ADAB AL-BASRAH

This research focuses on studying and analyzing the moral and behavioral image of Jarir in the poetry of his contemporaries Farazdaq and Al-Akhtal. The poets\\' concentration was on stripping Jarir of his inherent qualities and replacing them with traits that denigrate him among the Arabs, such as cowardice, low lineage, and ignoble descent, along with other traits steeped in belittlement and disparagement. All of this was an attempt by them to diminish all virtues attributed to Jarir, to undermine his psychological state, and to make him a subject of ridicule for their audience.

Conceptual blending is universal in the sense that it can be found in a variety of contexts, including ordinary life, literature, art, and scientific creation. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how this theory helps to reveal or identify the subtle elements of Arabic riddles. The study proved the assumption that conceptual blending is a fruitful method to analyze and understand the construction of Arabic riddles.

This study is an attempt to find out how the approach of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) plays the essential role in revealing the underlying ideologies in the discourse of the former American President Trump while addressing the American allies namely the NATO’s countries. It seeks to identify the referential strategies used by him during the time of referring to the American alliance system. The study involves data analysis of “Donald Trump’s Foreign Policy Speech, April, 27, 2016 – transcript”. It is available at https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/12/world/what-is-donald-trumps-foreign-policy.html Reisigl and Wodak’s (2001, p. 42) Referential Strategies are adopted to analyze the given data. The research design of this study is qualitatively oriented asking open-ended questions whose answers cannot be easily analyzed throughout numbers. The study arrives at certain findings. Firstly, the referential strategy of ‘collectivization’ is the most dominant in the whole speech; via this strategy, the ideology of ‘inclusion’ is disclosed. Secondly, the referential strategy of ‘specialization’ appears to be the second dominant strategy by means of which Trump tries to stress the ideology of ‘American devotion’ which he advocates. Thirdly, the referential strategy of ‘professionalism’ is also employed by him to stress the ‘incompetence of Obama’ (the Other) in managing certain strategic political issues.

This research focuses on demonstrating the correlation between sound and meaning through analyzing the phonetics of certain Quranic texts. It highlights the greatness and precision of the Quran in employing sound to express intended meanings with fluidity and eloquence in wording, which captivates hearts and minds. Additionally, the study aims to clarify the relationship between strong sounds used in contexts of strength and weak sounds used in contexts of weakness. It asserts that Quranic phonetics perfectly align with the intended meaning of each verse.

This paper analyzes the use of gradable adjectives in Ernest Hemingway\'s short story Hills Like White Elephants. Specifically, it focuses on the use of the adjectives such as for instance “fine\" as an example, and their implications in the dialogue between the two main characters, a couple who are discussing whether or not to have an abortion. The study explains that Hemingway\'s use of GAs as \"fine\" creates a sense of ambiguity and unease, underscoring the complexity of the characters\' emotions and the difficulty of making a decision that will have long-lasting consequences. Through close reading and analysis of the story, the study demonstrates how Hemingway\'s use of gradable adjectives contributes to the story\'s overall themes and the portrayal of the characters’ inner conflicts.

The research examines the method of negation, structured into an introduction and three main sections. It begins with a general introduction to negation within Arabic and Islamic sciences, discussing its key concepts. The first section outlines the pillars and types of negation according to classical and modern scholars. The second section clarifies the nature of negation, emphasizing it as a division of information rather than a statement, supported by eighteen proofs. The third section discusses twenty foundational principles of negation, concluding with key findings.

Translating cultural and figurative expressions necessitates deep awareness of both the source and target cultures, therefore facilitating cross-communication and fostering mutual understanding across various communities. The objective of this research is to analyze the dynamic equivalence of cultural expressions and terminologies in translation of the Iraqi novel Murder of the Bookseller. It seeks to identify and categorize various cultural phrases and terms within the text, employing theory outlined by Nida in 2001 to examine the specific forms of equivalence used in translation. The research approach adopted in this investigation relies on a descriptive qualitative analysis that provides thorough insights into the analyzed data. The findings reveal that translating cultural expressions in the novel can be classified into two clear-cut groups: dynamic equivalence and formal correspondence, indicating that dynamic equivalence, a key principle in translation theory, emerges as a pragmatic and efficient approach to be considered the most appropriate and authentic for accurately conveying the core concepts of the original text.

The theory of \"al-Aamal\" (the active element), as it is currently termed, garners considerable attention from modern linguistic scholars. It is often revisited and debated for various reasons, which may be linked to influences from modern Western methodologies, efforts towards grammar renewal or simplification, revisiting and assessing the efficacy of traditional grammatical methods, or other related factors.
This study examines key aspects related to \"al-Aamal\" in traditional Arabic grammar, elucidating the viewpoints of ancient scholars, highlighting their divergences, and exploring the primary reasons behind these differences. Additionally,

The Da Vinci Code, a controversial and highly debated novel written by American novelist Dan Brown in 2003, is one of the most thrilling and mysterious detective novels, and is considered a best-seller. The story revolves around the conflict between the Priory of Sion and the Opus Dei sect over the theory of the marriage and procreation of Christ and Mary Magdalene. It also features a professor of symbolism and a woman working in the field of cryptography. This paper examines how Brown reveals his opinions on the idea of the Holy Grail, exploring the complete story of this fabled cup. The research highlights the significance of the symbols related to the Grail’s possible location and their relation to Christ and Mary Magdalene.

This research focuses on exploring the scientific foundations that prompted Arabic linguists to adopt the concept of \\"al-Meezan\\" (the Exegetical) in Arabic morphological studies. The study revealed these foundations by detailing the principles of \\"al-Meezan\\" in Arabic linguistic analysis. It became evident that the choice of \\"al-Meezan\\" and the formulation of its principles aligned with the derivational nature of Arabic. \\"Al-Meezan\\" served as the preferred method used by early scholars to express scientifically concise and abstract changes affecting Arabic words. One of the major functions of \\"al-Meezan\\" was to elucidate the presumed origin and the changes occurring in Arabic words. Therefore, the study also critically examined criticisms from contemporary scholars, particularly critiques originating from modern phonological analysis.

This is a sociophonetic study of the intonational patterns of polite questions pronounced by men and women of various educational backgrounds. It examines the types of polite questions used in Iraqi Colloquial Arabic, I.C. henceforth, and their associated intonational patterns. Halliday and Greaves’s intonational system (2008) is adopted to auditorily analyse the participants’ speech. The study concludes that men and women of the three educational groups vary in the intonational patterns used on polite questions. Variation increases in the case of partly educated participants.

This research aims to study the simplification of Arabic grammar in the book (Arabic Language) for the sixth preparatory grade in Iraq, highlighting the impact of the simplification movement on the textbook. It traces the stages of its development and the changes that have occurred in the book, and seeks to understand the reasons behind these changes. To achieve this goal, the researcher chose the contemporary, modern version, specifically the second edition of the book from 2023, titled (Arabic Language), as it is the version currently used to teach Arabic grammar.

The narrative has intruded into our lives with its implications and motivations, where the term \"narrative\" is no longer confined to classical concepts that restrict it to the realm of story or tale. It has become a field through which the qualities of speech coherence and the pursuit of sequences manifest. The study delves into its extended architecture within its general statements. While each literary genre has distinctive characteristics that adhere to its structure, forming its internal systems according to its own rules, modernity has blurred the boundaries between the characteristics of literary genres. In response to these significant changes, poetry itself has adapted to expand and accommodate mechanisms of new genres such as story and novel. The poets\' resorting to drawing a new model of poetry, drawing from the data of other literary genres, enriched the essence of poetry and yielded its growth towards thematic elements, breaking away from the dominance of the lyrical character that had prevailed over poetry for centuries.

Appreciating texts is considered a high-ranking endeavor that an eager researcher strives for, preparing his mind with its landmarks to delve into the depths of meanings and uncover their hidden contents. Since rhetorical methods are the primary means of appreciating texts through conscious rhetorical reading, this research utilizes a rhetorical analysis as a method to reveal the signs of miraculousness and the secrets of rhetoric in high and sublime texts. The research is organized into an introduction, three sections, a conclusion, and a bibliography. A significant emphasis is placed on the practical aspect of appreciation because it is the ultimate goal of the research.

in Islamic history The relationship often seemed close between the geographical location and the historical , due to the association of one with the other.
And Al-Yamamah is one of these places with a deep historical dimension, before and after Islam, and its name after Islam was associated with a huge military event by all standards, which is the Battle of Al-Yamamah. After that, it contributed to giving the Muslims the ability to move from tribal wars with the apostates to the stage of the Islamic conquests, which gave the geographical area of the caliphate a huge expansion.

The roles of maidservants in Islamic society have evolved beyond mere entertainment and traditional household duties, encompassing professions that were once exclusive to them, such as managing households and performing various tasks, including singing and entertainment. Moreover, they undertook significant and perilous social and political roles that profoundly influenced society across all spheres of life. The study is structured with an introduction, two main sections, and a conclusion. The first section explores the traditional roles and occupations of maidservants during the Ayyubid era (569-626 AH / 1174-1228 AD).

Following the Communist victory in Laos and their assumption of power in late 1975, right-wing elements defeated in the aftermath began to organize armed resistance. This resistance aimed to counter the Communists who started pursuing senior officials of the former royal government, imprisoning many and imposing sanctions. The Hmong constituted a significant part of this resistance, forming a clandestine army led by leader Vang Pao. In 1981, Vang Pao and some right-wing leaders sought to reorganize a political front abroad.

During President Jimmy Carter's administration, the United States endeavored to reestablish diplomatic relations with Iraq. However, Iraq stipulated that this reengagement must include a commitment from the United States to refrain from interfering in the internal affairs of Arab nations and to help forge a just resolution to the Arab-Israeli conflict, addressing the aspirations of Arab peoples. Despite efforts by the US administration to convince Iraq of its sincerity, Iraq remained distrustful of American intentions. This skepticism played a significant role in preventing the resumption of diplomatic relations between the two countries. Consequently, US policy towards Iraq during this period did not yield the desired positive outcomes to foster bilateral relations.

This study sheds light on a significant period in Bahrain\'s political history during the mid-1940s. It marks an era characterized by increased British intervention in Bahrain\'s political, economic, and judicial affairs, facilitated through the British Resident in Bushire and the Political Agent in Bahrain. This intervention persisted until the discovery of Bahraini oil, which shifted the political dynamics in the Arabian Gulf. The discovery encouraged the United States, a strong ally of Britain, to compete with the latter for influence in Bahrain. Over a span of five years (1942-1947), the United States made repeated attempts to open a consulate in Bahrain. However, these efforts concluded with the British Resident and his government rejecting the presence of any competing state in Bahrain.

The research aims to reveal the extent of the impact of climatic characteristics on the comfort of workers in the oil fields of Basra Governorate by analyzing the climatic characteristics of the observed elements for the period between 2010 and 2021. The results showed that the summer months had the highest rates of heat gain values and the highest rates of daily sweating during both day and night. Regarding the bioclimatic comfort indicators, the outdoor temperature index for the monthly observations in July and August was at a high-risk level, while the months of September, May, and June were at a moderate-risk level. The rest of the months of the year were at a low-risk level (warning). In the daytime observations, July and August recorded a high-risk level, and the months of September, May, and June were also at a high-risk level. In contrast, April and October were classified as moderate-risk, and the remaining months appeared at a low-risk level (warning).

The elements of agricultural production are one of the important factors in determining the type, area, and quantity of agricultural crops. The current research aims to analyze the spatial elements of agricultural production in the district of Mahlabiyah and to understand the reasons for the variation in production quantities among the 30 districts in the study area. It also seeks to identify the natural and human factors that have significantly influenced this variation in the spatial distribution of livestock and agricultural production. Through the spatial distribution and analysis of livestock, which include sheep, goats, and cows, it was found that sheep rank first in terms of number, followed by goats and then cows. Mahlabiyah district is considered to have the highest number of livestock of all types, followed by the district of Adaiya. Regarding agricultural crops, wheat occupies the first place in terms of area in the study area.

The research focused on identifying the forested areas in northern Lathqiya province, classifying them by type, mapping the burned sites, monitoring the resulting damages, and determining the primary causes of wildfires. Records from the Latakia Forestry Department covering the period from 2013 to 2020 were utilized, along with 17 Landsat 8 satellite images with a spatial resolution of 30 meters from the same period. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies were also employed.
The study revealed that the majority of forested areas are located in the western part of the study area, totaling 201.17 km². It also documented a total of 227 forest fires during the period 2013-2020, resulting in a burned area of 5,905,147 m². According to the dNBR (difference Normalized Burn Ratio), fire damage was more severe in the central and eastern parts of the forest, as well as along its western edges, including the areas of Samra and Ras Al Basit, throughout most years of the study, especially in mountainous regions.

The nature of the role of the individual and the impact of society on the course of historical movement have occupied a significant space in the field of historical studies since the 19th century to the present day. The dilemma lies in the dialectical relationship between these concepts and their influence in shaping historical events. The role of the individual, represented by heroes and great figures, was well-established during ancient and medieval times. However, with the advent of the modern era and the advancements accompanying sciences and knowledge, especially historical knowledge through schools and various theories that sought precise and scientific interpretations of historical events to uncover truths as much as possible, the social school emerged as one of those intellectual currents attempting to explain historical knowledge based on collective logic and influence, apart from individual reasoning. This is particularly because the individual is ultimately a part of the society that endows them with that talent, leading to a new type of controversial debate among contemporary historians. Here, we aim to elucidate this intricate relationship in light of contemporary ideas.

This research serves as an exploration of a vital and significant topic with social, economic, political, and cultural dimensions. It aims to draw the attention of societal institutions towards actively promoting environmental awareness among community members. By fostering cultural awareness at both individual and group levels, we can strive to achieve environmental balance, discard prevalent harmful practices, and transition towards sustainable environmental practices across individuals, groups, and society.