Engineering and Technology Journal

This work studies the protection from corrosion in the inner surface of petroleum storage tanks by applying nano-coating on the AISI1018 steel type used in these tanks. BNi-2 alloy, used as coating layer, was deposited using the DC sputtering technique to obtain protection layers of nano-coating. The cyclic potential dynamic polarization technique is used to study and evaluate the resistant metal to localize corrosion, for example, pitting and crevice corrosion. The samples were evaluated in a 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution using the polarization method to determine the corrosion rate. The input parameters of deposition included ion current 16 mA, vacuum 10-1 mbar, time of deposition was 60 minutes, and the distance between target and substrate was 2.5 cm. The surface roughness of the uncoated specimens was (0.1466 μm), and after coating, it decreased to (0.0933μm). The most important factor that affects the corrosion of the coated steel surface is the surface topography of steel before coating, as it is known that the spattering process coats the facing surface to target better than the inclined surface topography. Therefore, some micro scratches non-coated well worked as
nucleation for corrosion as detected in stereo microscope images for coated and
uncoated surfaces. By calculating the corrosion rate from cyclic potential
dynamic polarization for coated and uncoated workpieces, pitting and crevice
corrosion improved approximately ten times compared to the uncoated AISI1018
steel surface

In this work, the cyclic expansion extrusion (CEE) process was applied to
ZK60 Mg alloy. The correlation between the evolved microstructure and
mechanical properties was investigated. The CEE process was performed
at a constant ram speed (15 mm/min) and at different processing
temperatures (190, 270, and 350 °C). Optical and scanning electron
microscopes, X-ray diffraction instruments, Vickers hardness tester, and
tensile testing machine were utilized to examine the influence of CEE
processing temperature on the characteristics of ZK60 Mg alloy. The XRD
analysis showed that two phases were presented in the matrix of ZK60 Mg
alloy, namely α-Mg and MgZn2, in small amounts. The CEE process
reduced the size of α-Mg grains due to dynamic recrystallization,
especially at the processing temperature of 190 °C. A slight coarsening of
the α-Mg grains was observed with increasing processing temperature to
270 and 350 °C. The hardness value of ZK60 Mg alloy was enhanced by
about 11 to 19% using the CEE process compared to the as-extruded
sample. The processing temperature greatly affected the mechanical
properties, where a significant improvement of about 24% yield strength,
9% ultimate tensile strength, and 38% elongation was observed using a
processing temperature of 190 °C. The characterization of the tensile
fracture surface of the tested samples indicated that the ductile-brittle
fracture mode was responsible for the failure.

One of the polymeric membranes' main limitations is their susceptibility to fouling,
lowering the membrane's performance with time. Therefore, incorporating
nanomaterials in polymer matrices has attracted great attention in wastewater
treatment applications. It's a promising approach for enhancing membrane
hydrophilicity and performance. Herein, ultrafiltration nanocomposite
membranes were synthesized by applying the phase inversion method through
immobilizing (0.1-0.4 wt.%) tungsten oxide (WO2.89) nanoparticles in a polyether
sulfone (PES) matrix. Membrane's anti-fouling performance was evaluated against
tinzaparin sodium. The data showed that the pure water flux improved with
increasing nanoparticle loading, reaching its optimum value of 54.9 kg/m2 h at 0.4
wt.% WO2.89 nanoparticles compared to the neat membrane's 30.42 kg/m2 h. The
results also demonstrated that the rejection efficiency and flux recovery ratio
(FRR) against tinzaparin sodium was enhanced, by 44.89% and 12.69%,
respectively, for the membranes modified with 0.4wt.% WO2.89 nanoparticles
loading compared to the neat PES membrane. The data also showed that after
exposing the nanocomposite membranes to UV light irradiation (λ=365 nm) and
intensity (1200mW/cm2) for 1h, a further enhancement by 8.34% in FRR as
compared to the membranes with the same percentage of nanoparticles loading
without irradiation. It is concluded that the photocatalytic activity of WO2.89
nanoparticles in the decomposition of organic molecules on/close to the membrane
surface was the impact that caused this improvement in membrane anti-fouling
property.

A pulsed Nd:YAG laser with a fiber optic delivery system was used to accomplish
a dissimilar joining of 316 stainless steel (SUS316) to polyethylene terephthalate
(PET). Laser Conduction Welding (LCW) was applied as a welding technique to
achieve a lap metal/polymer joint by applying the laser from the metal side. The
heat was transferred from the metal layer to the polymer layer, which caused the
melting and then solidifying of the polymer at the interface. The effect of three
welding parameters, laser energy density, pulse duration, and welding speed, on
joint force, was studied and discussed. To measure the joint force tensile shear test
was conducted. Furthermore, the Taguchi method was used as a design experiment
method to optimize the welding parameters by designing an orthogonal L9 matrix.
The signal-to-noise ratio of each trial was calculated and plotted. The best welding
parameters that gave the highest joint force were achieved. The maximum tensile
force obtained was 525 N at 250 J/cm2 energy density, 15 ms pulse duration, and
20 mm/min welding speed. Finally, the comparison between the weakest and the
strongest joints was carried out to show the difference between welding with the
optimal parameters and any other set of parameters.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is one of the important biomaterials in the medical field,
especially in bone treatment, because of its biological properties close to human
bone. A simple co-precipitation technique was used to integrate neodymium and
zinc into HA by adding neodymium nitrate and zinc nitrate as a source of
substituted elements during synthesis through the wet precipitation method with
controlled temperature and pH. Finally, substituted HA was sintered at 800°C after
completing the biomaterial preparation. The resulting Nd-Zn/HA was globe-like
with nanoparticle size. The Ca+Nd+Zn/P ratio was equal to 1.63, which is
relatively close to the molar ratio of bone. Also, the ability of Nd-Zn/HA to cause
apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells was discovered. The anti-tumor actions are
amplified when increasing the concentration of substituted HA. Therefore, Nd-
Zn/HA is a potentially effective biomaterial in osteosarcoma treatment.
Meanwhile, it has antibacterial and fungicidal properties against Staphylococcus
aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, and
Candida albicans—one of the important properties required in biomaterials to
protect the part that is being treated after the biomaterial is implanted inside the
body. The inhibition zone of Nd-Zn/HA ranged between (20-31)mm, much higher
than gentamicin and nystatin.

In the mobile robot workplace, the path planning problem is crucial. Robotic
systems employ intelligence algorithms to plan the robot's path from one point to
another. This paper proposes the fastest and optimal path planning of the wheeled
mobile robot with collision avoidance to find the optimal route during wheeled
mobile robot navigation from the start point to the target point. It is done using a
modern meta-heuristic hybrid algorithm called IPSOGWO by combining
Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) with Grey Wolf Optimizer
(GWO). The principal idea is based on boosting the ability to exploit in PSO with
the exploration ability in GWO to the better-automated alignment between local
and global search capabilities towards a targeted, optimized solution. The
proposed hybrid algorithm tackles two objectives: the protection of the path and
the length of the path. During, Simulation tests of the route planning by the hybrid
algorithm are compared with individual results PSO, IPSO, and GWO concepts
about the minimum length of the path, execution time, and the minimum number
of iterations required to achieve the best route. This work's effective proposed
navigation algorithm was evaluated in a MATLAB environment. The simulation
results indicated that the developed algorithm reduced the average path length and
the average computation time, less than PSO by (1%, 1.7%), less than GWO by
(1%, 1.9%), and less than IPSO by (0.05%, 0.4%), respectively. Furthermore, the
superiority of the proposed algorithm was proved through comparisons with other
famous path planning algorithms with different static environments.

The study investigates the effect of polycaprolactone (PCL) concentration on the
metformin hydrochloride (MH) release ratio of electrospun nanofiber scaffolds.
Blend and emulsion electrospinning are used to produce the scaffolds. The
performance of nanofibrous scaffolds was evaluated by morphology (Field
Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, FESEM), chemical (Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy, FTIR), thermal (Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC),
wettability, porosity, mechanical tests, and in vitro drug release. The average fiber
diameter ranged from (189.29-2893.93 nm) according to the FESEM results, and
it increased with PCL concentration. The average fiber diameter of the electrospun
scaffold, prepared by the blend method (259.64±6.1 nm), is lower than that of the
electrospun scaffold produced by the emulsion method (487.45±22.53 nm).
Melting points of all drug-loaded scaffolds were identical to those of pure PCL
polymer. Compared with blend electrospun nanofibers, emulsion electrospun
nanofibers showed a marked increase in hydrophilicity. The tensile strength
indicated an improvement in the mechanical properties with a decrease in the
average fiber diameter. Moreover, the results show that the release of Metformin
hydrochloride decreases with the concentration of polycaprolactone. Total MH
release from (5% w/v) PCL-MH fibrous scaffolds for three-week was 71.11 % and
93.91 % from the emulsion and blend methods, respectively. The drug release ratio
is lower in emulsion electrospinning than in blend because the drug is encapsulated
by polymer and surfactant, which improves control and long-term drug delivery
system DDS

A full-dimensions 3-D numerical model based on the Lagrangian approach has
been employed to predict the peak temperature and the plastic strain distribution
in the FSW of (AA5754) joints using ABAQUS software. The material’s model
utilizes the classical plasticity model in addition to defining the thermophysical
properties of the alloy using JMatPro software to increase the accuracy of the
numerical results. The basic variables of FSW were three rotational speeds (930,
1460, and 1860 rpm) and three traverse speeds (35, 65, and 95 mm/min). The
influence of the rotational and traverse speed on temperature profile and plastic
strain has been studied. The simulation results showed that increasing the
rotational speed led to increasing the peak temperature, which concentrated under
the tool’s bottom surface while increasing the traverse speed decreased the peak
temperature recorded. The highest peak temperature was (497 oC) at a rotational
speed of (1860 rpm) and a traverse speed of (35 mm/min). It was also found that
the rotational speed increased the plastic strain starting from the tool’s neck and
continuing along the pins’ position and gradually decreasing towards the bottom.
In addition, a V-shape pattern has appeared in the temperature distribution across
the workpiece’s cross-section, representing the heat loss during the FSW by the
backplate due to heat conductance

To increase the erosion resistance of 2024 Al alloys, plasma nitriding surface
treatment was used. Nitrogen and argon gases are injected into an evacuated
chamber until the pressure reaches 15 Pa. The process requirements for normal
plasma nitriding were heating at 440˚C for 8 hours, low voltage of 650 V, current
of 25 mA, low gas consumption, and no air pollution. A continuous nitriding layer
of AlN was formed. The microhardness reached a maximum value of 170 HV,
about 3 times higher than that Al melts at, is transported upward through voids and
capillaries in the AlN structures, and reacted with N plasma in the melt surface.
The growth of the AlN structures promotes this transport of un-nitride alloy
subjected to the same heat treatments. As a result, the erosion rate of the nitrided
samples decreased by 10% when compared to the ones that are not nitrided.

Recently, geopolymers have received widespread attention due to their ability to
completely replace ordinary cement with better efficiency, lower cost, and less
damage to the climatic environment. This paper aimed to prepare MK-based
geopolymer cement at ambient temperature with different alkaline activators and
processing parameters. XRD, PSA, DTA-TGA, SEM, and other techniques have
characterized the prepared samples. ANOVA test was employed to identify the
main effect of the processing parameters. Results showed that the incorporation of
potassium ions has a negative effect on the physical properties of GP, in which the
presence of such ions tends to decrease the density of GP. Furthermore, the
apparent porosity and water absorption were increased. For Na and K, Naactivated
GP, it was also concluded that the density of GP increases by increasing
Si/Al ratios. Despite the Na-based GP processes having a larger density in
compared to the K, Na-based ones. The results also suggested a strong effect of
the W\MK ratio on physical properties, in which decreasing this ratio is necessary
to achieve GP with better properties. The findings also revealed that a one-minute
mixing period was sufficient for producing a homogeneous and dense GP paste.

SMAs can switch from one crystallographic structure to another in response to
temperature or stress stimuli. When SMAs are exposed to mechanical cyclic stress,
they can absorb and discharge mechanical energy by experiencing a reversible
hysteretic shape change. SMAs are widely used for sensing, actuation, impact
absorption, and vibration damping. This work studied the effect of CeO2 addition
on the transformation temperature and wear resistance of Cu-Al-Ni SMAs.
WhereCeO2 was added at different percent’s 0.5, 1, and 3 wt% to the base alloy,
followed by casting and homogenization at 900oC. Some tests were carried out:
Differential scanning calorimeter, Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron
microscopy, Energy dispersion spectrometer, X-Ray Diffraction, and Wear and
Hardness tests. OM and SEM tests reveal that both phases of martensite β and γ
are found. Also, the additions of CeO2 show a visible effect on phase formation
and transformation temperatures. It was observed that increasing of CeO2 particles
in Cu-based SMAs owing to improve interfacial bonding between matrix and
reinforcement and also observed that the variants become thicker with increasing
in percent. Additions of different percentages of cerium oxide increase the
hardness of Cu-Al-Ni SMAs. Due to the addition of CeO2 particles, the sample's
wear rate decreases compared to pure SMAs.

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing (AM) process
often used to build geometrically complex prototypes and parts. It is becoming
more popular since it improves products by eliminating the need for high-priced
equipment. Materials, printing methods, and printing variables all impact the
mechanical characteristics of printed items. The process parameters of FDM affect
the parts' quality and functionality. This study examines the influence of different
infill patterns on test specimens made of polylactic acid (PLA) tensile strength.
Total of 10 different infill patterns (IPs): Grid, Lines, Triangles, Tri-Hexagon,
Cubic, Gyroid, Zig-zag, Concentric, Octet, and Cubic subdivision were taken as
process variables. Samples were printed using processing parameters (speed 60
mm/s, layer height 0.1 mm, infill density 80%, extruded at 200◦C). The ASTM
D638 tensile test was used to determine the tensile strength based on this printing
parameter. According to tensile test results, the infill pattern significantly affects
the tensile strength. The results showed that the concentric infill pattern has a
higher tensile strength of 32.174 MPa, whereas

Zirconia toughened alumina (Biolox delta) is a new-generation ceramic with four times the strength of alumina alone, used in artificial joints. The composite ZTA, consisting of 82 wt. %Al2O3, 17 wt. % ZrO2, 0.5 wt. % Cr2O3, and 0.5 wt. % SrO, was made using the sol-gel process, starting with salts. To investigate the effects of MgO on the ZTA microstructure, two concentrations (0.25 and 0.5 wt. %) of MgO were added to biolox during gelation to study the ZTA microstructure. Powders were sintered in the air for 2 hrs. at 1450 ºC. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) were used to characterize sintering powders. ZTA + xMgO structural characteristics differ from pure ZTA's. According to XRD calculations, grainsize decreased from 41.82 nm to 31.88 and 26.83 nm with increasing MgO concentration, but the specific surface area (SSA) increased from 40.63 to 54.79 m2/gm while crystallization improved. SEM examination shows the composite has a homogeneous dispersion of shaped particles. The EDX test shows the composite's homogeneous element distribution. ZTA+ xMgO powders were more antibacterial

he demand for carbon brushes with specific properties and improvements in
production economics in recent years has led to increased interest in metalgraphite
composites. Metal matrix composites are considered excellent materials
to obtain properties superior to those of the constituent phases and meet the
specific requirements of material application. In the present study, we suggested a
new composite material by utilizing nanomaterials to improve the properties of
metal-graphite composite material usually used as carbon brushes. This has been
achieved by adding different percentages of 0.1-0.5wt % of carbon nanotubes,
carbon nanospheres, or both to the metal matrix composite. The samples were
prepared by powder metallurgy technique. The XRD results gave a sharp line and
indicated a high crystalline structure and little amorphous, which improved the
conductivity performance of the composite produced within the structure of this
work. The density measurement chart results showed an increase in the amounts
of the carbon nano additives leading to a decrease in the density of the sample. The
investigation of nano additives

Recycling consumed commercial polymers is considered a highly important issue
that chemists and engineers must take care of to develop the proper recycling
techniques. The main objective of this study is to find a radical solution to the
problems of plastic waste by recycling plastic waste (water bottles) and studying
the effect of the produced Degraded Polyethylene Terephthalate (DPET) on the
properties of paints. DEPT was added in six quantities to the paint mixture (1, 3,
4, 5, 7, and 14 grams). The paints were evaluated using various tests, including
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), viscosity, adhesion, brightness, color,
ultraviolet reflectance, and accelerated weathering. Testing the paint mixtures
showed that the samples were not affected by weather conditions. This indicates
the improvement of the paint mixtures by adding quantities of DPET. This study
concludes that the catalyst ratios used succeeded in cracking DPET and avoided
the need for large quantities of the catalyst. The use of DPET in various material
applications reduces the cost due to the low cost of DPET production. The use of
PET in sustainable applications conferred a radical solution to plastic waste
problems worldwide. In this work, mixing plastic waste products, after their
treatment, in the preparation of paint mixtures successfully contributed to
improving the required

The present paper investigates the nanomaterial coatings effect on turbine blades
by laser processing. The present paper explores the impact of laser cladding
parameters on the corrosion behavior of the resulting surface. Powders of Inconel
600 were deposited on the steel substrate. The surface can be thought of as the
most important part of every engineering component. Unlike the rest of the
component's volume, the surface is exposed to wear and becomes the place where
most cracks form and corrosion initiates. Corrosion is one of the most harmful
problems affecting turbine blades. In the current investigation, coating
nanomaterials, namely Inconel 600, have been used to resist corrosion. The
specimens of tests have been obtained from the part of the turbine blades in Al-
Doura Station, located south of Baghdad. These specimens are separated into two
groups: The 1st group is received specimens, and the 2nd group is with
nanoparticle coating, including Inconel 600 coating applied by laser cladding. The
procedure of cladding was implemented utilizing the following parameters :(11 j)
pulse energy, (6 Ms.) pulse width, (12 Hz) pulse frequency, (132 W) laser average
power, and (1.83 KW) laser peak power. The results show that the microstructure
of steels after laser processing is greatly refined with equiaxed grains and

Choosing a suitable supplier of materials and equipment in the healthcare sector is
essential because it directly affects the patient's health and the organization's
effectiveness and quality of services. Moreover, studies on supplier ranking are
few in the field of health, particularly in the dental sector. For this purpose, an
integrated fuzzy (AHP-TOPSIS) model has been developed for supplier ranking
in the dental sector. The F-AHP is used to evaluate the importance of criteria, and
then the F-TOPSIS method is applied to the supplier ranking process. A real case
study is conducted on dental composite filling suppliers. Six evaluation criteria are
identified, and five potential suppliers are selected through a direct interview with
a group of experts. Then a questionnaire is applied to 12 experts (dentists) to rate
the importance of evaluation criteria and to evaluate suppliers based on evaluation
criteria. Evaluating the importance of criteria using F-AHP indicated that quality
is the most important criterion. It has a weight of 0.22, followed by esthetic and
durability with a weight of 0.21 for both. Moreover

Bone plates are essential for bone fracture healing because they modify the
biomechanical microenvironment at the fracture site to provide the necessary
mechanical fixation for fracture fragments. This paper addresses the use of
composite bone plates in healing long-bone fractures such as transverse fractures
of the femur. However, stress shielding in the bone due to metal plates can be
reduced by designing implants with Bio-composites that involve Ultra high
molecular polyethylene reinforced (UHMWPE) with Nano hydroxyapatite (n-HA)
and Nano titanium dioxide (n-TiO2) particles at different weight fraction
(0,1.5,2.5,3.5and 4. 5%) and 5% of carbon and Kevlar fibers. FRIT spectrum was
used to identify the incorporation between the matrix and Nano particles, and the
shifting in main peaks confirmed the good cross-linking within the composite
structure. The specimens thus prepared were subjected to a compression test,
hardness test, and density. The results indicated that UHMWPE+4.5%n-HA+CF
hybrid biocomposite has the highest compressive strength and hardness properties.
In contrast, UHMWPE+4.5%TiO2+CF has the highest density, which increased
with increasing percentages of weight fraction of Nano-particles, where the
compression strength 53 MPa, hardness property ranges 65.6 shore D, and density
1.09 (g/cm3). According to the current study's findings, it is possible to create biocomposites
as internal fixation device

Epoxy–nanoceramic composites of BiVO4 (BVO), LaNbO4 (LNO), and Li6Mg7Ti3O16 (LMT) were prepared using the solvent mixing method. The ceramic nano-fillers volume fractions were (5, 8, 10, and 12%). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to investigate the crystal structure and size distribution of nanoceramics, respectively. The dielectric constant and loss tangent were measured in the frequency range of (4-8) GHz. The measurement technique was the waveguide approach via a Vector Network analyzer (VNA). The effect of the volume fraction of ceramic fillers on the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the composites at 5.28 GHz (5G) was investigated. This work aims to design composite materials for 5G antennas of lower cost while maintaining the properties of 5G antennas. The results show that an optimum volume fraction of the ceramic filler brings the dielectric properties to their best value. However, epoxy composite with a 5% volume fraction of LMT shows good microwave dielectric properties (dielectric constant = 2.17 and loss tangent = 0.011) at 5.28 GHz. In addition, epoxy- LMT composite with an exceptionally low volume fraction of 5% provides a low-cost material for a 5G antenna. Another aspect of the cost reduction is the elimination of the costly and troublesome compaction and high-temperature sintering process. Furthermore, the epoxy composite overcomes the disadvantages of the high brittleness of the sintered all-ceramic