Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

1

Hydrodynamic Modelling of Porous Media 2-Experimental Model of Filter

Dheyaa Wajid Abbood, Huda Tarik Hmad

Pages: 1-14 English

Abstract

A study has been conducted to examine several selected water filter media, namely, crushed silica, crushed anthracite coal, glass beads, crushed pocilinaite, and crushed garnet. A large spread of particle size (0.5mm-2mm), porosity (35%-60%), and physical temperature (20oC-80oC) were tested in order to validate the experimental modeling of both Darcy’s and Forchheimer’s laws parameters. Typical constants of head loss in porous media as functions of velocity using Forchheimer,s model (H/L= aV+bV2) have been correlated by using hydraulic conductivity coefficients a*,b* which are experimentally evaluated at based conditions (Tw=25oC),(n=50%), (d=1mm). The basic conclusion of a wide range of experiments shows those empirical equations for different selected porous media and filter's characteristics in the forms.

2

Analysis of Composite Plate Subjected to Impact Load Part I: Analytical Solution

Samera K. Radi, Fadhel A. Abdulla

Pages: 15-32 English

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Abstract

Composite laminated plates are found in many types of structural and aeronautical weight sensitive applications, such as, ships, automobiles. This work includes developing the equations of motion of composite laminated plates to obtain deformations and stresses under impact loading.
The Hertzian impact law is modeled to describe the contact force between the projectile and the laminated plates. Analytical solution using (Navier solution) and theories (First Order Shear Deformation Theory „FSDT‟ and Higher Order Shear Deformation Theory „HOST 5‟) is presented. The results show the parametric effect of number of layers, lamination angle, and orthotropy ratio on the behavior of the laminated plates

3

Design and Simulation of 9-11GHz High Power Amplifier Based on Microstrip and Power Combining Techniques

M. S. Abdul-Wahab, Talib Mahmood Ali, Sadiq Kamel Gharkan

Pages: 33-46 English

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Abstract

The aim of this work is the design and analysis of power amplifiers that operate in the microwave band (9-11GHz) within the X-band and used in the terminal stage of solid-state transmitters. The approach of the design and the analysis is entirely S-parameters dependent. Following the choice of a suitable (GaAs MESFET) transistor and investigation of its properties in the required frequency band, a modern computer package (Microwave office 2000, ver.3.22) is used to realize the compatible circuits possessing the desired characteristics. In order to facilitate the achievement of high power transmission, two techniques are used, the Lange coupler and Wilkinson divider. The highest power achieved was 50W. The advantages of the designed amplifier included high power, high gain and gain flatness, good stability circles, low noise figure. The entire design is based on microstrip technology with biasing network having temperature compensation.

4

The Effect of Pre-used Oil of Cars Mixed with Salt Resistance Cement on Collapsibility of Gypseous Soil

Asa\'d Hafudh Al-Deffa\'e

Pages: 47-57 English

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Abstract

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of pre-used cars oil and cement (Salt resistance) mixture (i.e. the effect of emulsified pre-used car oil-cement mixture) on the collapsibility of gypseous soil. The soil used in this research has been brought from Bieji City (About 200 Km) north of Baghdad, with a gypsum content of (64%). Series of collapse tests are performed on the soil in its natural state and after treatment by emulsified of pre-used oil of cars-cement mixture, two percentages of pre-used cars oil are employed and four different percentages of a mixture of pre-used cars oil and cement are employed also. The results of collapsibility tests show that: 1. Collapsibility of treated soil samples decreases upon increasing the percentage of pre-used car oil. Better results were obtained when treated with pre-used car oil-cement mixture. 2. The results of collapse tests show almost the same behavior with increasing the percentage of pre-used cars oil and cement.

5

The Effect of Increasing Sub-Cooling on Air-Cooled A/C System's Capacity

Ghanim K. Abdul Sada, M. N. Hamid, Arkan F. Said

Pages: 58-72

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Abstract

The present research covers the effect of adding an extra water-cooled condenser in series with the main vapor compression refrigeration system as a heat sink source for system sub-cooling. An experimental laboratory study has been done on a split unit air conditioner with a (24000 Btu/hr) nominal capacity, taking into consideration the effect of outdoor ambient temperature and cooling load. A high accuracy fully instrumented experimental rig interfaced with a computer has been constructed, specially designed for refrigerant R22, using a capillary tube with a size chosen according to ASHRAE to control the refrigerant mass flow rate. The extra refrigerant sub-cooling temperature difference was between TSC= 5 oC and 10oC, this value was chosen in order to not exceed the limits of the original system sub-cooling. The experimental results show that there is an increase in the system capacity by +1.37% to +7.065% when TSC= 5 oC, for ambient temperature between Tamb=30 oC and 46oC, and +4.1% to +14.13% when TSC= 10oC for the same previous Tamb. The power consumed per ton of refrigeration shows a decrease by -0.948% to -3.417% for TSC= 5oC, and -2.84% to -7.745% for TSC= 10 oC for the same ambient temperature previously mentioned......

6

The Performance of Turbo Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing System over Flat Rayleigh Fading Channel

Khamis A. Zidan, Raghad Z. Al-Macdici, Fadel S. Hassen, Noor Al-Mahdaoy

Pages: 73-88 English

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Abstract

This work investigates the effectiveness of Turbo Codes and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system, for communication over the flat Rayleigh fading additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used in the transmitter and receiver to satisfy the orthogonality between sub-carriers and reduce the implementation complexity. The system performance is investigated for various Doppler frequencies for channel. To reduce the interference at receiver, a guard time with cyclic extension is used. The simulation results show that the turbo code orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (TCOFDM) system achieves large coding gain with lower BER and reduced decoding iterations, where the Turbo code improves the performance of OFDM system by a factor of 5-8 dB, therefore offering higher data rate in wireless mobile communications.

7

Flexural Behaviour of Polymer Modified Reinforced Concrete Beams

Bayan S. Al-Nu\'man, Abdulkader Ismail Al-Hadithi

Pages: 89-110 English

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Abstract

This research include the study of Structural Behaviour of Polymer Modified Reinforced Concrete Beams with Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) polymer. Two series of concrete mixtures were used; the first was with moderate compressive strength (level I) and the other with compressive strength higher than the former (level II). Two reference mixes were made also for comparative purposes.This study includes compressive and flexural tests for concrete which was used in this research. The results prove that, polymer modified concrete has compressive and flexural strengths more than reference mixes. Eight beams are moulded of (95X200X1600mm) dimension with different steel reinforcement ratio (ρ). Load-deflection relationships of beams made of polymer modified concretes and references concretes were established. The moment at mid-span with deflection and moment-curvature relationships were established too.The effects of steel reinforcement ratio (ρ) and (ρlρmax) on the displacement ductility of reinforced concrete beams were concluded.The PMC beams have a stiffer response in terms of structural behaviour, more ductility and lower cracking deflection than those made by reference concretes and that refer to good role of styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) polymer on the properties and behaviour of reinforced concrete beams.

8

Effects of Hybrid Arrangement and Location of the Stronger Layer on the Impact Resistance of Composite Plate Target

Hisham Tawfiq, Kadhim H. Ghlaim, Ali Hussain Al-Hilli

Pages: 111-126

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Abstract

In this paper, response of hybrid woven fabric (E-Glass, Kevlar)/polyester composite laminates subjected to high velocity impact loading is discussed. E-Glass plain weaves with on layer of 3-end satin Kevlar were used to manufacture the laminate using toughened commercial polyester resin system with a curing infusion molding process. For fabrication of laminates, a 3-location of Kevlar lamia was used to reinforce the E-Glass, which are front, back and in the center of the composite. Laminates used in the study were made of 4, 6 and 10 layers of Glass in addition of one Kevlar layer.
Four laminates of each type were subjected to high velocity impact loading at different velocity to determine the ballistic limit using the developed impact tester with computerized chronograph not only measure the incident and resting velocity but also measure the approximate perforation time.
Results of the study indicate that the damage was well contained within the Kevlar lamina. However, ballistic limit was higher for the composite has the Kevlar layer in the back of the target, while it was lower for the case when the Kevlar layer in the front location. Ballistic limit increased with the increase in the thickness of the laminate. Further, satin weave laminates exhibited higher ballistic limits in most of the cases.

9

FPGA Implementation of Parallel and Pipelined Turbo Encoder for Real -Time Applications

Raghad Z. Al-Macdici

Pages: 127-142 English

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Abstract

The main keywords defining the quality of communication system are the data rate and the data transmission reliability. Error correcting codes are generally employed to achieve the reliability of the data transmission. The present trend is to achieve high data rates on low-cost designs (such as FPGAs), especially in real time application including multimedia transmission. Most of the time, parallel, architectures are required to process error correcting codes with high data throughput.
In this paper, an effective parallel architecture is proposed for the classical Turbo encoder based on parallel and pipelining designing of RSC encoder and the implementation of interleaver using register file. The simulation results shows that the data rates up to 142.918 M bits/s can be achieved on FPGA implementations

10

A Study of Parking Characteristics in a Central Part of Basrah City

Lamia Abduljaleel Ahmed

Pages: 143-165 English

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Abstract

Most parking problems occur in central business district (CBD) areas where enough parking is not provided. When drivers enter these areas, they may suffer a problem of finding a parking space. The first stage of this research project focused on major parking characteristics in a selected part of Basrah CBD. The second stage is the development of a computer program to determine the shortage of spaces and number of decks in suggested multi-deck parking.The program is written in FORTRAN 90 language to facilitate the running of program on digital computer. The operation of the program was explained with the aid of flow charts. The Parking No.1 in this study was a case study. The output shows that the total number of shortage spaces equal to 335, one deck will give 60 spaces, and will need 6 decks to cover the shortage in city center. It is recommended to use the program as a tool for designing multi decks parking.

11

A Computer Aided Design for Internal Spur and Helical Gears

Alaa Hasan Ali, Forat Salih Ahmed, Kamal Abdulkareem Mohammed

Pages: 166-178

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Abstract

This research describes an interactive program to design internal gear pairs. From a specification, the program first performs a kinematic analysis to determine tooth numbers and to satisfy centre distance requirements, and then proceeds to calculate the face width. It is possible to call up any design standard in order to stress the gears; that used here is the British standard. Calculated face widths are compared with practical design and, if outside accepted bounds, the program will alter tooth numbers, or module or request a change in gear material.
A complete design is provided, which includes all the necessary information for manufacture. The design specification places tight tolerances on centre distances and/or gear ratios; the program automatically makes the required centre distance arid tooth profile corrections. On every occasion the program will find a satisfactory solution, or guide the user towards one. The program is flexible and allows the experienced designer maximum freedom to direct the design. The program contains many built-in databases, such as standard tooth cutters and material properties, and will draw the gear pair if required.
The research describes the design method and the structure of the program and a sample design is given and compared with a manual design to the same requirement

12

Effect of the Diffusion Bonding Conditions on Joints Strength

Zeyad D. Kadhim, Ali I. Al- Azzawi, Sabah J. Al-Janabi

Pages: 179-188 English

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Abstract

In this research the effect of different parameters on the strength of joints which bonded by using diffusion bonding process has been studied. The specimens of copper and nickel were annealed in a vacuum furnace at (800 ºC). Specimens of Cu and Ni were plastically deformed to (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) in tension before diffusion bonding process. Diffusion bonding was carried out at different conditions (temperatures, pressures, periods of the time, and surface roughness of the mating surface).The parts were diffusion bonded using a creep machine with a jig in a vacuum chamber flushed with argon gas after evacuation to about 10-² torr to prevent oxidation. It has been found that the strength of bonded joints increased with increasing the parameters (temperature, pressure, and time of diffusion bonding). This increment of joint strength is just for a certain value and then decreased with increasing the pervious parameters.Besides that it has been found that the bonded joint strength decreases with increasing the roughness of the mating surface. Furthermore the bonded joint strength increased with increasing the percentage of plastic deformation of specimens before diffusion bonding process

13

Behavior of Composite Steel Deck-Concrete Slabs Subjected to Elevated Temperature

Waleed A. Waryosh, Ahmed Hassan Daiyr Al-Aubadi

Pages: 189-208

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Abstract

The present study is concerned with the behavior of composite steel deck-concrete slabs under the effect of high temperature. Twenty-eight slabs were prepared for this matter and divided into eight groups. The parameters included in this study are slab depth, additional reinforcement (reinforcing bars, welded wire mesh, transverse spot-welded wires), and temperature level. The specimens were tested as simply supported slabs with the two-point load. The ultimate load capacity, mid-span deflection, slip at ends of slab, failure mechanism, and crack pattern are studied. The ultimate load capacity for composite slabs decreases significantly when subjected to high temperatures. The decrease in the ultimate load capacity becomes less when additional reinforcement is used in composite slabs.

14

Theoretical Formulation for using Outside Cold Air in Removing Stored Heat in Building (Free Cooling)

Mohammed Hadi Ali

Pages: 209-225 English

Issues

Abstract

The using of Outside Cold Air at early morning or at night to get rid or to remove the Stored Heat content inside the Building when the temperature of the Outside Air at night or early morning is less than the temperature of the Conditioned Space can be considered as Free Cooling way.
This point was studied and analyzed theoretically in this papers, the target is to reach a General Equation that could be used directly with the required Data of the Building component (Furniture, Walls, Roof ……. etc) and the Air Conditioning Plant specification. The target was achieved to evolve the General Equation.
In this way, the estimation of Removed Heat content from the Building for a certain time during a summer season can be calculated depending on the Meteorology Database of each area which is considered as Energy Conservation.
The Free cooling way is widely and largely used now as a way to conserve the Energy consumption

15

Traffic System Studies at Median U-Turn in Baghdad City Employing U-SIM Model

Hussein Jassim Shihan, Hussein Kariem Mohammed

Pages: 226-237

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Abstract

The current research utilizes the simulation model U-SIM to investigate the performance of range of analysis parameters at median U-turn sites in Baghdad City. The study subjects the U-SIM model to hypothetical sets of input parameters, and monitoring the effect of these parameters on the performance of the model through the selected measures of effectiveness.
The studied parameters were:
Gap-acceptance behavior.
Gap-forcing behavior.
Effect of opposing and advancing turning flow.
Difference between left turn and U-turn behavior.
Median storage lanes.
The effect of each above parameter will be studied and discussed with the aid of the figures and tables. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are drawn

16

Morphological Characters of Squatter Settlements Analytical Study using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

ســــناء ساطع عباس, عبـــد الـــرزاق طارش, ميـــادة لطفي عبد الوهاب

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Abstract

The squatter settlements phenomenon is not considered as physical problem only, but in fact, it is a product of many reasons, which are categorized to political, economical and social one. In spite of their obvious similarities in their physical, social and legal characteristics globally, these settlements differ in their Morphological Characters by the effect of political, economic, social factors.The aims of this paper is to study the morphological characters of squatter settlements and their effect on urban fabric of the city, using remote sensing and geographic information systems based on modern software.The research problem was: (there is a gap in determining the morphological characters of the squatter settlements), while the main research hypothesis was (the morphological characteristics of squatter settlements have an effect in the consolidation process with the mother city).The research findings was the regular fabric of the squatter settlements showed a state of consolidation toward in side, with a great number of big islands , while the un regular scatter fabric showed a state of non-consolidation, with a great number of small islands.

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Sublimity in Evaluation Architectural Work Creativity

سهى حسن الدهوي

English

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Abstract

Any architectural creativity contains three components (physical, artistical and intellectual creativity). To identify works creativity highlights the evaluation process imposed on the evaluators full knowledge and improved sensation and careful eye and mind thinkers influenced modern civilization and human life and its requirements. The difficult of evaluating process innovative architectural work highlights through multiple aspects (physical, intellectual and artistic) and the difficulty of controlling the vocabulary in a holistic manner. To facilitate this process, it is necessary to examine those aspects separately and deepened to highlighting the theoretical frameworks of the vocabularies in detail.This research study of the artistic component of the creative architectural work, with its multiple tributaries, including (beauty, sublimity and harmonization of expression). Sublimity noon biggest tributary of achieving artistic creativity in architecture. Impressive thing is something extraordinary and unusual and unique singular realize that the recipient did not expect. It emerged from previous studies, they did not show a holistic framework for the sublimity be employed to assess the architectural work artistically, so the problem surfaced in the search "lack of current knowledge in clarifying the holistic conceptual framework of the sublimity in architecture, and its role in evaluating innovative architectural work". The research objectives focus on formation of....

Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

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