Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences

This study was conduc????????d from February to June 2005 on 58 femal camel's, distribute between Basrah and Misaan provenances to estimation the effect of dam age and the season of lactation and vitamin C content .
Fameless were distributed according to their ages into 4 groups (6-8, 9- 11, 12-15, 16-18) yaers and (1-13) lactation season. Daily and monthly milk yield were calculated to investigate the effect of age and lactation season on milk yield and vitamin C content.
Results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in both daily and monthly milk yield, and amount of vitamin C in milk at ages ( 6-8, 9-11) years.A significant increase (P<0.05) in daily and monthly milk yield at second , 5th, and 6th lactation seasons was noticed . The study also revealed that a highly significant values (P<0.0 1) of vitamin C content were obtained at 5th ,6th , and 7th lactation season.
Correlation cofficients between daily / monthly milk yield and amount of vitamin C content were highly significant .

This study was conducted at Research Stational of Al????Shatra Technical Institute by using ( 150) Unsexed broilers at one day of age. Broiler were distributed rand9mly to five treatment with three replicates per treatment, and fed five ration contain 3 and 6% of vegetable oil or animal fat inaddition to control . to study the effect of these levels on the number of Red blood cells , Hemoglobin , Packed cells volume and Organolepic characterstic os slaughts that represented by Tenderness , Juiciness and Flavor.The results showed that using; 6% level of animal fat increased significant in hemoglobin ratio , number of red blood cells and
packed cell volume compared with bird that fed vegetable oil The tenderness was not affacted significantly in all treatment for thigh and breast parts While the juiciness and flavor increased signifcantly increased with increase ofvegetabie oil or animal fat levels compared with control birds

This study was done in the animal production department-agriculture collage-basrah university which aimed to find out the effect of dexamethasone which used as feed additive on blood parameters, some body organs and their ability to induce animal growth during 40 days, 20 male rabbits were used in this study.and gived 50 microgram /kgResults of this study revealed that Dx caused a significant increased in red blood cells (RB Cs), concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) and significant decrease in whit blood cells(WBC) and lymphocyte percentage also asignificant increased in neutrophiles percentage with significant changes in other differential Leukocyte percentages were noticed. Results also showed that using Dx feed additive, did not give any significant changes in Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). No such changes wear noticed in these parameters due to the periods of treatments.
Statistical analysis of the blood serum parameters revealed no significant impact of the Dx on total protein, whereas, Glutamic Oxaloacetic (GOT) and Glutamic Pyruvic (GPT) Transaminase enzymes, were significantly increased in their levels blood serum of treated animals as compared with control. Results of this study also showed that using the Dx as feed additives, improved significantly the weight gain in treated rabbits during first ten days, in comparison with control, but with increasing the periods of treatments, the weight gain was decreased significantly.
The study also explained the effect of the Dx on the weight percentage of some organs, it was apparent that giving the Dx drug to rabbits didn't showing any significant effect on weight of heart, spleen kidneys and empty secum, but high significant increased in percentage weight of the liver and testis was noticed. However, Dx drug caused high significant decreased in the stomach, full secum and adrenal gland weights in comparison with their weight in control group.

Lactobacillus acidophilus was used in processing of beef patties after cultivation and identification by biochemical tests. It was added to beef at percentage of 1 and 2%. Beef patties were made and stored at 0 , 3 and 5 days at 4 C. The results of the study revealed that addition of bacteria increase significantly percentage of moisture, fat and protein with significant decrease in ash percentage.Free fatty acids and peroxide value decreased with averages of 1.2% and 0.8% , respectively and a significant increase in total acid value with an average of 25%.Results showed a significant increase in all sensory properties which include flavor , tenderness , jucieness and overall acceptance in beef patties with an addition of 2% lactic acid bacteria. Beef patties stored for 3 days at 4 C was the best in all properties which get the higest grades by panelists.

The aim of this study is to tenderize the aged poultry meat using different
concentration of three types of herbal plants (saltwort, ginger,bayleaves) and
papine enzyme as control.
The results showed a significant increase in relative humidity (72%) with
saltwort, and in hydrogen number (7.03) while there was decrease in extract
release value in all treatments in comparison with control.
There were increase in total soluble nitrogen and soluble protein and non
protein nitrogen , with decrease in total tyrosin/tryptophan and protein and non
protein value in all treatments.
The organolyptic results showed a significant increase for all treatments with herbal plants, the sample treated with 20% saltwort gave a high grade for
tenderness, juiciness and general acceptable, and no significant differences were found with those treated with papine-enzyme.

The study was conducted in the field of animal production of the College of Agriculture/Department of Animal Production for the period from 9/1/2006 until 3/30/2006. It used 16-year-old Arab lamb, three months old and weighing 14 kg. The lambs were randomly divided into four groups. They were fed diets with different percentages of barley, and their weights increased. Lambs in the first treatmentLambs weight of first treatment increased significantly in comparison with other treatments lambs. This increase started from the day 30 till the end of the study. Group two obtained significant increase in dressing percentage, slaughter residuals, cuts weight except the tail' and bone and fat percentages. Weights ofliver and heart of the third treatment lambs significatly greater than that of groups. However, animals of third treatment got significantly lower kidney weight .Fat deposition was varied due to different treatment. Animals of treatment one, two and three deposit significantly more fat around heart , rumen, intestine and kidneys . Animals of third and fourth treatments recorded lower carcass length and leg width. Animals belong to treatment four showed lowest performance for all studied traits. The results also revealed a significant increase in WBC count of treatment four and PCV and Hb of group three at the 90 day.

This study was conducted in some private farms at Al-Hartha, Basrah province. Milk samples (384) were collected from 16 cows for six month after calving. The aim was to study the effect of calving season, month after parturition, parity and milking time on milk acetone. Effect of acetone levels on milk yield and its content was also studied. Overall mean of milk acetone 0.40 ±0.04 mmol/1 with a range of 0-1.39 mmol/1. Acetone level was significantly affected by calving season, parity and month after parturition. Summer calving exceeded winter calving. First and third parities were higher than fifth parity. First and second month after parturition showed higher levels than all other months. Acetone level also showed negative and significant correlations with milk yield and its content, but less than that showed by urea level. Correlations values ranged from -0.185 with fat% to -0.512 with daily milk yield. When milk samples divided into various levels of milk acetone groups, a significant effect was observed among different groups in six month and corrected milk yield. Low level groups obtained higher values. Fat%, protein% and moisture% did not show significant variation due to different levels of acetone. Multiple regressions were calculated between acetone levels and studied factors and milk yield and its contents. Acetone level showed significant regression on all factors except 1st and 4th months after parturition.

The concentrations of some trace elements, such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper, were studied in the pollen grains of three varieties of date palm (Ghanami Akdar, Green Ghanami, Red Ghanami, and Ordinary Ghanami). The results also showed that there is a significant difference in the concentration of (Fe).For Akdar sheep, red sheep and khikri. aggressive . So, Al-Ghanami Akdar obtained a significant increase in iron concentration (0.736%) compared to Al-Ghanami Red and Kahkri Adi (0.331% and 0.377%). Statistical analytical results showed that sheep confirmed had a significant increase in zinc concentration (0.524%) compared to other varieties (0.470% and 0.302%). The results of the statistical analysis showed that there was no significant effect of the varieties (Ghanami Akdar, Ghanami Red, and Khikri Adi). ) on the concentration of (copper).

The concentrations of some trace elements, such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper, were studied in the pollen grains of three varieties of date palm (Ghanami Akdar, Green Ghanami, Red Ghanami, and Ordinary Ghanami). The results also showed that there is a significant difference in the concentration of (Fe).For Akdar sheep, red sheep and khikri. aggressive . So, Al-Ghanami Akdar obtained a significant increase in iron concentration (0.736%) compared to Al-Ghanami Red and Kahkri Adi (0.331% and 0.377%). Statistical analytical results showed that sheep confirmed had a significant increase in zinc concentration (0.524%) compared to other varieties (0.470% and 0.302%). The results of the statistical analysis showed that there was no significant effect of the varieties (Ghanami Akdar, Ghanami Red, and Khikri Adi). ) on the concentration of (copper).

This study was conducted during winter season of 2004/2005 in desert area south of Iraq at Al - Burjesieh Experimental Researches. Station.
The aim was to test the resistant of six tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cultivars "Hatouf' , "Douna", "Super Mannande" , "Ginan", "Saria" and "Speedy" to yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV).
Results showed that "Hatouf" , "Douna" and "Saria" were resistant cultivars to this disease, the incidence percentage were 0.0% in the control and infection treatments at the nursery and field which reflect on the vigor of vegetative, flowering and yield growth comparing with "Super Marmande" ,11 Speedy" and "Ginan" the incidence percentage were (8.3% , 6.7% and 5.0%) in the control treatment at nursery and (66.7% , 63.3% and 55.0%) in infection treatments at the nursery respectably, whereas it became at the field treatment (68.3% , 55.0% and 43.35) in the control treatment and (86.7%, 78.3% and 75.0%) in infection treatmets which influenced in vegetative and flowering growth and caused loses in the yield production at a ratio 90.40%, 66.70% and 41.70% respectably.

The present study was carried out they fall season of 2004 and 2005 in a private farm in Alburgisia, Al-Zabiar of Basrah city to investigate the effect of pinching or spraying with naphalane acetic acid (NAA) (0, 50, l00mg/liter) and ethephon (500, I 000mg/liter) on growth and yield of water melon CV. Charleston Gray. The results showed that pinching and spraying .of both growth regulators head significant reduction in plant length both growing seasons and no. of leaves of 2004 season compared with control.
Pinching also caused a significant increase in no. side shoots at a ratio of (29.72 , 61.35%), sex ratio (70.00 , 72.72%), No. of fruits (16.66, 12.00%), fruit weight (32.41 , 30.80%), yield per plant and total yield per unit area (54.47,56.72%) compared with control on both growing seasons respectively. Whereas spraying of both growth regulators had no significant effect on yield characteristic in all compared with control.

An experiment was conducted during winter season of 2005-2006 in Agricultural field at Abu Al-Khassib District. Basrah Govemerate.The objective was to study the effect of plant spacing on growth behavior and yield of two pea cultivars (Pis um sativum L.).Experiment included 6 treatment combinations resulting from the interaction between three plant spacing (20 . 25 and 30 cm) and two pea cultivars (" Local" and " Lincoln Green Feast"). Complete Randomized Block Design was used with three replicates. Duncan's Multiple Range Test was used at probability of 0.05 to compare mean variations . Results can be summarized as follows:-
" Lincoln Green Feast" cultivar gave a significant increase in plant height( 68.83cm). pod length(6.80cm) and seed fresh weight/plant( 40.92g). The first spacing ( 2o cm) gave a significant increase in plant height(67.95cm) and total fresh yield(964.30 kg/donum). Whereas 30 cm spacing gave a significant increase in fresh weight/plant(32.25g). seed fresh weight/plant( 43.13g) and fresh yield/ plant(71.90g). Interaction between cultivars and plant spacing gave a significant effect in all vegetative growth and yield parameters except for dry matter/plant.

A chemotaxnomical study was carried out for eight species of the family chenopodiaceae . These species belong to six genera . Extraction, isolation and detection of compounds were also carried out for the alkaloids , flavonoids, tannins, phenols and saponins . Identification for these compounds depended on the relative flow and colour properties of these spots through out the use of UV. The results showed that , there are nine compounds of phenols and flavonoids in alcholic extracts, the sixth and seventh compounds existed in all of the eight species .Alcoholic extract of Aellenia subaphylla contained the largest number of compounds while Bienertia cycloptera extract contained the lowest number. Morever,The water extract gave eight compounds only, Haloxylon salicornicum contained the largest number which is five compounds.Cornulaca leucacantha gave a unique result because it contained only one compound.

The main objective of the study is to determine the correlation between the response of Tomato growers to innovated scientific techniques and some of their personal characteristics such as, age, level of education, level of economy, agricultural experience and civilization. The desert zone specialized in Tomato production in Karbala Governorate was chosen as population of study. The random sample included (540) respondents represented ( 15%) of the total number of the growers who were (3572) growers. Two types of questionnaires were developed. One of them devoted to measure the personal characteristics of the growers. The second one was to collect data pertaining the response of the researches to new varieties which consisted of ( 6) items; nursling which included (6) items; fertilization which consisted of (8) items. The data were collected during September 2005 and it continued26)days.The research revealed the there as significant correlation on level of (0.01) between the response of the growers to the studied techniques and; age, level of education, level of economy, civilization openness; while there was significant correlation between the response and agricultural experience but on (0.05) level of significant. It was recommended to consider the personal characteristics as function to the response of the growers to the new technology and consider these growers as start point to diffuse and adept new technologies.

The main objective of the study is to determine the correlation between the response of Tomato growers to innovated scientific techniques and some of their personal characteristics such as, age, level of education, level of economy, agricultural experience and civilization. The desert zone specialized in Tomato production in Karbala Governorate was chosen as population of study. The random sample included (540) respondents represented ( 15%) of the total number of the growers who were (3572) growers. Two types of questionnaires were developed. One of them devoted to measure the personal characteristics of the growers. The second one was to collect data pertaining the response of the researches to new varieties which consisted of ( 6) items; nursling which included (6) items; fertilization which consisted of (8) items. The data were collected during September 2005 and it continued26)days.The research revealed the there as significant correlation on level of (0.01) between the response of the growers to the studied techniques and; age, level of education, level of economy, civilization openness; while there was significant correlation between the response and agricultural experience but on (0.05) level of significant. It was recommended to consider the personal characteristics as function to the response of the growers to the new technology and consider these growers as start point to diffuse and adept new technologies.

Heat performance of indirect solar dryer with natural flow drying and its effect on some drying engineering properties, were studied and compared with natural sun drying and electrical drying using apricot, figs, grape and okra as a tested food stuff.
The studied properties were
lost heat energy (Watt) from all parts of solar dryer, total heat efficiency(%) during summer and winter, drying rate (gm water/gm db h), water activity, moisture diffusion coefficient (m2/s) drying constant (h-1) ,water retenti,;m coefficient and moisture percentage after retention (% ).
Results showed that the lost heat energy from solar collector was higher than other parts of the solar dryer, allso it was higher during summer than in winter. Total heat efficiency of solar dryer reached during summer 34% , while it reached 21 % during winter .
Results also revealed that the moisture diffusion coefficient , drying constant, water retention coefficient, and moisture percentage after retention was higher than using solar dryer in comparison with other tow methods. It also gave lower values of water activity of all dried food .

Heat performance of indirect solar dryer with natural flow drying and its effect on some drying engineering properties, were studied and compared with natural sun drying and electrical drying using apricot, figs, grape and okra as a tested food stuff.
The studied properties were
lost heat energy (Watt) from all parts of solar dryer, total heat efficiency(%) during summer and winter, drying rate (gm water/gm db h), water activity, moisture diffusion coefficient (m2/s) drying constant (h-1) ,water retenti,;m coefficient and moisture percentage after retention (% ).
Results showed that the lost heat energy from solar collector was higher than other parts of the solar dryer, allso it was higher during summer than in winter. Total heat efficiency of solar dryer reached during summer 34% , while it reached 21 % during winter .
Results also revealed that the moisture diffusion coefficient , drying constant, water retention coefficient, and moisture percentage after retention was higher than using solar dryer in comparison with other tow methods. It also gave lower values of water activity of all dried food .

Heat performance of indirect solar dryer with natural flow drying and its effect on some drying engineering properties, were studied and compared with natural sun drying and electrical drying using apricot, figs, grape and okra as a tested food stuff.
The studied properties were
lost heat energy (Watt) from all parts of solar dryer, total heat efficiency(%) during summer and winter, drying rate (gm water/gm db h), water activity, moisture diffusion coefficient (m2/s) drying constant (h-1) ,water retenti,;m coefficient and moisture percentage after retention (% ).
Results showed that the lost heat energy from solar collector was higher than other parts of the solar dryer, allso it was higher during summer than in winter. Total heat efficiency of solar dryer reached during summer 34% , while it reached 21 % during winter .
Results also revealed that the moisture diffusion coefficient , drying constant, water retention coefficient, and moisture percentage after retention was higher than using solar dryer in comparison with other tow methods. It also gave lower values of water activity of all dried food .

Heat performance of indirect solar dryer with natural flow drying and its effect on some drying engineering properties, were studied and compared with natural sun drying and electrical drying using apricot, figs, grape and okra as a tested food stuff.
The studied properties were
lost heat energy (Watt) from all parts of solar dryer, total heat efficiency(%) during summer and winter, drying rate (gm water/gm db h), water activity, moisture diffusion coefficient (m2/s) drying constant (h-1) ,water retenti,;m coefficient and moisture percentage after retention (% ).
Results showed that the lost heat energy from solar collector was higher than other parts of the solar dryer, allso it was higher during summer than in winter. Total heat efficiency of solar dryer reached during summer 34% , while it reached 21 % during winter .
Results also revealed that the moisture diffusion coefficient , drying constant, water retention coefficient, and moisture percentage after retention was higher than using solar dryer in comparison with other tow methods. It also gave lower values of water activity of all dried food .

This study revealed that sugar molasses was suitable media at concentrations of 12 and 18% to produce lactic acid by a local strain of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus at 45-50 C0, pH 6.0, and 72-96 h. of incubation. The amount of lactic acid was found 6.45-9.58 gm/I 00ml and the transferring efficiency was 69.01 % -70.81 % after 72-96h of fermentation at 45C0 and 6.99 -10.11 gm/ 100ml and transferring efficiency was 71.0% -72. 78% after 66-90h. at 50C0 of incubation.

Viability, fermentation activity and stability during storage of lactic acid bacteria after spray drying with different carrier material mixtures ( encapsulation material) including: 1- Gelatin+ Dextran + Skim Milk (GDS), 2- Arabic Gum + Dextran + Skim. Milk (GADS) and Arabic Gum + Gelatin + Skim Milk (GAGS) were student. The results of this study showed the out let air temperature 55C0 and 60C0 gave better viability to lactic acid bacteria during spray drying process as compared with 65, 70, 75 C0 • It was found that the mixture of carrier material using Arabic Gum + Dextran + Skim Milk (GADS) had better viability after spray drying and better stability under storage at 4C0, 30 C0 temperature, and best fermentation activity than other carrier material mixtures

MF Tractor model 285S was used to determine the effect of the mobility number (MN) on dynamic weight of the rear traction wheels and the effect of the mobility number on the tractor field performance draft force, rolling resistance, wheel slip aIJ,d traction efficiency. The experiments were conducted using moldboard plow to load the tractor at operating depth of 0.15 m. the tractor engine speed was set at 1500 rpm. Four forward speeds were used G1L(0.46m/sec), G2L(0.67m/sec), G3L(l.24m/sec) and GiL(l.54m/sec) in silty clay soil.
The mobility number was inversely related to the dynamic weight. The draft force, rolling resistance and tractor wheel slip decreased as the mobility number increased. However traction efficiency increased as the mobility number increased.

Double tines subsoiler was used to study the effect of the tractotforward speed and plowing depth on its draft force and specific resistance using three plowing depths 25,35 and 45 cm and three forward speed 0.27 ,0.31 and 0.52 m /sec in plowed and unplowed silty clay soils . The results indicated that there is a significantly increase in draft force with the tractor forward speed 44 % ,41 % and 40% for plowing depth 25,35 and 45 cm when the forward speed increased from 0.27 m/sec to 0.52 m/sec , respectively. The draft force also increased as plowing depth increase for all the forward speeds ,the unplowed soil draft force required was greater than plowed soil . The result also showed a significant increasing in the specific resistance as the forward speed increased , the forward speed 0.52 m/sec gave the highest specific resistance for all plowing depths .however , the specific resistance decreased as the plowing depths all forward speeds , the reduction in specific resistance was 35 % and 33 % when plowing depth increased from 25 cm to 45 cm in plowed and unplowed soils , respectively

The feeding relationships of thirteen carnivorous fishes from Iraqi marine waters, northwest Arabian Gulf were described from July 1998 to June 1999. The major food .items in the stomachs of each sp·ecies were determined adopting index of relative importance (IRI). l\,fost of species studied fed mainly on shrimps, fishes, crabs, bivalves and plank.tonic crustacean. The trophic niche breadth values were·ranging from 0.18 for Thryssa mystax to 0.99 for Otolithes rubber. Schoener's overlap 1ndex showed 44 significant diet overlaps between the species.
A "conceptual" food web structure indicates that fish species in the
















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study area can be classified into three groups: group 1 consisting six· species i.e. 0. ruber, Johnieops sina, llisha megaloptera, Arius tenuispinis, Terapon puta and Saurida tumbil fed mainly on fishes and shrimps; group 2 including Terapon theraps, T. mysta.,1:, Thryssa hamiltonii, Upeneus sulphureus, Polynemus sextarius and Johnius belangerii fed primarily on shrimps and the third group consisting Cynoglossus are! fed mostly on bivalves

The effects [of three feeding levels (5, 10 and 15)% of fish weight on food conversion rate (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of juvenile white-spotted rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus Park, 1797)) were studied in aquariums fish laboratory of Sammaliah Island-Abu Dhabi during first May to 30 June of 2001. Statistical analysis proved that there are significant differences between FCR (2.46, 1.98 and 4.77) and SGR (1.97, 3.44 and 3.22) for white-spotted rabbitfish reared at different feeding levels (5, 10 and 15) % respectively. The effects of three fish density (40, 80 and 120) fish/m3 of fingerlings on FCR and SGR were studied in floating cages of Sammaliah Island during 3rJ July to 20- November of 2002. Statistical analysis proved that there are significant differences between FCR (2.12, 2.52 and 1.71) and SGR (2.07. 2.23 and 2.75) for white-spotted rabbitfish reared at different feeding densities (40, 80 and 120) fish/m3 respectively. It has been found that I 0% feeding level and density of 120 fish/m3 give better results from economical point of view.

X-ray fluorescence technique is employed to determine lead , zine and iron concentrations in air particulates samples collected from Baghdad Al-Jededa site using high volume air sampler.
The average concentrations of Pb , Zn and Fe are 0.86, 0.105 and I 0.88 µg / m3 respectively. It is found that these elements were emitted from more than one source and their high concentrations reflects the highly polluted of Baghdad ambient air.