Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences

Commonly consumed beverages used by human being daily (Tea & Cola) caused external staining. This study is done to evaluate the color stability for two different types of denture base materials against this external staining caused by (Tea & Cola).
Sixty (60) samples were prepared, divided into two groups, 30 samples of heat cure acrylic material & 30 samples of flexible resin material (Valplast). Each group divided into three subgroups 10 samples in each, according to the type of staining solution that immersed in it, (synthetic saliva & tea), (synthetic saliva & Cola), and (synthetic saliva alone as a control). Tea & Cola were mixed with synthetic saliva in order to create intraoral environment to certain extent. Color measurement was made at Baghdad University, Collage of Engineering, using reflected spectrophotometer before immersion (at baseline) & after immersion, at intervals of (24 hours) & (1 week) respectively.
The result was a highly significant difference between, heat cure acrylic & flexible resin at baseline & the (flexible samples) were the higher value in discoloration than (heat cure acrylic samples) regardless the type of staining solution. Maximum discoloration was seen in (synthetic saliva & tea) solution for both denture base materials. Followed by (synthetic saliva & Cola) & (synthetic saliva alone) respectively.
Both denture base materials had a color changes after immersion in staining solution (tea, Cola & synthetic saliva). The color changes, for two materials, were increased with the increase of immersion time.

Objective: Since the 1930s, a variety of resins have been introduced into dental treatments for the construction of dental prostheses and their efficacy has been based on physical, chemical and biological properties. Denture breakage is usually related to faulty design, faulty fabrication, and/or poor materials choice. Purpose: of this study is to investigate (in vitro) the fatigue bond strength and impact bond strength of the denture repaired by light-cured acrylic resins by using different chemical solvents such as acetone, monomer and thiner. Materials and methods: The acrylic resin used are heat-cure, specially designed molds are use to prepare 6 groups of specimens following the manufacturer's instruction (5 specimens for each cured polymerization). Specimens were cut in guiding by standardized positional jig. The ends of specimen saturated by different solvents acetone, thiner and monomer before repairing. To evaluate the impact strength, plastic strips were fabricated as per the dimensions (50×5×4) mm. Alternating bending fatigue machine was used to test the ten samples with the dimension of (70102.5) mm. Result: impact bond strength with monomer solvent higher than thiner solvent and acetone solvent. Fatigue bond strength with acetone solvent higher than thiner solvent and monomer solvent. Acetone, thiner and monomer were applied as solvents, the results of all surface treatments revealed significant difference at (P- value <0.05) in mean value (no significant for fatigue bonde strength but significant with impact bond strength.

The aim of this clinical study was to analysis the mandibular movement in patients after insertion of fixed partial dentures using Cadiax Compact II and compares the Horizontal condylar angles and Bennette angles before and after insertion of posterior fixed partial denture.
Material and methods: Mandibular movement of thirty two patients, sixteen males and sixteen female planed for posterior fixed partial dentures), had been recorded using Cadiax Compact II® for Horizontal Condylar Inclination and Bennette Angle. Three records had been obtained R1 before the abutments teeth preparations of the Fixed Partial Dentures, R2 after the cementation of the Fixed Partial Dentures and R3 after one month of the Fixed Partial Dentures cementation.
Results: Statistical highly significant difference was found between R1&R2 for Bennette angles in both males and females, and significant difference in group R1&R3 for Horizontal condylar Inclination in females only. The other groups show no statistical significant difference.
Conclusion: Within the limit of this clinical study, the insertion of fixed partial denture have no changing effect on the Horizontal Condylar inclination in males but in females have mild change. For Bennette angle there is highly significant change in both males and females immediately after the fixed partial denture cementation, but after one month this change disappeared.

Problem: Acrylic dentures frequently fracture during service due to their poor strength characteristic. Several attempts have been carried out to improve strength of acrylic by addition some materials such as fibers or Aluminum oxide. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding Aluminum oxide (AL2O3) on the surface roughness and hardness of heat cure acrylic resin denture base material.
Materials and Methods: 60 specimens were made from the heat cure acrylic resin denture base after being cured in microwave oven, 30 specimens prepared for surface roughness test and these where subdivided according to concentration of AL2O3 into three subgroups as follow:
Group (A): 10 specimens of acrylic resin without AL2O3 (control group)
Group (B): 10 specimens of acrylic resin+2.5% by weight AL2O3
Group (C): 10 specimens of acrylic resin +5% by weight AL2O3
30 specimens prepared for surface hardness test and these where subdivided according to concentration of AL2O3 into three subgroups as follow:
Group (A): 10 specimens of acrylic resin without AL2O3 (control group)
Group (B): 10 specimens of acrylic resin+2.5% by weight AL2O3
Group (C): 10 specimens of acrylic resin +5% by weight AL2O3
The average of the surface roughness of the samples has been determined with using the profilometer (surface roughness tester)¸ also the average of the surface hardness of the samples has been determined with using surface hardness tester (digital micro Vickers).
Result: The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the surface roughness and hardness.
Conclusion: The addition of aluminum oxide in low percentage not affected on the surface roughness and hardness of heat cure acrylic resin.

It's necessary to disinfectant the stone cast that poured in the impression to reduce the risk of bacteria & microorganism on the dentist technicians and patient .
In this study uses the sodium hypochlorite & chlorohyxidine as disinfectants solutions concentration were (5%) .
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of addition these disinfectants solutions on compressive strength of dental stone type III .
A total number of the study stone specimens were 30 and they were divided in three groups, (10) specimens for each group .
The testing groups were prepared and divided into three groups according to the concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (5%) and chlorohyxidine (5%) :-
Group A : stone specimens were mixed with distilled water .
Group B : stone specimens were mixed with (5%) sodium hypochlorite solution .
Group C : stone specimens were mixed with (5%) chlorohyxidine .
The size of the specimen is (20mm) diameter and (40mm) length .
The shape of specimen is cylinder .
The test specimens are measured by (WDW. 200E) .
A brass mold in (20mm) diameter and (40mm) length was used to prepare the specimens .
The specimens were placed on the testing machine so the top and the bottom of the specimen were in contact with the steel flat rigid plates .
The specimens were crushed at a loading rate of (300/50 cm2) and (5mm/min) cross head speed .
The maximum load carried by each specimen was taken from a digital screen of the machine and calculation of compressive was obtained .
The results for the specimen showed that the addition of different disinfectants caused reduction in strength, which found high significant effect on the compressive strength when compared with control group .

The aim of this study was to evaluate shear bond strength of composite to dentin after etching with conventional acid, Er,Cr:YSGG laser and Er,Cr:YSGG laser in conjunction with acid. Thirty recently extracted lower third molars were collected. Scaling and polishing of teeth were done. Roots of teeth were embedded inside self cured acrylic resin blocks to form acrylic base with occlusal surfaces parallel to base of blocks. Crowns of teeth were sectioned at one third of the crowns to obtain a flat dentin surfaces. Total number of samples were divided into 3 groups each of one contained (10) samples as following : Group 1- dentin surfaces were treated with 35% phosphoric acid only. Group 2- dentin surfaces were treated with Er,Cr:YSGG laser only. Group 3- dentin surfaces were initially treated with Er,Cr:YSGG laser, then with 35% phosphoric acid. Bonding agent was applied to dentin surfaces and composite was applied by using rubber mold then light cured. Composite posts were released from molds then shear bond strength was measured. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference among all groups and acid etching group showed significant highest Shear bond strength followed by group of laser & acid etching then group of laser etching showed the significant least shear bond strength. From this study it can be concluded that etching of dentin with Er,Cr:YSGG laser can produce shear bond strength weaker than that of conventional acid etching.

Background: Well-adapted restorations with adequate marginal sealing are of extreme importance for the success of atraumatic restorative treatment, The present study was carried out to find if the mixing procedure affect the marginal seal of hand mixed and capsulated glass-ionomer in Class I cavities of 30 non carious primary molars.
Materials and Methods:
Standardized Class I cavity preparations were prepared in 30 extracted sound primary molars. The teeth were then randomly divided into two groups: Group I: filled with mechanically mixed (capsulated) glass ionomer cement (GIC). Group II: filled with hand mixed glass ionomer . After that the teeth were subjected to 250 thermal cycles with a 15 second dwell time in each, then sectioned to be examined under the stereo microscope.
Results:
The sealing ability of the GIC filling materials was determined by their ability to inhibit dye penetration. Data were analyzed according to t-test. The hand mixed GIC provides a better seal than capsulated GIC, there were no significant differences between the two studied groups in their resistance to dye penetration. Conclusion: Hand mixed GIC presented a better performance regarding microleakage in comparison to capsulated GIC.

Perforation of the root canal system is the second large cause of root canal failure. Failure to seal the perforation defect permits rapid break-down of the periodontium and tooth loss. Hence sealing the defect is paramount. Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate the sealing ability of a new material, self-setting dentine substitute (Biodentine) in furcation perforations and compare it with Mineral trioxide aggregate and glass ionomer cement. Materials and Methods: Fifty five (55) recently extracted permanent lower molars with non-fused well developed roots were collected and intentional perforations were made in the furcation area with a bur. The perforations were repaired with Biodentine for group( A) ,mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) for group (B) and glass ionomer cement(GIC) for group (C). The specimens were then immersed in 2% methylene blue dye for 48 hour. After their removal, they were sectioned and examined under stereo microscope to evaluate dye penetration. Results: demonstrated that furcation perforation repaired with Biodentine showed least microleakage. Conclusion Biodentine demonstrated better results than MTA and GIC.

Aims: The aim of This study was to evaluate the effect of some endodontic irrigants on the push-out bond strength Biodentine in comparison with Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Glass ionomer cement (GIC).Materials and Methods: Mid root dentine of single rooted teeth was horizontally sectioned into 1-mm-thick slices. The canal space of each dentine slice was enlarged with a diamond bur to 1.4 mm in diameter. The samples were divided into 3 groups (n=21)for each, and the following materials were placed, respectively: Biodentine( Septodont, Saint Maur des Foss'es, France),MTA(Dentsply, TulsaDental, Tulsa, OK),and GIC(Medifil, PROMEDICA, Germany).The samples were wrapped in wet gauze for 30 minutes to ensure setting of the materials and then divided into 3 subgroups (n=7)for each, to be immersed into QMix ((Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA), Bio Pure MTAD (Dentsply Tulsa Dental),and saline solutions for 30 minutes. No irrigant was placed over any test material in the other three subgroups. After incubation for 48 hours, the dislodgement resistance of the samples was measured (with and with exposure to the irrigant solutions) using a universal testing machine. Then the samples were examined under stereomicroscope to determine the nature of the bond failures. Results: The lowest push-out bond strength was observed in the MTA group. Biodentine displayed a significantly higher resistance to displacement than the MTA group. Exposure to QMix, MTAD, and saline solutions did not affect the resistance to displacement of the Biodentine and GIC groups, whereas MTA lost strength after exposure to the irrigant solutions ,but the difference was not significant. Conclusions: The PBS of Biodentine and GIC was not affected by the irrigant solutions. Contact with the irrigant solutions did not have a significant effect on the failure modes of the tested materials.

Aim of the study: To evaluate the mobility of the dental implant at the time of loading, after three months and six months from the loading of the implants in the patient's mouth of two types of retaining methods (cemented and screw type). Materials and Methods: A total of twenty dental implants were implanted in 20patients. These patients divided into 2 groups. The first group received screw retained prosthesis. The second group received cemented retained prosthesis. The stability of these implants was measured using periotest device at the time of loading, 3monthes and six months after loading. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistic, Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Duncan Multiple analysis range test and student t-test. Result: Among the two groups, the group receiving screw retaining prosthesis having a significant greater stability than that group receiving cemented type retaining prosthesis. Conclusion: the residual dental cement that remain after cementation of the cemented retaining prosthesis, affect directly on the perodontium health, and this subsequently affect on the stability of the dental implant.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the V shaped flap for surgical endodontic treatment of periapical lesions. The study included 62 patients in good general health, referred to the Department of oral surgery in the specialized center of Dentistry in Basra between March 2009 and June 2010, for surgical endodontic treatment. V shaped flap was used in all cases. Our intraoperative and postoperative clinical findings regarding the implentation of the vestibular V flap in surgical treatment of periapical diseases, have confirmed its individualy. It was perform the procedure which enabled a traumatic retraction with abundant blood supply and repositioning with a few stitches. the following day 62.9% of the patients experienced no pain, and mild swelling of the surgical site was evident in 79 % of the cases. The healing was complete, without any signs of tissue retraction and dehiscence.

Fixed orthodontic appliances facilitate plaque accumulation and the consequent development of generalized moderate hyperplastic gingivitis . This longitudinal study was to assess the periodontal health of the patients undergoing orthodontic treatment in Ramadi city.
Materials and Methods: A clinical study was conducted by Examining 208 first molars 108 with labial bond and 100 with band. Teeth with orthodontic bands, 58
of them cemented with glass ionomer cement (Ketac-Cem, Espe, Germany)& 42 cemented with glass inomer cement with chlorohexidin diglunate in 18% , then
the plaque index, gingival index & Pocket depth were measured on the first molars. Results: during orthodontics treatment Plaque and Gingival indices and Pocket depth was significantly higher than in pre &post treatment .Adolescents showed more plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation than adults the Plaque and Gingival indices and Pocket depth were all significantly higher for banded maxillary and mandibular molars than for the analogous bonded molars. This study show the band cemented with glass inomer cement only is highly significant in Plaque and Gingival indices and Pocket depth than cemented with chlorohexidine glass inomer cement.
The findings of this study are predicated on the delivery of preventive periodontal treatment in conjunction with orthodontic treatment to prevent the anticipated periodontal destruction.

Background:Type 1 diabetes mellitus is the result of a breakdown in immune regulation that leads to expansion of auto reactive CD4and CD8T- cells, autoantibody-producing B lymphocytes and activation of the innate immune system, so disturbances of immune system may be the cause and/or associated with diabetes mellitus. Some of these diabetic patients seek an orthodontic care. The orthodontist must remain vigilant as they may be the only health care professional seen by otherwise fit, young patients on a regular basis, and it is also important to implement risk control procedures during and after orthodontic treatment.
Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze serum levels of immunoglobulins ( IgG, IgA , and IgM) ,and complement components (C3, and C4) after 6 months (T6) of orthodontic treatment in well-controlled type Ι diabetic patients wearing orthodontic appliance comparing with non-wearing group and to correlate these immune parameters with grade of root resorption which sometimes happen during orthodontic treatment .
Materials and methods: Sixty well- controlled type Ι diabetic patients (HbA1c <8.5), were participating in this study. Thirty cases of them(16 male and 14 females) were wearing fixed orthodontic appliance, and the other thirty cases didn’t wear orthodontic appliances and considered as the controls (12 male and 18 females).The mean age of study groups was(15± 1SD) years. Periapical radiographs of the upper central incisors were obtained of all patients before(T0) and 6 months after(T6) orthodontic treatment. At (T6), root resorption was classified as grade 0 (no resorption) ,grade 1 (slight resorption), and grade 2 (moderate to severe resorption). Serum level of IgG , IgA, IgM ,C3, and C4 were analyzed after 6 months orthodontic treatment were determined using single radial immunodiffusion method (SRID) to the two study groups. Chi square test and T- test were used to assess the association between qualitative and quantitative results respectively ,while paired t- test was used to analyze the results after 6 months (T6) orthodontic treatment, differences were considered significant at P<0.05.
Results: There was statistical significant difference in the serum level of IgG , IgA, IgM ,C3, and C4 after 6 months orthodontic

This study was done to evaluate the Oral health status (dental caries , periodontal disease and treatment needs) in mosul adult individuals the sample include 250 individuals age with ranging between 20-40 years of both
Sexes using sharp dental caries explorers with W.H.O periodontal probs to detect periodontal health by the use of DMFT index of W.H.O (1997) and CPITN by W.H.O (1987) .The mean DMFT for the total sample was (3.98 ± 0.15) which was increased with increasing age for the different age groups with significant difference in the mean DMFT for total males and females has been found.The results also showed that the total number of health 468 with a mean of 1.12 tooth /person in need of treatment is the most prevalent needed one surface filling and 308 teeth with a mean 1.01 tooth/person needed two or more surfaces filling.
According to the highest CPITN there was significant difference between male and female in calculus at p ≤ 0.05 and shallow pockets at p ≤ 0.01.The results also revealed that the mean number of healthy sextants for the total sample was 4.13 while for bleeding and calculus were 0.82 and 0.31 respectively. It means that the treatment need for periodontal disease is more toward oral hygiene procedure and prophylaxis as general. The dental health education program is an essential activity for promoting optimal oral health and preventing oral disease.

Background: Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are generally slow-growing tumours. They have been classified as aggressive (A-BCC) and non-aggressive (NA-BCC).Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a major cause of cancer morbidity worldwide, this is due to the characteristics of invasion. The microenviroment or stroma of neoplastic tissues plays an active role in tumour progression. Trans-differentiation of fibroblast to myofibroblast is a crucial and early event in tumourigensis. Alterations of contractile tension generated by the actin–myosin complex are of central importance in the development of the phenotype of morphologically transformed neoplastic cells with invasive behavior. Actin is the predominant component of contractile microfillament and it may be associated with increase contractility and invasiveness of tumour cells.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the presence of myofibroblasts in the stroma of basal cell carcinoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma, evaluated by the immunohistochemical expression of actin.
Materials and methods: Twenty four formalin –fixed, paraffin -embedded tissue blocks (14 cases basal cell carcinoma, 10 cases oral squamous cell carcinoma) were included in this study. An immunohistochemical analysis was performed using anti alpha - smooth muscle actin (α- SMA) monoclonal antibody.
Results: All cases of OSCC, BCC and normal oral mucosa showed positive reaction of actin in the smooth muscles surrounding blood and lymphatic vessels. All OSCC and BCC cases demonstrated stromal immunostaining for actin with different scores indicating the presence of myofibroblasts. There were no myofibroblasts in the stroma of normal mucosa indicated by negative α- SMA expression in it.
Conclusions: Immunohistochemical examination of BCC and OSCC for this marker may help clinicians in predicting tumour behaviour.

Back ground: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of smoking on oral health including the caries rate and gingival conditions, and salivary parameters.
Materials and Methods: This study done on 50 healthy volunteers, 25 smokers and 25-non-smokers. Dental caries was recorded using DMFS (Decayed, Missed, and Filled) surfaces index teeth and gingival parameter recorded by G.I (gingival index). Stimulated saliva was collected before clinical measurement then salivary pH estimated by using pH meter.
Results: The statistical analysis for the DMFS in both smokers and non smokers groups showed no significant difference in mean 0.48 (P>0.05). This is corresponds with the salivary pH and flow rate in both smokers and non- smokers groups 0.75, 0.91 respectively (P>0.05) and similar to the result of GI between both groups 0.37 (P>0.05).
Conclusion: the long term use of the tobacco smoking have not any effect on the dental caries and not cause any changes in the salivary flow rate and salivary pH, and not give rise to any remarkable gingival changes.

diabetic properties. The aim of this study (an in vitro study) was to evaluate the effect of Aloe Vera alcoholic and water aqueous extract in different concentration (18%, 28%, 38%, and 48%) on the viable count and inhibition zone of streptococcus mutans and compared with chlorhexidine 2%. In this study the isolation and identification of streptococcus mutans was performed from saliva of individual, aged under 65 years old, these bacteria was isolated, purified and diagnosed according to morphological characteristic features and biochemical test. The effect of Aloe Vera extracts in different concentrations were tested on the isolated species by using agar diffusion technique and the effect of different concentrations of aloe vera on viable count of streptococcus mutans.
Results: In vitro experiments, statistically reduction in the viable count of streptococcus mutans was recorded at all concentration of alcoholic Aloe Vera extract and increase in the concentration lead to increase in the reduction of viable count of streptococcus mutans while in this study showed significant reduction in viable count of streptococcus mutans at higher concentration of water extract of Aloe Vera at 38% and 48%.
The diameter of inhibition zone of streptococcus mutans were highly significant at all concentration of alcoholic extract in comparison to water extract