Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences

The research aimed to analyze the content of science activity books for the primary stage in the light of deep understanding skills and the extent to which students acquired them. The science activities book for the fourth grade of primary school has obtained a rate of (30%) with a score of (318) indicators out of (1053), which is the sum of the total indicators of deep understanding skills in the three books, and the science book for the fifth grade of primary school has obtained a rate of (30%) with a score of (316). ) out of a total of (1053), and the science book for the sixth grade of primary school got (40%) with a rate of (419) out of a total of (1053). As for the achievement of the second objective, the degree of acquisition of deep understanding skills among the research sample is known after the application of the test on the research sample of the sixth grade of primary school, whose number is (600) male and female students. The t-value for one sample was found to be statistically significant in favor of the average of the students, because the calculated t-value was (8.907), which is higher than the tabular value of (0.969) at the level of (0.05) and the degree of freedom (599), and since the mean of the research sample is higher than the hypothetical mean of the test, The difference is D in favor of the sixth grade students, the research sample.

The current research aims to focus on detecting toxic leadership among managers as perceived by government sector workers according to gender variables (Male-female). The current research sample consisted of 400 staff members (males and females) selected in the random manner of equal selection from the ministries of Baghdad governorate. To achieve the research objectives, the two researchers used the simple correlative descriptive approach to identify toxic leadership and adopted the Toxic Leadership Theory of Schmidt to build a toxic leadership scale (30) items in its final form, then data analyzed by following the social Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), the results indicated that the research sample had a level of toxic leadership, and there were statistically significant differences in toxic leadership between male and female workers and for males who scored higher in toxic leadership, and at the end of the research the two researchers made some recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify "the effect of educational support strategy on the achievement of educational psychology among students of fine arts institutes." To verify this research, the researcher formulated the following zero hypothesis:
"There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of the students of the experimental group who studied according to the strategy (educational supports) in the achievement of the subject of educational psychology and the average scores of the students of the control group who studied the same subject in the traditional way in achievement"
The current research identifies the first-grade students at the Institute of Fine Arts for the academic year (2022-2023), which is taught according to the vocabulary of educational psychology to be taught for the first grade at the Institute of Fine Arts, and the study began on Tuesday 15/11/2022.

The current paper Seeking security for nurses to print and nurses based on what Maslow showed that the adherence of willingness is mainly the tendency of a person to be attracted and loved by others and having his status among them; beside having awareness that this environment is his unique friend without sensing with frustration, threat, danger, anxiety, as well as the keep-on pursuit to diminish stress in order for him to reach a state with Psychological stability. Joyner indicated that the relatively stable tendency of an individual actually lies in searching for assurances from others to ensure that the person is lovable or trustworthy, regardless of whether this assurance has been actually provided or not.
The current paper seeks to realize the following goals:
1. knowing the pursuit of reassurance of nurses.
2. Determining the pursuit of reassurance of nurses according to the variables Gender (male, female)
As to fulfill the current paper's objectives, there would have been scales, so the researcher has set a scale of reassurance pursuit composing of (25) items based on the definition and Theory of Needs by Maslow The researcher, and for the purpose of getting psychometric characteristics, the application has been applied to a sample of (434) male and female nurses in hospitals, which have been selected using the simple random sampling method, as the scales have been presented to a number of arbitrators in order to extracting apparent reliability, and (20) items for the pursuit seeking of reassurance and (25) items for the scale of life's satisfaction have been approved. After that, the items have been analyzed for the scales using the two extreme groups' method, and relationship of the paragraph to the total score. All (20) items have been accepted for the scale of reassurance pursuit As for the stability indicators, the stability index for the scale of reassurance pursuit by Cronbach's alpha method reached (0.705) and the half-partition method (0.676). After applying the scale and statistical analysis of the objectives, the researcher has reached the following results:
1. Nurses seek reassurance.
2. There are no statistically significant differences in the pursuit of reassurance between males and females.
After identifying the results, the researcher has placed some recommendations and suggestions.

This research aimed to identify
1) Differentiation of the self-concept of the displaced.
2) Differences in the differentiation of the self-concept of the displaced according to two variables:
a. A - Gender (males - females).
b. B. Age (18-30), (31-45), (46 and above).
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher adopted the theory of self-concept differentiation, as well as by reviewing previous studies and other measures of self-concept differentiation, as the number of paragraphs of the self-concept differentiation scale (44) paragraphs in its final form, and the research sample reached (420) displaced and displaced were chosen randomly in the governorates of (Nineveh - Dohuk - Sulaymaniyah - Erbil), After completing the procedures of honesty and stability, the stability coefficient reached the Cronbach's alpha method (0.81) for the self-concept differentiation scale, and after collecting and processing data statistically, the results appeared as follows:
1- The current research sample has a self-concept differentiation.
2- There are no differences in self-concept differentiation of the displaced according to the gender variable
3- There are differences self-concept differentiation of the displaced according to the variable of age
The researcher reached a number of recommendations, the most important of which are:
• The role of psychological counselors present in the camps can be activated through seminars and conferences in presenting the concepts of differentiating self-concept and personal identity.

The aim of the current research is to analyze the content of physics books according to the divergent thinking skills of the high school, and the research problem was identified in the following questions:
1) What divergent thinking skills should be included in the content of physics books for the high school? What is its percentage?
2) What divergent thinking skills involved in the content of books of physics at the high school? What percentage?
The research community is defined by physics books for the preparatory stage (fourth preparatory - fifth (biological and applied) - sixth (biological and applied)) for the academic year (2020-2021) and approved in the Republic of Iraq, and the research sample included all the content of the books except for the end-of-unit calendars and indexes.
In order to verify the inclusion of divergent thinking skills in the content of physics books, the researcher prepared a tool to analyze the content of these books, represented by a list of analysis containing divergent thinking skills, which consisted of (5) main skills and (8) sub-skills that indicate them as indicators.
The validity of the tool was verified by presenting it to a group of experts and arbitrators, and Cooper's equation was used to extract the coefficient of consistency in both consistency over time and consistency between analysts to verify its stability, and after ensuring the validity and reliability of the tool, the researcher conducted the analysis of the content of these books, and it was recorded. Results are by calculating frequencies and percentages, using the descriptive analytical method, and based on the unity of the idea, both explicit and implicit.
The results of the research showed: -
• The physics book for the sixth grade applied is the most concerned with divergent thinking skills, as it recorded (135) repetitions at a rate of (27%) and was ranked first out of the five books combined, then followed by the sixth book, the biological at a rate of (25%), then followed by the fifth book of applied at a rate of (21%), then followed by the fifth book, biology (14%), while the physics book for the fourth scientific grade was the least concerned with divergent thinking skills, as it ranked last, and the rate of inclusion of these skills in it was (13%).
• The skill of elaboration ranked first among the rest of the divergent thinking skills in the combined physics books, while the skill of sensitivity to problems ranked fifth and last.
• The inclusion of these skills in the physics books for the high school was random and not based on a fixed criterion, either for the type of skill or according to the grade.
• Weakness and great variation in the rates of inclusion of divergent thinking skills for the high school, and most of the skills included rates were less than the rates of the exports’ expectations.
The researcher concluded with a set of proposals to complement the current research.

The research came under the title (Levels and Types of Institutional Culture). The research aims to clarify the levels of the institution's culture in terms of its material and moral aspect, which is represented by values, in addition to the beliefs formed by the institution's culture.
Its importance lies in presenting a new reading in the field of culture from the point of view of an anthropological study. Then came the conclusion showing the most important findings of the research results.

The current research aims to identify self-blame and unemployment anxiety among university students, as well as to identify the significance of differences according to gender (male - female), as well as the correlation between the two variables, and in order to verify this, the researcher built a self-blame scale based on the theory of ( Janov Polman, 1979) as the scale consisted of (25) items in its final form, and it adopted the unemployment anxiety scale prepared by (Al-Jamal and Al-Bakhit 2008) after adapting it to the Iraqi environment. Psychometrics and the two tools were applied to a sample of (140) male and female students who were chosen in a stratified random manner from four colleges at the University of Baghdad: (College of Education Ibn Rushd, College of Arts, College of Engineering, and College of Science), for the academic year 2021-2022. The results of the research showed the following :
1.The research sample of university students has the same blame.
2.There is a statistically significant difference between (males and females) in self-blame in favor of males.
3.The members of the research sample of university students have unemployment anxiety.
4.There is no statistically significant difference between (males and females) in unemployment anxiety.
5.There is no difference in the relationship with statistical significance between self-blame and unemployment anxiety according to the gender variable (male-female).
6.The results of the statistical analysis showed the existence of a direct and significant correlation between self-blame and unemployment anxiety among university students

The death penalty has sparked a great debate in human societies about its effectiveness as a deterrent to crime and the morality of its use. The following research aims to build a measure of university students' attitudes towards the death penalty in Iraq, measure these attitudes among them, and identify differences in them according to the variables of gender and academic specialization. The researcher built a scale to measure university students' attitudes towards the death penalty in Iraq and applied it to a sample of (100) male and female students from the University of Baghdad. The results showed that university students have positive attitudes towards the death penalty, in favor of males. And there were no statistically significant differences in attitudes towards the death penalty according to the variable of academic specialization.

This research dealt with the religious symbol in the poetry of the era of early Islam, studying the poetry of its most prominent poets, (Hassan bin Thabit Al-Ansari, Al-Nabigha Al-Jaadi, Ka'b bin Zuhair, Ka'b bin Malik, Abdullah bin Rawaha, Al-Khansa) and then touched on the impact of that symbol on advanced Arabic poetry. About him, Osama bin Munqith was a model, and his poetry is broadcast in most of the research.
The research first studied the woman's symbol and its significance and dealt with the symbol of nature in all its natural and industrial forms, and inspired the poetry of that era and color and studied the sources of the symbol to be a comprehensive search on the religious symbol and others. From the studies, and to limit the number of religious symbols in the poetry of that era. And the symbol - as it is known - did not crystallize except among the poets of the Abbasid era, so there were originally those who denied its existence in the poetry of that era, and this study proved with science that it exists and has connotations and meanings...

The research came under the title (The importance of human relations and values in the field of education). The research aims to clarify human relations and values and the extent of their impact within the educational institution.
Its importance lies in clarifying the extent of the influence of values on the poles of the process represented by the school principal, the assistant principal, teachers and students within the educational institution (the school).

The current research aims to know (the effect of the scamper strategy on the achievement of Arabic grammar for first-grade intermediate students). Therefore, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis: (There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study grammar according to the Scamper strategy and the average scores of the control group students who study grammar in the usual way).To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher adopted the experimental design with partial control. The research community was identified in one of the schools of Diyala Governorate, Al-Muqdadiya District, which is medium (Al-Ihsan) and was chosen intentionally. The number of students of the research sample was (60) students from the first intermediate grade students, divided into two groups, the experimental group represented Division (A) and its number was (30) students, and Division (B) was the control group and its number was (30) students, after excluding the students who failed statistically. The researcher rewarded between the two research groups in some variables that may affect the results of the research, namely: (Arabic language grades for the previous year (2019-2020) chronological age of students calculated in months, parents’ academic level, a pre-test for Arabic grammar). The researcher prepared the necessary requirements for the research, which are represented in defining the (scientific subject) from the grammar book, the second part, to be taught for the first intermediate grade, issued by the Ministry of Education, edition (2019). The researcher prepared eight teaching plans for these topics for the students of the experimental group according to the steps of the Scamper strategy and the control group in the usual way, then presented two models of these plans to a group of experts and specialists. By himself, the researcher used appropriate statistical methods. After analyzing the results statistically, the results showed that the students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in the post-test. The researcher recommends the adoption of the Scamper strategy in teaching Arabic grammar. The researcher suggests conducting a similar study to the current study in other branches of the Arabic language, such as rhetoric, literature, texts and expressive performance.

This study aimed at identifying the psychological stresses and their relationship with motivation to work among the counselors in the public schools in Al-Karak governorate, as well as the relationship of that with some demographic variables. The study sample consisted of 103 male and female counselors in Al-Karak governorate. In order to achieve the objective of the study, questionnaire which consisted of two scales was designed: First, the psychological stresses scale, and the second: the motivation to work scale; their validity and reliability were verified. The study concluded a number of results, the most important: the level of the psychological stresses and their relationship with motivation to work among the counselors in public schools in Al-Karak governorate was medium, in which the dimension of (salary and incentive) was in the first place, followed by (work load), then (the relationship with the parents), and finally (the relationship with the students). The results also revealed that there is an effect for the dimension of (salary and incentive) on the motivation to work among the counselors, and there are no statistically significant differences due to the impact of gender (except for the dimension of salary and incentive), and the variable of academic qualification as well as the variable of years of experience and the interaction between them on the scale the psychological stresses and the scale of motivation to work among the counselors in public schools in Al-Karak governorate. While the results showed that there are statistically significant differences due to the impact of gender in the dimension (of salary and incentive) in the psychological stresses among the counselors in public schools in Al-Karak governorate in favor of the female counselors.

This study shows the importance of rhythm in the aspect of meaning when the glorious Quran verses are recited. The problem of this paper is to examine whether the rhythm in Quran has a phonological role which can be revealed through the recitation of well-known reciters. The aim of the study is to show the linguistic and pragmatic (rhetoric) phenomenon of glorious Quran when they are recited and heard. The procedure of the study is that three short surahs of Quran have been chosen and transcribed phonetically. The study deals with the concept and theory of rhythm, the English and Arabic stress, the Arabic and Quranic rhythm, and finally the rhythmic analysis of the chosen short surahs. The result of the study shows that Allah Has chosen certain sounds which gives for instance meaning of solidarity and abundance depending on the meaning of the surah itself, and it shows that there is a relationship between the meaning (the pragmatics) of the surah and the sounds of the words which are used by Almighty Allah.