Journal of sustainable studies

The rapid development of information and communications technology and the Internet have contributed to the transfer of information, data, and services, and this has been reflected in a comprehensive change in all aspects of life in cities and at all levels, especially in cities. The field of services provided to residents of all types. High speed Internet services have made it possible to connect cities. In communicating data and information and its impact on improving decision-making to improve living conditions in cities. Accordingly, the aim of the study was the possibility of investing in web technology in transferring and transforming the city of Ramadi into a smart city that relies on new technologies in managing its business and workflow in an advanced technological manner.

Objective interpretation has more than one method. It is not one of these sequential interpretations accompanied by a delayed view (preceded by a realistic interpretation), methods with a different impact, ijtihadism, or interpretations with different philosophical, mystical, and scientific tendencies.
Those who possess objective interpretation, with their different viewpoints, do not work according to one model in terms of style. Styles arise from different trends, information, sensitivities, and finally the different buildings of the interpreters.

The current research aims to analyze the reality of religious discourse, identify its contemporary issues, and the challenges it faces in light of social, cultural, and political changes. The research focuses on the importance of religious discourse in shaping cultural and social awareness and its pivotal role in establishing the values of coexistence and tolerance.
The research addresses the different types of religious discourse, ranging from traditional to renewal and moderate, highlighting the tendencies of each type in interpreting religious texts and applying them to the contemporary reality. The research also discusses intellectual and jurisprudential challenges, including the call to renew the perspective on religious intellectual heritage, reject blind imitation, and expand knowledge sources by reconsidering reason and reality.
The research seeks to provide recommendations for improving and developing religious discourse, such as enhancing the role of reason and keeping up with modern scientific facts to serve religious truths. It points out the impact of religious discourse on society and individuals and the importance of balancing the preservation of religious identity with coexistence with diversity and contemporary challenges.
The research also recommends enhancing the understanding of transformations and changes in contemporary society and studying how religious discourse changes and evolves in the face of modern challenges, emphasizing the balance between authentic religious values and the demands of the modern age.

God Almighty has prepared men for this nation who created its eminence, built its glory, and elevated it to the heights of its glory, until it was the best nation ever produced for mankind.
Among these eminent figures are those who served the Noble Qur’an and spent precious and precious things to explain its secrets and deduce its rulings. That is, Imam Mulla Jami - may God Almighty have mercy on him - who died in the year (898 AH), that great scholar and the great sea, the author of (Interpretation of the Great Qur’an from the First Surah). Al-Fatihah refers to the Almighty’s saying: “And Me, so be terrified” verse forty of Surat Al-Baqarah, known as the interpretation of Mullah Jami, and this interpretation is considered
Despite its small size, this is because death did not give the author time to complete important interpretations. In it, he combined interpretation by tradition and interpretation by opinion, and reason and transmission in his interpretation of Qur’anic verses. His interpretation was dominated by the linguistic nature, as he absorbed in his interpretation the sayings of the commentators and scholars who preceded him. The language is beautifully narrated and carefully analyzed.
After reviewing this interpretation, I decided to study the approach of this venerable Imam in his interpretation.

Islamic theological schools can be divided into three schools: Imamite Shiites, Mu'tazilites, and Ash'aris; Each of these schools had its own men who exerted themselves in teaching and disseminating the ideas of their school, and among them was Amr ibn Ubaid al-Mu'tazili, who is considered one of the founders of Mu'tazila thought. Studying the history, role and opinions of these founders of these schools helps greatly in revealing the truth of the belief. Based on the principles followed in that school, we decided to study the life of Amr ibn Ubaid al-Mu'tazili and his role and opinions in the Mu'tazila with an analytical and descriptive study. It emerges from this study that Amr ibn Ubaid ibn Bab Abu Uthman al-Mu'tazili was born in the year eighty of the Hijra in the city of Basra and died in the year one hundred and Forty-two near Mecca; He was one of the pillars of the Mu'tazila and its sheikh, who took great care in establishing and disseminating the Mu'tazila thought. Accordingly, his role was not an easy one. Rather, he and Wasil bin Ata are considered the two figures who had a great influence on spreading the Mu'tazila thought. As for his ideas and opinions on Mu’tazila, since he was the founder of Mu’tazila thought, all Mu’tazila ideas can be attributed to him, except for the controversial matters between Mu’tazilites, and for this reason we can say that he sees Mu’tazila thought as having origins and branches. As for the principles that whoever believes in isolation must adhere to all of them without exception, they are monotheism, justice, status between the two statuses, promise and threat, and enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong. As for their branches, they are many, the most important of which is the belief that the word of God is created and created, and that imamate in the Islamic nation is not from God, Blessed and Most High, and the belief in destiny, where it is said that he denies divine destiny, and finally that God forgives some sins from His servants but not others.

The research aims to study the environmental, developmental and educational reality of primary school gardens in the urban areas of the city of Samawah and the extent to which the area of their gardens conforms to international standards. From here began the research problem that focused on the goals and importance of green spaces for the students in the urban areas of the city of Samawah, whose number reached (33,574) male and female students in the year 2023. Distributed among (106) public and private primary schools, including (27) dual or double-shift schools, using the descriptive approach and the analytical approach in the areas of description, interpretation and analysis. The research reached a set of conclusions, including that (91%) of the total primary schools do not match the area of their gardens. With the minimum and highest international cadastral standard (1.6 - 3) m2/pupil, which requires increasing afforestation in school gardens to act as windbreaks in the form of fences surrounding school buildings that are distributed among all residential neighborhoods in the city, which makes them contribute effectively to improving the school climate first. Secondly, the local climate of the city reduces dust storms and increases oxygen levels, thus improving the school environment and the city environment healthily and aesthetically.

The language Arabic for the sake of science and the closest and most coherent and coherent and showed the significance and consistency of the Holy Quran and this research applied including the language Arabic of the rules on the Holy Qur'an has contained all the methods contained in the participle such as the real participle and causal, as well as in the cases of syntactic in the lifting, monument and traction as well as the occurrence of the participle singular or sentence nominal or actual and this indicates the capacity of the Arabic. My research came on a preface, four sections, and a conclusion. In the introduction: I was exposed to the adjective, its divisions and provisions. The first section: I talked about cutting the epithet language and idiomatically The second section: presented in it to the provisions of cutting the participle and organized in two requirements: The first requirement - the rule of cutting the adjective between the obligation and permissibility. The second requirement - the ruling on cutting off the participle if the adjectives are repeated. The third section: showed the purposes of cutting the participle. The fourth topic: devoted to the applied study of cutting participles in the Holy Quran. Then I concluded this research with a number of results that I was honored to reach through my tour with this research.

The economic conditions in Mount Lebanon during that period were characterised by commercial, agricultural and industrial prosperity, in addition to the many taxes imposed and the emergence of peasant revolutions that eliminated feudalism in Mount Lebanon, in addition to the role of Lebanese princes in establishing an economic renaissance in the region..

The research topic deals with the simple affirmative verbal sentence in the poem (Tigris) by the poet Walid Al-Sarraf in terms of its multiple forms and connotations. He used the intransitive verb with what is attached to it to complete its meaning and the transitive verb as well. This use of past verbal sentences indicates the many events and incidents that his country (Iraq) went through. The Arabic sentence in its composition consists of two basic components: the predicate and the subject, and thus they are the pillars of speech. A sentence cannot be composed without a predicate or subject, which are: the verb and the subject or its deputy. The verb is followed by the verbal noun, as well as the subject and predicate and what is originally a subject or predicate, and everything other than the predicate and the subject is considered (superfluous) such as the objects, the state, the distinction and the dependents. The subject of this research (The simple affirmative verbal sentence in the poem "Dijlah" by the poet Walid Al-Sarraf) The study dealt with the verbal sentences mentioned in the verses of the poem (1) that came in various forms, so he used the transitive verb with the complement of its meaning, as well as the intransitive verb with the related, and the poet's use of verbal sentences came to suit the abundance of events and the diversity of incidents that his country (Iraq) went through, which were often enthusiastic and emotional, such as nostalgia for the past and complaint about the state of affairs.
All of this was done with the simple affirmative verbal sentence that represents the speech unit that included one attribution process (the predicate and the subject) and what follows them from related matters.

The American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has played a major role since its establishment in 1945 after World War II within other countries and peoples, including Indonesia, which constituted an important strategic position for American interests in Southeast Asia, especially after the escalation of the Cold War conflict in the world between the United States of America and the Soviet Union, which the American administrations tried to join Indonesia to its Western camp against the communist tide, but failed to do so because Indonesia, led by Ahmed Sukarno, adopted a policy of non-alignment in 1955 and supported the Communist Party inside Indonesia. After that, the United States of America turned to the method of covert support for the right-wing parties opposing Sukarno in 1958 through the Central Intelligence Agency CIA and providing military assistance and training to the Indonesian army, in addition to reducing economic aid to Sukarno and his government, which is the model followed by American administrations to prepare for coups in The countries opposed its policy and indeed the regime of Ahmed Sukarno was overthrown in 1965 directly or indirectly by the United

What is meant by the mind is not that there is an abstract rational study about the Holy Qur’an, as that is something that is difficult for the mind to delve into the depths of phenomena of an unseen nature and fully comprehend them. Rather, the research aims at a comparative study of the heavenly books, arranging the data of the Qur’anic phenomena, and analyzing them logically in terms of validity and revelation. The content and the miracle, in comparison with the other heavenly books and with the data of modern science, and at the end of that logical progression, the disinterested human mind has a collection of data that leads it to some conclusion regarding the Qur’an and the other heavenly books.
The many types of miracles have occupied the forefront of advocacy and persuasion. For example, the rhetorical ones were a challenge to the Arabs, and the unseen after that became a challenge to the Arabs and the West, and the present scientific became a miraculous revolution. If this speech had come from humans, time would have nullified it in its infancy. The goal of The Qur’an is the soul, the human mind, and the afterlife. Through knowledge, it will touch upon that person’s life matters and facts that were not previously known.Which made the ancients confused about some of its signs, such as the movement of mountains, the shape of the earth, the refraction of light, and many other things. If the Qur’an talks about horizons and souls, this does not mean that it is a book that contains all the sciences, lest some haters seek to contradict it through those sciences. For the sound foundations of scientific interpretation are the absence of interpretation and affectation that distorts the verses, and not to suspend the final, absolute, and conclusive Qur’anic truths on the assumptions of the human mindAnd his theories... There are many scientific verses in the Qur’an that increased Muslims’ certainty and prompted many people to embrace this religion, and pushed others to exaggerate and move away from the correct interpretation, so we see in the interpretation of shadows this comment on such nonsense by sayingThe Qur’anic context determines the meaning of the expressions in it, so fear God whoever flounders in this area without jurisprudence or insight into the nature of this Qur’an))... The universal law expresses divine wisdom and infinite power, and that this life is the clearest thing that European science has been unable to understand and explain, in all its dimensions and diminishment. This is according to the approval of their scholars, and yet the Qur’an is not a book that aims toIt presents some of the laws that control the universe, and it even has a fundamental religious goal and a call to humanity to contemplate the depths of creation... As a result, the valuable scientific comparison between the heavenly books (the Qur’an, the Torah, and the Bible) must be the scientific argument relied upon completely and not be substituted. Controversy.

This study deals with the topic of fear and explaining its Quranic connotations, accordingly, I divided my research into two chapters : The first chapter dealt with the research problem, its importance, its goal, and its limits, defining the most important terms contained therein, the second chapter will be divided into five sections, each section will address the Quranic meaning of fear by reviewing the verses in which fear is mentioned with a specific meaning, by understanding its general context and by explaining the statements of its commentators, accordingly, I will discuss five Quranic meanings of fear, and I will devote a section to each meaning, then I will mention the results I reached, giving recommendations and suggestions, and finally a list of sources

Studying the qualitative characteristics of groundwater is one of the applied geographical studies that specialists in the field of water resources and spatial development attach great importance to, as it is one of the most common criteria in evaluating the quality of drinking water, the suitability of water for agricultural and animal use, and the health of ecosystems.
The problem of water today is represented by the increased demand for it on the one hand and its scarcity on the other hand, especially in the Zurbatieh district because it is a border area and has recently witnessed reconstruction with an expansion of the agricultural area in light of the scarcity of surface water resources. Therefore, it has become necessary to exploit the groundwater of the region after a detailed study of its physical and chemical properties and knowing the extent of its suitability for various uses. Accordingly, water models were taken for the wells during the periods of water increase and decrease for the year (2023), with six water models in each period. This study included finding the concentrations of elements. Inorganic substances that have a direct effect on taste and home use, such as (calcium, magnesium, sulfates, chlorides, sodium, potassium, turbidity, total hardness, total dissolved salts, electrical conductivity, pH).
It became clear from the results of the analysis that the well water is not suitable for drinking due to the high concentrations of dissolved salts in it, in addition to being suitable for irrigating animals. However, it is not suitable for industrial purposes and is not suitable for agriculture due to the high concentrations of salts and other chemical elements.

Women have always been an active element in society through their social role, and this role is defined by its nature by a set of obligations related to family life that are subject to a set of social foundations. Since social foundations vary from one society to another, they necessarily reflect differences and similarities depending on the multiplicity of environments and cultures.
Considering that cinema is a human art that reflects social life in its various stages and multiplicities in a visual form, in which the image plays an important narrative role, many films have addressed the role of women in social life, and this role has differed as a result of the sociological transformations in the structures of society through the development of concepts and the emergence of new concepts and movements that have been interested in the effective presence of the female character in societies, especially Arab ones, as they are a fertile field for social transformations.

The current study aimed to find out the relationship between cognitive load and academic self-efficacy. The study sample consisted of (400) male and female students in scientific and humanities majors, who were selected by a stratified random method, and the cognitive load scale prepared by Al-Fil (2015) and the competency scale were applied to them. The academic self-report was prepared by the researcher and was done using the descriptive, correlational approach. The results of the study concluded that there was a statistically significant inverse correlation between cognitive load and academic self-efficacy. The researcher came out with a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

This study came to clarify. Turkey's position on the Russian-Ukrainian war and the policy practiced by Turkey since the beginning of the war is the role of mediation between Russia and Ukraine in order to reach a diplomatic solution instead of biased to a party at the expense of the other party due to Turkey's extended bilateral relations with Russia and Ukraine. There is no doubt that this policy will return to strategic interests at the political and economic level، whether it succeeds or fails، as it will contribute to supporting its international position . The study dealt with the importance of Turkey's role، location، multiple elements and Turkey's ability in building economic alliances with both Russia and Ukraine. Turkey seeks to take advantage of its strategic location at the crossroads between continents (Europe and Asia) to be a corridor for the transit of key resources such as energy، food and the most important country in crossing food supplies between (Russia and Ukraine)، which was interrupted with the beginning of the war، which made it the center of attention of regional and international powers، specifically the United States of America and NATO countries as one of the alliance countries and that it constitutes the line of natural geographical defense for the countries of Europe.
The study also concluded that it is difficult to exclude Turkey from any conflict that takes place in the geographical range close and adjacent to Turkey، but at the moment it is not possible to predict Turkey's future status and to determine the plan of its regional position and ambitions، as it is subject to the developments expected from the existing war، and the changes in the map of regional and international alliances that follow this war.

Feminism is a study that aims to reveal that in social, cultural, political realities and so on there are gender inequalities, female oppression, incorrect stereotypes to women and so on. Gender inequality occurs almost all over the world one of them in the Middle East. The Middle East has always been famous for its culture which severely limits women's freedom, such as by always wearing iqob or self-cover. The majority of his literary works that have developed are dominated by male writers and patriarchal discourse. One of the depictions of female inferiority in this literary text is contained in the short story anthology, entitled Sayyidatun Fii Khidmatik by Ihsan Abd Al Quddus.

Earning as an economic theory of Islamic economic theories, and historical books and sources indicate the role of Islamic systems in Islamic society in its various aspects. The Islamic library is rich in sources of Islamic systems, such as the books of Abu Yusuf and Abu Dawood in finance, and the books of Al-Mawardi and Ibn Hanbal in the political system. Books have emerged in the Islamic economic system, such as "Earning in the Sweet Rizq" by Al-Shaibani and "Blessing in the Sa'i and Haraka" by Al-Habishi. Many people are unaware of the virtue of earning, its importance, and the controls of Sharia law. People work by instinct or by majority without knowing the permissible and forbidden work.

The research aims to clarify the dimensions of quality, which consist of three dimensions (Response (RE), Warranty (WA), Reliability (REL)) and their impact on the dimensions of workers' lives (Work Intensity (WI), Profits (PR)). Therefore, the researcher continued to determine the impact of quality dimensions on the dimensions of workers' lives, and to know the difficulties that institutions are exposed to. Knowing the basics that encourage improving the organization is very necessary without complacency with weaknesses and avoiding all areas of losses, as well as paying attention to expanding the performance of companies towards the best compared to other organizations in order to reach what is better to improve work life. Finally, the researcher focuses on the relationship between the dimensions of quality and the dimensions of improving work life in the Iraqi Agricultural Cooperative Bank in Baghdad. The targeted sample of workers in the Iraqi Agricultural Bank in Baghdad was (98) and (6) were invalid, and the total valid samples collected by the researcher were (92), i.e. (96%). The researcher continued to emphasize his study and its objectives by determining the relationship between the dimensions of quality and the dimensions of work life, and there were (6) hypotheses that the researcher focused on knowing their importance in supporting and developing institutions to achieve the necessary life for workers. The researcher relied on encouraging the improvement of work life and achieving the required welfare for workers and providing the necessary products in life, because workers are always looking for the best field or opportunity that will bring them full benefit. The statistical analysis SPSS and Likert scale (7) were used to determine the statistical results.

Praise be to God who guided us to the religion of Islam, and preferred our religion over all other religions, and honored us and glorified us with the Chosen One, the Guide of Adnan, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, and upon all the prophets and messengers, and upon the pure and honored family of the Prophet, and the noble and blessed companions of the Messenger of God, and the righteous servants of God, from the people of the heavens and the earths, and those who loved them, and followed their guidance and followed their footsteps until the Day of Judgment.
The Seal of the Prophets and the Beloved of the Lord of the Worlds - may the blessings and peace of my Lord be upon him - said: ((Whoever Allah wants good for, He gives him understanding of the religion.((
Allah Almighty has honored His scholarly servants with high status and great prestige, for the efforts they have made in deducing and documenting the legal rulings, and they have put them in their books, and explained them in a comprehensive and complete explanation for those who came after them, and they have even increased the classification in the field of these tasks - from the summaries and the extended ones, and they have deposited in them useful and precise solutions; for the types of precious issues, and they have explained everything that a person needs in his life, and even what is expected to happen, even in the rarest of possibilities, and with those efforts they have left the nation with insight into the matter of its religion and its worldly life

The Danish scholar Arthur Emanuel Christensen is considered one of the most prominent Orientalists of the 20th century, having left behind several historical works. This study attempts to determine Christensen's perspective on social conditions and their fluctuations over time, such as the changes that occurred during the reign of Khosrow I Anushirvan (531-579 AD), which were a response to the Mazdakite movement, a social and religious revolution.
The study consists of two sections. The first section examines the life of the Orientalist Arthur Emanuel Christensen and his scholarly contributions, addressing the content of his book "Iran During the Sasanian Era." The second section deals with social conditions, primarily the class system of Sasanian society, followed by Zoroastrianism, official holidays, popular astrology, and then Manichaeism. The study concludes with a summary and a list of sources.

Economic management in the Muslim household represents an important part of the daily life of a Muslim family and is considered one of the fundamental pillars that contribute to achieving financial and social stability. The Prophet's household offers an exemplary model of effective economic management from which modern Muslim families can benefit. This research aims to shed light on the economic principles and foundations adopted by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in managing his household and how these principles can serve as a guide for today's Muslim families to achieve economic balance and stability. The research relies on the descriptive-analytical method by studying the religious texts and Hadiths related to economic management in the Prophet's household، in addition to analyzing some practical examples and applications from the life of the Prophet (peace be upon him). The theoretical frameworks of the research include the following: Financial Planning: Examining how the Prophet (peace be upon him) organized and distributed financial resources in a balanced manner that meets the family's needs without extravagance or waste. Spending and Saving: Reviewing the Prophet's policy of moderate spending and saving for the future، with an emphasis on avoiding debt except in cases of extreme necessity. Social Solidarity: Analyzing the Prophet's role in supporting the poor and needy through charity and zakat، and how this solidarity contributes to achieving economic stability at the societal level.

The research topic entitled (The Nature of the Canaanite Governance System: Selected Kingdoms) addresses the identification of part of the form of the political system of one of the prominent peoples in the ancient Near East region, represented by the Canaanites who established their settlements in ancient Syria along the Mediterranean coast, in the area extending from Lebanon through Syria and Palestine. They established a great civilization, although it was influenced by the civilizations of the Near East, and then their role and cultural and political influence emerged inside and outside Syria mainly in the second millennium BC.
Perhaps what distinguishes the political history of Canaan is that it was not united into one state or kingdom, but rather several states or kingdoms were established in it that spread along the coast, and each state had its own political systems, and this is the case with all the kingdoms of Syria. In fact, due to the lack of historical studies that address the nature of the political systems of the Canaanites, or their lack of clarity and dispersion, and the importance of this topic in knowing how the systems by which the land of Canaan was managed, and the nature of its external political relations according to those systems, I developed a desire to uncover part of those political systems, and for a certain number of those kingdoms. This is what we will try to cover in several axes, the first axis about the king and the decrees associated with his ascension to the throne, and the nature of the system of government whether it was hereditary or elective, and the powers of the king. In the second axis, we will talk about the administrative systems by which the kingdom is managed, whether the employees of the royal palace, or the general employees and their tasks. In another axis, we will show the similarities and differences between those systems between one kingdom and another of the Canaanite kingdoms. Perhaps the most prominent problem facing the researcher in this topic is the lack of written documents related to the political aspect left by the Canaanites themselves, as most of their documents were about economic and religious life, so in addition to the available Canaanite documents, we relied in collecting information from the documents of the contemporary ancient Near Eastern kingdoms, the most important of which are the Pharaonic documents. Keywords: Canaanites, administrative systems.

The research aims to (the extent to which Arabic language teachers possess effective teaching skills and their relationship to students’ motivation to learn in developmental educational courses. The research sample included (22) Arabic language teachers, male and female, in primary government schools affiliated with the Baghdad/Rusafa Third Education Directorate. The researcher relied on the descriptive approach, and for the purpose of achieving the research objectives, the researcher prepared a questionnaire consisting of (45) skills distributed over the three main areas (effective planning skill, effective implementation skill, and effective evaluation skill). Then the researcher extracted both the apparent validity and the internal consistency validity of the questionnaire. For the purpose of ensuring the veracity of the items, and reliability to demonstrate the stability of the tool, the researcher also extracted (the weighted mean, the percentage weight, and to judge the extent to which the item was verified), to determine the extent of possessing effective teaching skills, and the t-test to demonstrate the relationship between the values of possessing effective teaching skills for language teachers. Arabic language, its parameters, and the arithmetic mean of the values of the motivation scale for their students.
The results showed, through what was observed in the questionnaire, that two skills were achieved. The skill (planning) ranked first with a weighted mean (3.3638) and a percentage weight (67.28), while the skill (execution) ranked second with a weighted mean (3.3633) and a percentage weight. (67.27), and the third skill, which is the skill (evaluation), was not achieved. It ranked third with a weighted mean (2.85) and a percentage weight of (57). This indicates that male and female teachers of the Arabic language possess some effective teaching skills. ‏
The results also showed that there is a correlation between effective teaching skills and students’ motivation to learn.
In light of these results, the research concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which are:
It is necessary to draw the attention of male and female teachers to the importance of possessing effective teaching skills, and to encourage them to develop these skills by enrolling in educational development courses.

The stream enquiry objectives to ascertain: critical reading aids and their connexion to divergent thinking amounts along with middle school learners, and the numeral of sample fellows reached (300) students), by (15%) of the entire communal, since the fifth rise of middle school, in schools associated to the Universal Embark of Culture of Qadisiya, for the speculative year (2023-2024), and acceptable to pull off the areas of the inquiry, the associate built a test apparatus for critical impression aids, and built a test for divergent thinking, and after extracting the psychometric properties of the two tools, the researcher applied them to the research sample, and used appropriate statistical treatments For the research, the results showed a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the students of the research sample in critical reading skills, and the results showed a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the students of the research sample in divergent thinking skills, and proved a positive relationship between critical reading skills and divergent thinking skills, and positively affects the percentage of student possession of them, and in effortless of the scores of research, the associate indorsed a sum of blessings, and submitted a digit of suggestions.

The current research aims to identify: reckless behavior (substance abuse as a model), as well as family disintegration among adolescents, and the relationship of reckless behavior (substance abuse as a model) to family disintegration among adolescents. To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher relied on the following: The researcher used the descriptive method of correlational studies in arriving at the research results. The researcher built the two study scales and after ensuring that they had good psychometric properties, then applied them to the research sample. The current research population included middle school students in public morning schools in the city of Baghdad for the academic year (2023- 2024) males, distributed in the Baghdad Education Directorates (Al-Rusafa and Al-Karkh) The data was transcribed using the Statistical Portfolio for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and the results appeared as follows: Adolescents have increased reckless behavior in experimenting and using narcotic substances, and the current research sample also suffers from family disintegration. The results created a strong and positive correlation between the two variables, and in completion For these results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals

Study aims to unveil an important Iraqi political figure who had the most prominent role in shaping Iraqis policy and who played an effective role in the events of contemporary Iraq. Outside on was one of the Iraqi figures who appeared on the political scene during the ottoman era the British occupation and the royal era he is considered as one of the personalities that people disagreed about some see him as loyal patriot and the major politician while others describe him as traitor to the homeland and a slave to the English.

Public government departments in every country are looking to provide their services to their citizens in the best possible way and to the best of their capabilities, through managing public facilities in the modern way, which has become the key to many doors of sophistication and progress, so that they gain more acceptance in today’s world, especially in The development of public facilities continued through the electronic system, which has become a duty and a measure of development in modern administrative arts. Therefore, it was necessary work to keep up with all the modern means of technology and information regarding its work, in order to reach every member of society and fulfill their desired needs as quickly as possible and at the lowest cost. Therefore, public administrations are required to exploit this in order to keep pace with this boom in means of communication. Modern communication and information technology, and because this system is new and has its own means and elements, therefore, our research will address the modern means that develop the work of the basic principles that govern public facilities.

(The current research aims to identify the degree of mental alertness among educational counselors in Kirkuk Governorate, and to detect differences according to the gender variable (males - females), and to detect differences according to the variable (years of service), and the basic research sample consisted of (170) A male and female mentor. The researcher prepared a mental alertness scale, while the researcher prepared a scale consisting of (34) items, based on the mental alertness scale prepared by Abdullah (2013) and Hamad (2016). The apparent and construct validity of the research tool was verified by presenting it to experts, its discriminatory power was calculated, and reliability was calculated using the retest method. The data was treated statistically using the Statistical Portfolio for the Social Sciences (SPSS), in addition to using a number of other statistical methods. The research reached the following results: - There are statistically significant differences in favor of the arithmetic mean, and accordingly, educational counselors enjoy a good level of mental alertness, and the presence of statistically significant differences between males and females. This means that mental alertness is affected by the gender variable (males - females) in favor of females. There are statistically significant differences between years of service.)

This study aims to enlighten the importance of school theatre and its role in developing the recognition of school students against bullying. The importance of the study is on recognizing school theatre , identifying its active role to direct and counsel students of the school, in addition to its contribution in upgrading their artistic skills and to improve their aesthetic sense. School theatre is characterized with directive, educational trait, denying the negative phenomena may defecate within the community, the school students may be affected with include bullying phenomena; which becomes repetitive, continuous phenomena inside school in particular and community in general. Then, the study identify forms of bullying in the school and how prevent or mitigate this phenomena through school theatre presentations.

Pottery and ceramic formations that represent human concepts are of great importance, because they have a specificity in formal composition, in addition to formation techniques, and issues of innovation and composition. They are considered to join contemporary artistic trends by relying on realistic philosophical frameworks with a goal with social dimensions. In this research, we aim To identify the formal features, and to identify the techniques adopted by these formations, whether inherited from them, or based on the characteristics of the individual artist, they aim to show human contents and concepts (the concept of disease) and contribute to clarifying it. The importance of this research also comes in providing a new reading of all of the above in the field of ancient ceramic formation.

The Holy Qur’an represents a comprehensive reference for Muslims, and contains divine guidance for all aspects of life. It carries educational messages and instructions aimed at reforming souls and achieving happiness in this world and the hereafter. It is distinguished by many characteristics and purposes that make it a unique and distinctive book in Islam. The purposes of the Qur’an are the goals and objectives that the Qur’an seeks to achieve in Human life and society. These objectives include a set of principles and values that aim to achieve happiness, stability, and justice in this world and the hereafter. These objectives reflect the comprehensiveness and balance in Islamic law and show how the Qur’an can be a living reference in directing the lives of Muslims towards goodness and righteousness. Based on the above, it was This research is to explain some of the characteristics of the Qur’an and its objectives, with an explanation of the concept of the objectives of the Holy Qur’an and those who spoke about the science of objectives. Considering that the science of the purposes of the Qur’an is not an innovation in the fields of Islamic sciences, but rather it is a science that stems from the Holy Qur’an itself, and has a solid foundation among the scholars of the ancient predecessors, and an explanation of the efforts of the scholars of the Islamic nation and their contributions to deducing and clarifying the purposes of the Holy Qur’an through monitoring the efforts of these scholars in deducing The purposes of the Qur’an, ancient and modern, and following up on the development of the subject of research into the purposes of the Qur’an, and identifying the most important findings of the Qur’an’s purposes. Since the purposes of the Qur’an have their beginning and end in the Qur’an, they must be known and sought from it. A number of the purposes of the Qur’an have been explained in this research as stated It is mentioned in the Qur’an itself.

The interpretation of the Holy Qur’an began with the simplicity of understanding its meanings since the era of the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family), where he dealt with detailing what was most beautiful in the Qur’an, and clarifying what was obscure, and after that, the developments of interpretive studies, which led to the diversity of interpretive methods for interpreting the Book of Allah Almighty. This diversity in the division of interpretive methods in terms of analysis, summation, comparison, and subject matter is what gives or shows the style and interpretive method in explaining the intent of Allah Almighty and conveying that intent in a way that suits the situation of the addressees. The division shows the interpreter’s method in dealing with the Qur’anic verses, in terms of the analysis of the Qur’anic verses, which is what is called analytical interpretation. Or the overall meaning of the Qur’anic verses is given, which is called general interpretation, or it compares and refers between interpretive opinions, and this is called comparative interpretation, or it deals with a topic of life and links it to the Holy Qur’an and comes up with a Qur’anic result for that topic. This is what is called today objective interpretation, which is the finest type of modern interpretive methods that address topics. life.

Exception is one of the important topics of Arabic grammar, and it is similar to the process of subtraction in mathematics and has a meaning through which it is used in the linguistic sentence, sometimes by extracting a part from the whole and the aim of this study is to monitor the exception in Al-Jawahiri's collection of poems, its types, and the aesthetics of its use through its connotations, as the phenomenon of the significance of using the exception in his poetry is one of the most important phenomena, and its topics on which the Arabic sentence is based, and the descriptive analytical approach is the field of this study. He used to exclude a share in his poetry, and choose a poetic text with a semantic momentum that would not have been acquired in his absence. I dealt with the exception in the structures of the collection in a way that indicates the type, its parsing, and its connotations. The tool - except - is one of the letters of exception that is most used among the other tools. Therefore, studying it in Al-Jawahiri's poetry is important for two reasons: First, this tool is considered the origin of the exception; rather, it is the mother of its tools, as it comes in several patterns and different images. Second, Al-Jawahiri was able to use this tool in his poetry in many different places that require studying it and standing on it in terms of meaning and use. This matter becomes clear to us through the research

The researcher aimed to choose the title of the current research (the effectiveness of a proposed strategy according to the theory of experiential learning in enhancing the motivation to memorize among sixth-grade middle school students) and the researcher turned towards the quasi-experimental approach, as it is the approach most compatible with the title of the study, and then divided the study into two groups of students, each group consisting of (30) students from the sixth literary grade, affiliated with the Directorate of Education in Anbar Governorate, and in the academic semester 2023/2024 AD, and the researcher tried to reward between the two groups, and the scale that the researcher adopted to measure realism consisted of (50) paragraphs, and after carrying out all the research steps, it became clear to the researcher that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the test results, the researcher recommended Fuad to use the chosen strategy in enhancing the motivation to memorize among sixth-grade literary students and using it towards other academic subjects.

The main goal of the research is embodied in the role of school administration in reducing the phenomenon of school violence in rural preparatory schools from the point of view of faculty members, in addition to identifying the most important factors and effects that push students to engage in school violence within the school. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher relied on the descriptive approach, Because it suits the nature of the research in terms of describing the characteristics and facts of the phenomenon in general and the characteristics and facts of school administration in particular, the researcher prepared a questionnaire consisting of (21) questions, and then the researcher conducted the process of validity and reliability of the questionnaire, and then distributed it to a purposive sample of members. The teaching staff in rural preparatory schools in two schools (Ibn Al-Bitar School for Boys and Ramli School for Girls). The researcher used statistical methods to analyze the information and evidence, including percentages, frequencies, the chi-square test, and the Pearson correlation coefficient.
The researcher reached several results, including:
1) The percentage of males (60%) is higher than the percentage of females (40%). In contrast, most the respondents’ marital status was married, with a percentage estimated at (69%) greater than the percentage (31%) of the single respondents.
2) A percentage of (39%) of the respondents witnessed cases of school violence at school, while (11%) of the respondents denied this matter. In contrast, most of the respondents confirmed that physical violence is the most common form in school, with a percentage estimated at (100%). On the other hand, a percentage (100%) of the respondents confirmed that family factors are the biggest factors leading to school violence.
3) A percentage of (46%) of the respondents believe that the school administration has a “major role” in reducing the phenomenon of school violence, which is greater than the percentage of (8%) who denied this role. In contrast, a percentage of (72%) of the respondents confirmed that the administration The school raises awareness of the application of administrative regulations and rules within the school, while (6%) denied this role.
4) A percentage of (54%) of the respondents confirmed that the school administration conducts a permanent, periodic survey to detect school violence behaviors within the school, while (12%) denied this role. In contrast, a percentage of (74%) of the respondents confirmed that the school administration monitors the students. In various places where they could be exposed to harassment, such as bathrooms, stairs, and the school yard, while (8%) denied this role

The current research aims to identify knowledge sharing and intellectual courage among university lecturers and the correlation between them. The research sample consisted of (450) male and female lecturers from the University of Baghdad for the academic year (2023-2024). To achieve the objectives of the research, a scale for knowledge sharing consisting of (38) items was prepared in its final form. In addition, a scale for intellectual courage consisting of (39) items was prepared in its final form. The results showed that university lecturers have knowledge sharing and intellectual courage and there is a correlation between them. The study concluded with a number of recommendations and suggestions

Modern information systems, with their various components, have become.An important element of organizations' activity, because of the data they provide Determining the role of modern information systems represented by: accurate and fast information. The current research deals with both modern information systems and their role in the superiority of the tourism organization through hardware and equipment, software, communications, and human resources. And its role in the superiority of the tourism organization. In general, the research attempted to answer the following question: What is the role of modern information systems in the superiority of the tourism organization?
Where the research was addressed
The first axis: research methodology.

This research focused on studying summer rains in Iraq for the year 2014 and for four climate stations distributed over Iraq, where the Mosul station represents the northern region, the Baghdad station represents the central region, the Rutbah station represents the western region, and the Basra station represents the southern region, for four months: May, June, July, and August. The research was based on The daily rainfall amounts recorded at the stations included in the study area and their total, and then an analysis of the pressure systems that cause rainfall in Iraq during the summer months, the frequency of the systems and the duration of their stay. The research concluded that the stations included in the study recorded rain during the months of May and June and no rainfall during the months of July and9August.

The research aims to identify the effect of the strategy of taking notes and drafting them in developing the reading comprehension skills of female first-year intermediate students in the Arabic language subject. The researcher developed a null hypothesis stating that there is no difference considered statistically significant between the performance of the female students of the experimental group, who use the strategy of taking notes and drafting them, and the performance of the female students of the control group, who study the subjects in the traditional method of reading comprehension.
The researcher used a sample of (60) female students, who were divided equally between the two research groups (experimental and control). A list was prepared that included (25) skills related to reading comprehension skills in the Arabic language subject, and distributed them into five levels: literal, deductive, critical, appreciative, and creative. The researcher confirmed the validity and reliability of the skills, and it was applied to the sample.
After that, the researcher prepared a multiple-choice test on reading comprehension skills. The number of test items was (30), and after ensuring the validity and reliability of the test, it was applied to the research sample.
Using SPSS, the researcher analyzed the results and found that the experimental group achieved better performance than the control group.
The research results indicate the effectiveness of the strategy of taking notes and formulating them in developing reading comprehension skills, and highlight the importance of including this strategy in teaching to improve students’ performance in understanding texts and reading materials.

The marshes of southern Iraq constitute the largest natural ecosystem in West Asia and the Middle East due to their environmental, social, economic and cultural importance. They are the cradle of the first human civilization, so some have known them as the Garden of Eden. However, this environment has been severely damaged by the deliberate drying operations practiced by the former regime during the eighties and nineties of the last century, and this region is still suffering from complex and accelerating environmental challenges due to the change in hydrological conditions.
The current study aims to study the marshes in terms of their concept, geographical distribution, geographical and environmental characteristics, and then study the challenges that the marshes are currently suffering from, namely the drought resulting from the decrease in water discharges. This decrease is caused by several dimensions, some of which are related to global climate changes, in addition to the influence of neighboring countries in controlling the amount of water reaching Iraq, in addition to poor planning and management of water resources in Iraq. This was reflected in the decrease in water discharges reaching the study area. The drought problem also led to a change in the quality of water if it was characterized by a decline in its qualitative characteristics (physical and chemical), especially the high percentage of salts in it, and it became unsuitable for multiple uses.

The Iraqi alluvial plain is characterized by giant bodies of water that are rare in the world and have varying areas, depths and natural resources. Specialized researchers have researched the marsh areas and their affiliation with the river sediments of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers over time as they move towards the Arabian Gulf. The giant marsh areas are located in three main regions, which are the marshes (eastern - central - Southern), and the new marshes, which are (Hawizeh marshes - Central marshes - Al-Himar marshes), and the marsh areas have geopolitical importance to Iraq, so attention must be paid to them and all local, international and international laws issued against them must be taken into account, as they are a symbol of civilization for the natural environment of Iraq and the world.

The current research aims to identify The professional competence of the employees of the office of the Governorate, And identify the statistically significant difference in Professional competence among employees of the office of the General Directorate of according to the () and years of service from 20) . The research, The professional competence scale consists of ( 38 ) items distributed across the scale’s domains, ted the Likert method by setting (5) alternatives to answer the professional competence. The researcher used the methods Statistics calculated by a computer program ( SPSS ) are: Chi-square test ( 2 ) , t-test for one sample, T-test for two independent samples , Pearson correlation coefficient , Cronbach ’s alpha equation for internal consistency , simple regression analysis , and the most prominent results were as follows : Enjoy Level educational counselors High professional)

It deals with the social and economic effects of trade in the Umayyad state, which lasted from 661 to 750 AD. The research highlights how trade contributed to developing the economy, strengthening infrastructure, providing job opportunities, and improving the standard of living. The research also explains the role of trade in cultural and scientific exchange between the East and the West, and reviews the most important trade routes and traded goods, such as the Silk Road and the Red Sea Road. It also highlights the major commercial cities such as Damascus, Basra, and Kairouan, in addition to the economic policies that supported trade such as issuing currencies, developing markets, and organizing taxes. Finally, the research shows how trade affected the social structure and cultural interaction, which led to strengthening the status of merchants and diversifying the class structure in Umayyad society.

Socia change Is considered a prominent and general issue that characterizes human society, the change in which and the pattern of behavior in it became after the transformation that occurred in the social fabric. There was a distinction between one change and another, so we cannot define the word social changes for all the changes that occurred in society, but social change is a word that touches The social fabric in Its values, roles, and social functions for a specific period of time. This change may be positive or negative. Change In society varies according to the element of time and place, and also according to the prevailing cultures of societies. What is important is the difference in political, social, and cultural systems because there are degrees in the process of change due to several factors that helped to change. Iraqi society after the conquest, and among these factors are the geographical environment, geographical location, and spatial framework that helped to know the population expansion of Iraq and know the most Important cities in Iraq, as well as knowing the components of Iraqi society before and after the conquest, which consists of the Nabataeans, who are farmers and the ancient inhabitants of Iraq, and they were also able to enter Islam. Then the Persians, who had a role in social change through the transformation of some of the noble classes into red and red bracelets, as well as the captives, had a major role in the change, but in the coming generations, women and children also had a role. Only the Arabs married some Persian women, and some of them were called mawalis and siyajas, so these races were able to integrate. The conversion is entry into Islam. As for the other element, they are the Arabs present In Iraq. There are authentic Arab elements and immigrant elements, as well as elements and immigrants, or what is called military immigration. As for the original Arabs, they are divided into urban Bedouins. They had a role in social change through tribal rapprochement and also in building some Islamic cities that They later became capitals of the Islamic Caliphate. As for the multiplicity of religions in Iraq, this led to a change in the ways of dealing with these components, as the jizya was imposed on them, as well as the freedom to practice religion. There was no interference from the state on the people of the Dhimmah, and there were social relations that linked them through population rapprochement. And the methods of work. As for the conquering Muslims, only they were Influenced by the Inhabitants of those lands, but in a way that slowed down the change whenever there was a difference in the population elements, whichh depended on the diversity of identity in terms of nationalism and religion. We see that it is difficult for social change to occur quickly or for those components to resist the process of change because the Arabs did not try to become naturalized. Such as the Persians and Nabataeans, and their relationships remain linked to tribe and blood.q and established the Islamic civilization in it.

The fields of semantics varied according to the diversity of the fields of linguistic sciences related to it from sound, vocabulary and structure, and therefore they said phonetic semantics, morphological semantics, synthetic semantics, and so on, and these linguistic semantic discussions aim to reach and define the meaning, and despite their difficulty, they are among the most advanced and enjoyable branches of linguistics; because they focus on studying the meaning. In the interpretation (Methods of Eloquence in Interpreting the Qur’an) by Ayatollah Sheikh Mohammed Baqir Al-Maliki Al-Mayanji, there is abundant and varied material in semantic aspects worthy of study.

One of the regional developments that affected the Arabs and the Palestinian cause in particular was the Second Gulf War, following the Iraqi invasion of the State of Kuwait in August 1990. During the war, Arab relations entered a phase of awareness of weakness and division, as the Arabs fought each other and emerged from it marginalized and buried together on the land of Kuwait the idea of Arab unity and Arab solidarity. Various types of regional sentiments grew in their ranks and the status of the Palestinian cause declined as a national issue that united the Arabs and drew them toward the struggle against the Israeli occupation of the holy Palestinian lands. At that time, the leadership made a mistake in estimating the positions and in making the correct decision that would protect its people and keep the Palestinian cause a subject of Arab consensus, and it appeared to be biased toward Iraq and its occupation of Kuwaiti lands. The price of that was high, as more than 300,000 Palestinians were displaced from Kuwait, Arab aid to the organization stopped, and the children of the Palestinian cause were deprived of their rights. The West Bank and Gaza Strip were deprived of the support and assistance provided by the Palestinians to their families, and the uprising was deprived of the material and moral support that was provided to it by the Gulf States, and the leadership lost the respect and appreciation that it had gained thanks to the uprising and the political initiative on the Arab and international levels, and it became internationally and Arab-persecuted on charges of siding with the Iraqi regime in the occupation of Kuwait.

Climate change is one of the most important phenomena and problems facing the Earth, because this phenomenon has a major impact on life on Earth, especially water resources and security, which is reflected in food security in general.
Iraq, like other countries, is affected by these climate changes on a large scale, and it is also affected by the fact that most of the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Iraq are located outside the borders of its land. Perhaps the agricultural and food sector is considered the most affected by climate change, and food security is a major goal that all nations, peoples and governments seek to achieve because food is a necessity for maintaining water security. The research problem came with the following question: To what extent is the impact of climate change on food security and agriculture in Iraq and the decline in arable agricultural areas? As for the research hypothesis, it came with the following answer: The impact of climate change on food security and agriculture in a significant way, which led to a decline in arable agricultural areas. The goal of the research To determine the impact of climate change on food security, agriculture, and desertification of agricultural lands, the descriptive and analytical approach was adopted in reading and discussing the data

tatamatae manatiq alghaz altabieii fi mintaqat sharq almutawasit ba'ahamiyatan fi alastiratijiat al'iistratijiat kama 'anaha khiarat khiarat rayiysiat tathiq biha fi sadirat alghaz alruwsiati. wahadha aleadad yushajie alaitihad alawirubiyu almasharie almatruhat alhadifat litasdir alghaz min masadirih fi mal' sharq almutawasit 'iilaa suqiha altaaqwi. hayth tati alnisbat alkubraa min sadirat alghaz altabieii li'uwruba min rusia, waqad yaetamid al'uwrubiyu ealaa alghaz alruwsii fi rusia nikula 'anah fi eam 2015 takhatat nisbat sadirat alghaz alruwsii 55% min 'iijmalii tijarat alghaz bialaitihad al'uwrubiy.
walaha silsilat aiktishafat alghaz fi mintaqat sharq faransa ka'ahad albadayil almumkinat litakhfif alaietimad ealaa albarazil, khasatan wa'ana alaitihad al'uwrubiya yartabit airtibatan mubashiran bishyuwn jiran fi mintaqat sharq faransa fikr li'ana yunan waqubrus eudwatan fihi, liatamakan min altamatue biealaqat alaitihad al'uwrubiyat mae jamie dual albahr alkaribi fi 'iitar barnamaj altabaqat alawarumutawasitiati.
mimaa yueaziz fikrat alaitihad al'uwrubiyi hawl aldawr alsayfii aladhi sataleabuh almintaqat fi tawzie alghaz biaismiha, bal wasakh alnazar 'iilaa sharq 'uwkrania mukhasasatan li'an yakun ghaz thani 'uksid alkarbun li'uwrubaa -almamari al'awal sharq 'uwrubaa aladhi yati bialghaz alruwsi, almusharik hu janub sharq 'uwrubaa bighaz al'adharbijani.
alkalimat almuftahiatu: alghaz altabieiu , sharq almatbakhi, dual sharq almatbakhi, alatihad al'uwrubiy

The current research aims to identify the concept of strengthen among the children of teachers from the point of view of their teachers in primary schools by choosing the research hypotheses and its objectives to form a population of children of teachers in the primary stage in government schools affiliated with Diyala education Directorate Baquba,Tahrir district,for the academic year(2023-2024) with asample of(60) In order to achieve the research objectives, the descriptive approach was choosen ,the researcher adopted a measure of bullying among teachers children that was pnepared by (Amera 2012) to collect data which was treated using a number of statistical methods As the result of the research sample showed that they had bullying (strength) Based on the results,the study came out with a number of instractions and proposal.

Research objectives: The current research aims to identify the level of: -
1- Educational supervisors assume responsibility from the point of view of primary school principals.
2- Crisis management for educational supervisors from the point of view of primary school principals.
3- The relationship between assuming responsibility and crisis management for educational supervisors from the point of view of male and female primary school principals.
Research limits: The research is determined by measuring educational supervisors from the point of view of primary school principals in Baghdad Governorate in the districts on the Karkh and Rusafa sides for the academic year (2023-2024).
Research limits: The research is determined by measuring educational supervisors from the point of view of primary school principals in Baghdad Governorate in the districts on the Karkh and Rusafa sides for the academic year (2023-2024).
Research procedures: The researcher built a scale for assuming responsibility and adopted a scale (Al-Maliki 2009) to measure crisis management. Their validity and reliability were confirmed, and then they were applied to the research sample (200 male and female principals). Using the Statistical Bag for Educational and Psychological Sciences (SPss), the following results were reached: -
1- It appeared that educational supervisors bear responsibility from the point of view of primary school principals.
2- It appeared that administrative educational supervisors have the ability to manage crises from the point of view of primary school principals.
3- There appeared a positive relationship between assuming responsibility and crisis management from the point of view of primary school principals.
In light of the findings of the current research, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to identify (self-vitality and its relationship to psychological comfort among outstanding students). The researcher followed the descriptive correlational approach as an appropriate approach for the research. The research community consisted of outstanding students in the Education Directorate (Al-Rusafa I, and Al-Karkh III) for the academic year (2023-2024), with a total number of (2296) male and female students. A sample of (200) male and female students was randomly selected from the research community. To achieve the research objectives, the self-vitality scale prepared by (Abdul Razzaq, 2023) was adopted, which was built according to the theory of (Ryan & Frederick, 1997). It consists of (44) paragraphs in its final form with a four-point scale, which are (always applies to me, often applies to me, sometimes applies to me, never applies to me) distributed over four areas with (11) items for each area. The researcher verified the standard properties of the scale in terms of validity and reliability. The researcher also prepared a psychological comfort scale according to the theory (Ryff, clove, 2006), consisting of (35) paragraphs in the form of declarative statements and with a four-point scale, which are (always applies to me, often applies to me, sometimes applies to me, never applies to me). The researcher also verified the psychometric properties of the scale: After analyzing the data, the results showed the following:
- The sample has a high level of self-vitality, as the average scores of the sample members on the scale are greater than the hypothetical average and the t-value was statistically significant.
- The sample has a high level of psychological comfort, as the average scores of the sample members on the scale are greater than the hypothetical average and the t-value was statistically significant.
- There is a significant direct correlation between self-vitality and psychological comfort in the research sample
In light of the research results, the researcher recommended a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This study designed to know " Written expression and the difficulties of mastering it among secondary school students from the point of view of Arabic language teachers". To achieve the goal, the researchers followed the descriptive approach. The sample consisted of (152) male and female teachers, distributed between (79) for the middle stage and (73) for the preparatory stage in government schools affiliated with Anbar Education for the academic year 2022-2023. The researcher formulated the study tool on the difficulties of written expression, through previous studies and literature, where he was able to formulate (18) paragraphs that were presented to specialists in teaching methods to determine the extent to which they belong to the main variable, which is expression. Use the following statistical methods to extract results, such as weighted mean, percentage weight, t-test, and other methods. The results showed: There are difficulties in students of both stages’ mastery of written expression. There are no clear differences between the study stage. In light of the results revealed, the researcher presented some conclusions and recommendations.

The aim of the current study is to know the existence of the values included in the curricula of Arabic language books for middle school grades in Iraq, according to the order and explanation of their distribution into their main areas. The descriptive and analytical approach was followed, and the research community was composed of the content of the curricula of Arabic language books for middle school grades. The sample of the study included all the texts included in the curriculum of Arabic language books for middle school grades. To complete the goal of the study, the researcher designed an analysis tool by referring to previous studies related to the subject. The researcher classified the values, consisting of (44) values, which were distributed into nine areas. Where it showed The results showed that there were (1099) occurrences of the values included in the Arabic language books for the middle school stage, distributed among the classes for the middle school stage according to the order below: the fourth scientific grade (390) occurrences, at a rate of (35.49%), and the fifth scientific grade, (380) occurrences, at a rate of (34.57%). And the sixth scientific grade (329) repetitions (29.94%), where the fields of values for the middle school grades were distributed into eight fields, according to the order below (the moral, literary, linguistic, critical, rhetorical, geographical, historical, educational, and social fields), words.

The gas emissions emitted from the sewage system have an environmental impact on air pollution with methane gas CH₄ (biogas) in the city of Baghdad and knowing the extent of its impact on the quality of the surrounding air as well as its major role in climate change. The study included measuring the concentrations of methane gas emitted from the sewage system, represented by the three lines transporting sewage in the city of Baghdad (the study area), which are: the Zeppelin line in East Rusafa, the eastern line in West Rusafa, and the third line is the western line in East Karkh, with two locations for each line. This is due to the nature of the semi-closed line design. Therefore, a measurement site was taken for the line from the north near the pumping station to collect sewage water, and a second site for the line was taken from the south near the sewage treatment plants to obtain the most accurate results. The concentrations of biogas were compared with the global determinants to determine the extent of their compliance with the permissible limits. We conclude from this that the concentrations of biogas (CH4) exceeded the global determinants for collecting the measurement sites and recorded significant pollution in the air surrounding the three lines transporting sewage water, as the highest concentration reached 28.56 ppm at site Z2 and the lowest concentrations were 6.37 ppm at site Z1 for the winter measurement, while the highest and lowest concentrations for the summer measurement reached Respectively 64.01 Z2, 12.01 for site E2 respectively. We conclude from this that the sewage system has an impact on the air pollution of Baghdad city with methane gas (CH₄).

All praise is due to Allah, we praise Him and seek His forgiveness, and peace and blessings be upon the most honorable of creation, our master Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, and upon his pure and immaculate family, and his noble and blessed companions. And after... The message of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, was not limited to conveying the Book of Allah Almighty only, but rather his Sunnah, which must also be obeyed. Allah, the Almighty, recommended constants to His Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, so that this influence may be complete, including His saying: {And indeed, We have revealed to you the Book of Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, and to the believers, and to their masters ... (Al Imran: 159). From this concept, you find clear evidence of his (peace and blessings be upon him) construction of society, in addition to the humanity in his great person (peace and blessings be upon him). You find the Islamic society building a foundation capable of leading other societies, due to the presence of important constants in this structure, including solidarity, fulfilling rights, equality, and other principles that fall under the concept of "God is the Guardian," to the point that the individual among them no longer needs a guardian. The Prophet's greatest role, upon him be the best prayers and most complete peace, was his command to purify and educate the people who were ignorant of the etiquette of culture and civilization, and to adhere to the requirements of Medina. He also contributed to building and strengthening society, and the principles that formed the foundations of this structure. From the outside world to his home - may God bless him and grant him peace - you will find in his structure that he respected his women, was compassionate toward them, purified them, raised them, taught them the laws and rulings, and educated them in the culture of Islam, preparing them to raise the Bedouins and urbanites of the outside world. For this reason, the Mothers of the Believers had a great role in conveying his - may God bless him and grant him peace - domestic circumstances to the people, especially those who lived long, such as Lady Aisha, may God be pleased with her, who narrated many of his actions and sayings. The basis of the Prophet's building of the state was the stability of the people. The Muhajireen settled in Medina, and most of the Aws and Khazraj converted to Islam. The entire city was transformed into a fully integrated civil society, free of conflict. They accorded the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) a status befitting him, ruling him and taking his advice into account in all matters he directed them to undertake. Therefore, you find society in a unique form, unprecedented in any society. From these concepts presented, I was drawn to the topic of the Prophet's (peace and blessings be upon him) societal construction, and I took four main axes, as follows:
The first section: The role of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) in societal construction
The second section: The role of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) in his family and children
The third section: The role of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) in administering the state

The study of the Iraqi economic situation represents a real challenge after 2003 after Iraq lost many economic and industrial establishments that provided it with money as its domestic product despite its simplicity, as Iraq went through many economic crises that affected it since 1980 and the results of the war and the oil war between Saudi Arabia and Russia, which had heavy consequences on the Iraqi budget, in which the deficit reached 39% of the domestic product, which made it disorganized the Iraqi economic and financial situation, and the private sector became the most affected during this period due to the economic crisis and because of the government that did not care about these sectors during this period, and the government resorted to the public sector, which was suffering from flabbiness in many of its institutions, which originally suffered from a shortage of employees, especially during the wars of the eighties and nineties and the economic blockade after 1990, so it needs attention to this sector, which will be a safe and helpful factor in supporting the state budget with money, in addition to the interest Tourism is a way out of the rentier state issue and its side effects on the government and the citizen.

A witness is defined as a person who provides information about a specific fact presented before the judiciary after taking the oath in the judicial Council and which he perceived through one of his senses , whether that information is related to the circumstances of its proof or denial .
The witness civil liability based on tort liability as a result of the mistake committed by the witness , whose harmful action leads to harm to another person . The witness behavior in causing harm is either positive behavior, represented by false testimony, or the witness behavior in causing harm is negative behavior, which is abstaining from testifying . In order for the witness civil liability to arise , there must be a causal relationship between the harmful act he committed and the harm he caused with his testimony . The burden of proving the harmful act caused by the witness falls on the injured person , and thus the witness civil liability is established and has implications represented by compensating the injured person . Compensation can either be compensation . In kind by removing the damage or compensation in return .

The article discloses the problem of the system of names of IT professions in Russian, taken from the English language, which is in many ways ahead of the special vocabulary of other industries, which is noticeable in the rate of its distribution among various social groups of different ages. The author focuses on the fact that this is why her knowledge, as well as actualization in everyday life, is a pragmatic, urgent need for a member of the modern information society. The dynamics of formalization and formation of the names of IT professions that are moving in one direction – human-computer communication in a natural language, which produces an ever-greater intersection of the spheres of the national and computer languages, is analyzed. The latter must be considered when analyzing the processes occurring in the IT sphere: both in the features of the names of professions and in computer terminology. The derivative methods typical for the formation of names of professions in the IT sphere are represented: the most used translation method is word formation from borrowed roots with the help of suffixes and the addition of the foundations, the less used is the morphological transformation. Names of IT professions – nouns are represented naturally by the name of the person who is represented by the lexical-semantic group “specialist / master”.

The research stressed the importance of criminal protection of the right of private communication and indicated the extent of protection provided by positive laws، legislation and international and regional charters. In the first topic، the researcher dealt with which he divided into three demands، in the first requirement that is meant by the private life linguistically، while the second demand dealt with the meaning of privacy in Anglo-American jurisprudence، and in the third requirement، the focus was on privacy in Latin jurisprudence. As for the second topic، the first demand dealt with the scope of the right to private life، and the second demand was about the legal nature of the right to private life. In the third topic، he dealt with the invalidity of monitoring and recording private conversations، which divided it into three demands، the first demand of which dealt with the monitoring، and the second demand dealt with the reasons for the invalidity of monitoring and recording private conversations، and discussed in the third requirement about the payment of the invalidity of monitoring and recording private conversations.

Learning, but theories consider teaching an integrated process in which a group of factors overlap that affect it and determine the level of its success in achieving the goals set for it, and the dialectic of the relationship between the teacher and the student has continued to occupy theorists in educational sciences and teaching methods for years, as traditional theories placed the teacher at the top of the teaching pyramid, through his role as a source of information provided to students, and the responsibilities placed on his shoulders in controlling the class and directing the modern led to the emergence of a different view about that, as the learner according to it is the central link in the entire process, and around him revolve all its activities and events, and thus the teacher turns into a facilitator of education by managing the educational situation without limiting the activity and effectiveness of the learners.