maintain a constant voltage/frequency ratio. Because of speed computation limitations found in many available microcomputers previously, it was concluded that the on-line computation of switching patterns was not practical. The control and monitoring by using PC is more efficient and active.

Parking at universities campus has its environment and character and, it is not accurate to formalize generalized planning factors for this traffic and parking generators without some detailed study. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the current parking supply and demand for Al-Mustansirya campus for the target year 2015. The study consists of parking supply inventory, license plate survey and parkers questionnaire survey,. Data collected related to campus population and car ownership. The data were analyzed to determine major parking characteristics in the study area and identify the current parking inadequacies and the anticipated future parking situation in the study area. Based on the analysis of future parking demand, the growth and development within the university campus, the future parking demand is expected to exceed the current parking supply. According to the developed projection formulas the additional parking supply needed by the target year 2015 are 644 spaces to accommodate the future parking demand in university campus area.

The engineering problems faces by a civil engineer in building and construction, is almost foundation problems resulting from the properties of the beneath soil. One of the affected problems is the presence of gypseous soil. The presence of gypsum in some regions reaches up to 70%. Gypsum salts are one of the highly dissolved salts in water. The solubility depends on temperature degree, atmospheric pressure, and PH of the dissolved liquid. There are many treatments for such soils, some of them are physical like earth reinforcement, and compaction. The others are chemicals like the addition of lime, asphalt emulsion, oil products…etc(1). The aim of this study is to investigate the ability to improve gypseous soil by reducing the collapsibility during wetting with water, by the addition of Portland cement with different percentages:( 1.5%, 4%, 6%,7.5%, 10%), to gypseous soil with at different densities14 kN/m3 and 11 kN/m3. A laboratory model test consists of a cylindrical plastic container of 250 mm in diameter and 400mm in height. The soil was artificially prepared by mixing natural soil brought from a location near the Civil Engineering Department building in Diyala University and mixed with 70% gypsum. The density of the soil was controlled by placing the required weight inside the container of known volume, to the required height. A rectangular footing 25mm*40mm made from steel was used. The stress was applied from a fixed loading system designed especially for model tests and.......

In this paper, the nonlinear behavior of soil has been studied. For this purpose, the modified Cam clay model has been employed. The foundation taken for this study is a strip footing of width (B=2.0 m) resting on the surface of silty clay soil. A two-dimensional finite element problem has been taken as a plane strain problem. The displacements and stresses under the strip footing during applied incremental loading sequences has been estimated by a program written in MATLAB. The influences of incremental loading, width of footing, and depth of footing are considered in this paper.

Real-time electronic distributed control systems are an important development of the technological evolution. Electronics are employed to control and monitor most safety-critical applications from flight decks to hospital operating rooms. As these real-time systems become increasingly prevalent and advanced, so does the demand to physically distribute the control in strict real-time. Thus, there is a need for control network protocols to support stringent real-time requirements. Real-time networks must provide a guarantee of service so they will consistently operate deterministically and correctly. Ethernet is nowadays being focused by various automation system developers over other field bus systems due to its cheap hardware availability, being wireless, straightforward integration to the Internet and support for the higher bandwidth requirements in the future [1]. It is also emerging strongly into the area of industrial communication. Ethernet, as defined in IEEE 802.3, is non-deterministic and thus, is unsuitable for hard real-time applications. The media access control protocol, CSMA/CD with its back off algorithm, prevents the network from supporting hard real-time communication as due to its random delays and potential transmission failures. This paper presents design and implementation based on an extensive research and development being carried out to enhance the possibilities of using standard TCP/IP Ethernet protocol for condition monitoring and distributed real-time control of industrial drive systems via Ethernet.

Recently, turbo codes have attracted many researchers because of the codes astonishing performance at low signal to noise ratio SNR. The interleaver types and lengths is an important part in the design of a turbo code. In this paper, the performance of turbo codes with efficient selection length for random and circular interleaver is studied with various issues related to the turbo code performance are investigated. These include the effect of number of decoding iteration used in iterative decoding algorithm, the effect of number of states used in a convolutional code, the effect of interchanges the interleaver type and the effect of the interleaver length for Multiuser-CDMA system. Simulation results show that the BER performance of random interleavers is better than circular interleavers for all SNR and the efficient performance gained for turbo coded 16 user CDMA system in AWGN or Rayleigh fading channels when using Random interleaver of length 512 or Circular interleaver of length 1024. The BER performances are evaluated using MATLAB R2009a computer simulation software.

To overcome the copyright-protection issue, digital watermarking techniques have received considerable attentions and have been under development for several years. Therefore, this paper proposed a new watermarking scheme based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) for satellite images. This will improve both the robustness and imperceptibility requirements of the watermarking algorithm. Firstly, the original image is transformed using DWT prior to the DCT. Then, the gray-level watermark is embedded into the first five AC-DCT coefficients of the selected DWT bands. Simulation results show that the proposed technique has better imperceptibility and higher robustness against various image processing attacks.

This work is concerned the detailed calculation of internal circuit of XPG LED and the characteristics with designing the control circuit to calculation the different brightness between XPG LED and types with lens LED diode and the point light of LED diode. The control is used method of digital circuit by increasing the duty cycle of PWM supplying voltage used the microcontroller with software development written in micro-basic language (program XPG circuit simulation) and hardware to measuring the intensity of brightness, which emitted from the LED. Using the photo resistance and this parameter read it by the microcontroller to be display it on screen. This result gives the best characteristics of XPG LED for suitable lighting.

The transformation between zone to zone is successfully applied to the set of the coordinates of selecting project. When a combat area includes more than one grid zone, transformation may be required. In the UTM grid zones, there are overlap areas; however, transformation is not restricted to these overlap areas. Grid coordinates and azimuths can be transformed from any point in one zone into terms of an adjacent zone. The problem is solved by using different approved software’s like ERDAS Imaging 9.2 and Franson CoordTrans to get the same results for one set of coordinate’s extent from UTM-WGS84 –Zone 38N to UTM-WGS84 –Zone 39N in the south of Iraq. The coordinates of the project is measured on the site by considering the total length of the project (100 Km) lies at the zone 38N while actually only 26 km lays in such zone and nineteen control points as base line points had been distributed .....

The aim of this study is to investigate the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in an Eccentric Converging-Diverging Tube (ECDT) with twisted tape inserts. Experiments were conducted with tape inserts of three different twist ratios. Cold and hot water are used as working fluids in shell and tube sides, respectively. The effect of the twist ratio and other parameters on heat transfer characteristics and pressure drop are considered. The experimental data for the plain tube and (ECDT) without inserts are compared with (ECDT) with twist tape insert. The results show that the twist tape insert has significant effect on the enhancement of heat transfer. The Nusselt numbers for the (ECDT) are found to be 15% to 45% higher than of the plain tube while for the (ECDT) combined with twisted tape insert is found 52% to 280% higher and pressure drop is found 6.8 times the plain tube. Moreover, (ECDT) combined with a twisted tape insert gives higher heat transfer rate and pressure drop than the (ECDT) alone around 23% to 35% and 98% to 125%, respectively.

The effect of different shapes (corrugate, and grid) of packing on the performance in air -water-cooling tower were addressed in this research. A mechanical forced draught counter current flow-cooling tower of (40 * 40) cm cross-sectional area and 1.5 m high was constructed. Airflow rates of 0.4,1.4, and 2 kg/m2.s were used in conjunction with water flow rates of 1.5, 2, and 2.5 kg/m2.s, and water temperature of 40, 45, 50 0C. The tower characteristics (KG a Z/L) over all volumetric mass transfer coefficient(KGa) volumetric heat transfer coefficient in gas phase (hGa) and volumetric heat transfer coefficient in liquid phase (hla) are found to be a function of the water and airflow rates simultaneously. The numerical analysis was done by preparing computer program to reduce each set of data obtain form the plant and to evaluate the performance coefficient, volumetric owns transfer coefficient, volumetric heat transfer coefficient.The work was extended to include the longitudinal and transverse temperature profiles within the tower for different parameters. By employing packed heights of 100, 75, 50 and 25 cm, end effects were studied, and the tower characteristics (KG a Z/L) corrected from these effects. Least square method was used to correlate the experimental results for (KG a Z/L) in terms of air flux G and water flux L.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of adding each fly-ash and eggshell powder on the Atterberg Limits, Cohesion, and Angle of Internal Friction of the tested soil. The tested soil is (CL) group according to the unified soil classification system obtained from a site located near Al-Sader Teaching Hospital in Al-Umara City. Each fly-ash and eggshell powder was added to the soil samples in (2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 & 24 %) by weight of samples. The study shows that as the percentages of adding fly–ash and eggshell powder increases, the reduction in the plasticity index amount for all soil samples increases too at different rates. The values of cohesion decreased when the soil samples were mixed with fly-ash, while there was an increase in the values of internal angle of friction. In the case of using eggshell powder, there was a small increase in cohesion values, but there was a small decrease in the internal angle of friction values for the tested soil.

An electrochemical cell is designed using a graphite plate as the anode and a stainless steel plate as the cathode with dimensions (7*4*0.3) cm'. The tests were performed on synthetic wastewater. Many experimental runs were done at different operating conditions (pH, concentration of electrolyte, and electrical supply voltage) to study the removal efficiency of electrochemical oxidation for the removal of COD and direct blue dye. The results indicated that the maximum removals were 89% and 98%for COD (chemical oxygen demand)and color respectively at pH 2, 500 mg/L NaCl concentration, and 5V electrical supply voltage.

This work aims at studying the post–heating behavior of normal strength concrete (NSC), high strength concrete (HSC), and lightweight concrete (LWC) slabs and assessing the residual flexural strength of two-way slab specimens. Eleven reduced scales reinforced concrete slab specimens divided into three main groups representing the NSC, HSC, and LWC types of corresponding cube compressive strengths of 50, 94, and 37 N/mm2 respectively, are prepared in the laboratory. Residual flexural strength, load–deflection curves, crack patterns, failure characteristics and details, and effects of temperature level exposure are all recorded, investigated, and discussed. Effects of concrete type when slabs are exposed to different temperature levels are also discussed. Results indicate a reduction of strength with exposure to high temperatures. Residual flexural strength percentages at maximum temperature exposure (700˚C) are 44.5%, 38.7%, and 45.5% for NSC, HSC, and LWC slabs, respectively.

This paper presents a reliable load flow algorithm for radial distribution systems. The proposed algorithm exploits the particular topological structure of the radial distribution system. A system of algebraic equations which describe the steady state performance of the radial system is derived based on the relation between the nodal currents and the lateral currents. Different types of load models can be easily handled. The presented method is tested on several radial distribution systems. The results obtained reveal the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for solving load flow problem in radial distribution system.

The results of an experimental study of the behavior of the beams strengthened with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets with the load divergence are presented. 100x100x100 mm CFRP sheets are epoxy bonded in U shape around the tension face and web of concrete beams to enhance their ductility and strengths. The effect of CFRP sheets on strength and stiffness of the beams is considered for various lengths of the CFRP with respect to the distance from the center of beams, which are increased according to the distance between the two points load. Six beams were fabricated, strengthened with CFRP systems (6 different lengths). The beams were loaded to failure. Different mode of failure and gain in ultimate strength were observed, depending on the length of the Carbon Fiber.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the software models like (Javabeans, DCOM, and dynamic link library types) to point out the strengths and weaknesses points of each model, and also explain the different types of DLL.s and their impact on the distributed real time system and network performance compared to Javabeans and DCOM models.

Twelve self compacting concrete (SCC) beams were cast to investigate the shear behavior under two concentrated load. All beams have a constant longitudinal steel ratio of (0.02065) and constant gross section area of (17000)mm2. The tested beams were divided into two group with and without stirrups. The first group contained three beams without stirrup at different value of compressive strength ( ) with the same value of clear span to the effective depth ratio (ln/d), while the second group contained nine beams with stirrups. This group was divided into three series according to the compressive strength ( ) each series contained three beams at different value of clear span to effective depth ratio(ln/d).It was found that the ultimate shear strength predicated from ACI 318-08 is lesser than the experimental values. The ultimate shear strength for SCC beams with stirrups increase about 15.73%.30.69 %and 25.633 % when the compressive strength increased from (29.36 to 49.2 MPa) at clear span to effective ratio (ln/d) 6.164, 5.479 and 5.0 respectively. The ultimate shear strength for SCC beams without stirrups increased about 31.25% when the compressive strength increased from (29.36 to 49.2 MPa),.....

This paper investigated the effect of fly ash addition on geotechnical properties of expansive soil. Classification tests, consistency limits test, specific gravity test, compaction test, direct shear test, swell percentage, and swell pressure tests, were conducted on specimen of expansive soil. Results of tests showed that soil was a clay high plasticity (CH) soil, according to the Unified Classification System (USCS) classification system. Liquid limit reduced from 74 % at 0 % fly ash to 56 % at 20 % fly ash content by dry weight of soil, the plastic limit reduced from 31 % at 0 % fly ash to 25 % at 20 % fly ash content, the plasticity index reduced from 44% at 0% fly ash to 31 % at 20% fly ash. The maximum dry density reduced from17.3 kN/mᵌ at 0% fly ash to13 kN/mᵌ at 20 % fly ash and optimum moisture content increased from 19.2% at 0% fly ash to 29.3% at 20% fly ash. Shear strength parameters c and Ø were measured after the addition of various contents of fly ash on curing days (7, 14 & 21). The value of cohesion (c) increased with increasing the amount of fly ash added to 15% then decreases. The effect of curing time on cohesion increased until 14 days. While c is decreased at various contents of added fly ash at 0 time (no curing or immediately tested). The increased internal friction angles (Ø) with added fly ash in all samples are independent ....

The cotemporary thesis focused on study the sociological real around the architectural condition practically and by human generally, and from many views which treat with limited sides. That’s excrete general view which not related by one view to sign general relationship remote about the limited view which practice by understand the both previous conditions among frame of their being a specific phenomena's that establish to a practical knowledge frame and treatment and they related together by relation will be motive for a creative and general production path in them.All that forms the basic for the research get to study the general relationship and its details between the sociological phenomena with its treatments nature and architectural phenomena with its creative potential. This research aim to identify the general basic to the sociological phenomena and its counterpart architectural and their relationship in the lights of study the nature and character of them to search the detail frame for the relationship between them, this get there search reconstruct a knowledge frame consist of theoretical frame and knowledge model for practice them and analysis the results for the practice to identify and discover the make of a cases to the theoretical indexes for the relationship of architectural and sociological phenomena beside submit the final conclusions and recommendations

Known ancient civilizations, Sumerian, Greek, Romanian and alaslama civilization arbitration in the legislation of Hammurabi and Solo and Roman law and the Koran. The arbitration is system or a private road to settle the disputes between individuals and groups on ways to texture out of the ordinary litigation depends on the choice of parties to the conflict themselves, their judges. Has initiated Iraqi civil law arbitration of its beginnings up to the Civilization Procedural law of 1969, but he still raises a lot of complications and complexities in the execution in front of opponents and the judiciary, especially with the challenges of the times and the emergence of international contracts and regulations of the BOT financing, contracting and implementation of infrastructure and the need to develop the law and not retraction to the old . research work on the study and analysis of the Arbitration law of Iraq and compared with the laws of neighboring countries influential in Iraq because of the interdependence of factors and a common work between them and adopt a case study (such as Egypt, Jordan and Saudi Arabia). The research has come to a set of recommendations and proposals show the weaknesses apparent in Iraqi law and the required evaluation, strengthening and promoting the strengths required.

The main objective of this research is to introduce a new and alternative approach of using a neural network for productivity estimation of the finishing works for building project.The application of Artificial Neural Networks, as a modern technique, in Iraqi construction industry is necessary to ensure successful management, and many of the construction companies feel the need of such system in project managementMulti-layer perceptron trainings using the back-propagation algorithm were used. In this work, the feasibility of ANNs technique for modeling these productivity parameters was investigated. A number of issues in relation to ANNs construction such as the effect of ANNs geometry and internal parameters on the performance of ANNs models were investigated. Information on the relative importance of the factors affecting the above productivity parameters predictions were presented and practical equations for the predictions of the above cost were developed.One model was built for the prediction the total productivity of building project. It was found that ANNs have the ability to predict the Total productivity for finishing works for building project with a good degree of accuracy of the coefficient of correlation (R) was 93.2%, and average accuracy percentage of 96.4%.The ANNs model developed to study the impact of the internal network parameters on model performance indicated that ANNs performance was relatively insensitive to the number of hidden layer nodes, momentum term, and learning rate.