Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences

The purpose of the research is to know (the effectiveness of instructional – learning design according to the independent study in coordination thinking among distinguished students in Mathematics), the null hypothesis has been put to confirm the goal of the research : (There is no statistical indication on the level of (0.05) between the scores' average of the experimental group students, who have been taught the suggested material according to the instructional – learning design according to the independent study, and the scores' average of the standard group students, who have been taught the same material according to the usual method in the coordination thinking test).
This research sample consists of (60) students of the scientific fourth grade from Al- Thura preparatory school for distinguished, which goes under the supervision of Holy Karbala directorate of education, for the year of (2020-2021). The students have been divided into two groups (experimental and standard).
The researcher prepared the coordination thinking test according to the specific skills and characteristics of the research community, represented by scientific fourth-grade for distinguished students in terms of their ability and mental abilities, the test included (30) paragraphs of the objective and essay type.
This experiment was applied in the first semester of (2020-2021), when the researcher taught the two groups (experimental and standard) then applied the coordination thinking test and came up with the following results after collecting and statically analyzing the data.
There is a difference of statistical indication in the level of (0.05) between the scores' average of the experimental group students, who have been taught the suggested material according to the instructional – learning design according to the independent study, and the scores' average of the standard group students; who have been taught the same material according to the usual method, for the benefit of the experimental group in the coordination thinking test, the researcher concluded that teaching according to the instructional – learning design according to the independent study, including the procedures and activities it contains, has a great influence on the coordination thinking test, and this indicates its role in improving students’ level of thinking.

The current research aims to identify the impact of educational design according to the activities of the v-a-r-k model on the lateral thinking of fourth grade scientific students, and to achieve this goal, the research community was selected from fourth grade scientific students in secondary and preparatory schools affiliated to the General Directorate of Education of Salah Al-Din for the for the academic year (2020-2021), as the research sample was intentionally selected from the students of Al-Dujail Preparatory School for Girls and consisted of (180) students distributed over five divisions, Two divisions were selected by the researchers in a random manner, as the number of students in them (73) students, and after excluding the students who failed statistically, the number of members of the final sample became (63) students have been distributed between two groups, one of them: experimental consisted of (32) students and the other officer consisted of (31) students, and to ensure the internal safety of the experiment, the two groups were rewarded with variables (chronological age, previous knowledge, intelligence). The researchers adopted the (Al-Saadi, 2017) for its suitability
for the research sample and its community, and the results.

The possible self is one of the areas of self-knowledge, and searching for possible selves and effective performance with victims of stressful life events is very important. The study found that people in the low recovery group had a smaller number of positive possible selves compared to the control recovery groups, where the possible selves were related to It was also found that juvenile delinquents had significantly more negative potential selves than non-delinquent children, and behaviors related to health and perceived health were linked to the presence of related selves. With health
Negative cognitions (including negative self-concept and pessimism) and negative motivation (including loss of interest in activities) are also major areas of depressive symptoms, although the relationship between negative affect and how individuals envision themselves in the future, positive selves, coping skills, and depression. Possible negativity has a direct impact on depression because depressed individuals have negative perceptions of the self, , and the world (Beck et al, 1979, p. 343).
The low potential self of an adult and elderly individual exposes him to many problems that hinder his psychological and social adjustment and reflects negatively on his behavior and body. An individual who is unable to express his negative feelings in situations that require it will feel dissatisfied and will be vulnerable to psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety, loneliness, and social anxiety. And conflict, which affects the Possible Selves and provides us with a link between knowledge and motivation. Also, the Possible Selves are cognitive components that include hope, fear, goals, and threat The researcher relied on the definition of Marcus and Nurius (1986) as a theoretical definition for the current research because it relied on their theoretical framework. The researcher applied the current research tool to a sample of employees consisting of (400) male and female employees in the Iraqi state ministries, where the researcher prepared a scale. For possible selves, it consists of several studies in addition to the researcher’s conclusions from the theoretical framework of some items, based on the theory of Marcus and Nurius (Markus and Nurius, 1986). He prepared (40) items distributed among three factors, and after statistical procedures, (7) items were deleted, and then it became a scale. Possible selves consists of (33) paragraphs

False consciousness is one of the most important problems facing the progress of individuals and peoples, the development of their capabilities, and the development of their potentials. lt does not have two aspects. Either it is the justification for the ruling regimes and the actions they carry out, such injustice and injustice against their people, or it is the product of authority and its creation. Therefore, it contributes to the absence of social justice. The occurrence of problems and tragedies in many peoples who continue to fall behind due to false consciousness is therefore an urgent problem for every human being, just as it is a problem for every society.
Research results: The presence of false consciousness, is high and statistically significant among graduate degree holders (employees and non-employees). At a significance level (0.05).
Research objectives: The research aims to identify.
The first objective: to measure false consciousness among graduate degree holders according to the variables of gender, academic achievement, and evaluate its statistical significance.
The research method: the descriptive, correlational method. Research sample: (400) graduate degree holders for the year 2021-2022 at the universities of Baghdad and AI-Mustansiriya, and the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs.
Keywords: False Consciousness

The absence of Vigilance monitoring among university students in the inabililty to maintain attention and focus , and then falls into many mistakes and risks , unconscious preoccupation , and behavioral lapses and mistakes that affect the lives of individual.Vigilance Monitoring is a method many health and academic problems . Vigilance monitoring is a method that provides the individual with objectivity and proactivity that contributes to supporting a culture of facing risk and the ability to evaluate them .

Comparison to experience: The topic of organizational communication is one of the topics that has received great attention in the field of administrative and organizational psychology for the purpose of studying the behavior of workers in organizations regardless of their personalities and the nature of their work. Poor communication between employees in institutions reduces their participation and commitment within them and their making of important decisions in developing the nature of their work.
The research aimed to identify the level of organizational communication among employees in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. As well as identifying differences in organizational communication according to the variable of gender (male, female). To achieve the objectives of this research, a random sample with a proportional distribution of males and females from the employees of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research was selected, and its number reached (400) male and female employees. They are distributed among (145) employees, representing 36%, and the number of female employees reached (255), representing 64% of the research sample, according to the gender variable (males, females). The research tool was prepared based on the cooperative system theory of Bernard 1968. The research reached the following results: The employees of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research have organizational communication. There is no statistically significant difference in the gender variable between males and females in organizational communication.
The research came out with a set of recommendations, including directing the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research to the Research and Development Department to hold ongoing workshops and seminars to train its functional cadres more broadly to develop their administrative capabilities.
She suggested conducting a study between organizational communication and some variables such as social interaction, collective behavior, and creativity development

• The level of truancy among middle school students.
• The difference in the correlation relationship in truancy among middle school students based on the gender variable (males - females).
The current research focuses on studying truancy among middle school students in the Directorate of Education - Karkh/1. The study sample consisted of 200 male and female students. The researcher relied on Raymond Boudon's theory in constructing and interpreting truancy. The validity of the scale was ensured through face validity after presenting the scale to a group of experts. The scale's reliability was confirmed through test-retest method. The scale consisted of 20 items. The researcher used appropriate statistical methods for data analysis, as well as utilized the statistical package (SPSS) for data analysis. The current research reached the following results:
1. The sample individuals exhibit truancy.
1. There are statistically significant differences in the truancy scale, favoring males.
The current research provides several recommendations and suggestions

The current study aimes at Academic Dishonesty, as well as identifying the search for Sensation seeking university students. The two researchers built a scale of academic dishonesty and translated Zuckerman's Sensation seeking scale (2010) and applied them to a sample of university students amounting to (400) male and female students. The results of the research indicated that university students tend to violate academic dishonesty. The results also indicated that university students tend to Sensation seeking, and there is a soft relationship between the two variables, and the results indicated that there is a contribution between the research variables, and the research reached some recommendations and suggestions.

The effectiveness of the three-step interview strategy and the progressive deepening strategy in developing reflective thinking skills and historical empathy among fifth grade literary students.
The research aims to identify (the effectiveness of the three-step interview strategy and the progressive in-depth study in developing reflective thinking skills and historical empathy among fifth grade literary students).
The researcher followed an experimental design of the type of partial control design for three groups (the two experimental groups and the control group) with a post-test and a pre-test.
The researcher intentionally chose the second directorate of education of Karkh / Baghdad from among the six directorates of education, and in a random way, the researcher chose preparatory school (Basra for girls) for the purpose of applying the experiment.
The research sample consisted of (101) female students, so division (B) was selected to represent the first experimental group, which amounted to (34) female students, division (C) to represent the second experimental group amounted to (33) female students, and division (A) to represent the control group, which amounted to (34) female students, and after The equivalence procedure determined the scientific material that included chapters (fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh) of the book, to be taught to the fifth literary grade for the academic year (2022, 2023).
The researcher prepared (18) daily plans. As for the two research tools, the first is reflective thinking consisting of (20) items, while the second tool is choosing historical sympathy consisting of (45) items. After the end of the experiment, which lasted a semester, the researcher used one-way analysis of variance and the Scheffe test The results resulted in the following:
1- There is no difference between the first experimental group and the second experimental group.
2- There is a difference between the first experimental group and the control group in favor of the first experimental group with the reflective thinking test and the historical empathy test.

The most important thing that distinguishes a person from living
beings is his high ability to think, and perhaps the basic function of the mind is thinking through which we learn many things such as movements and gestures. and multiple.
Learning the pattern of "immoral manipulation" in the media increases the ability of individuals working in the media to solve problems that they encounter in institutions and daily life in an unconventional way, and then the results are different and distinctive at the same time, and this is what prompts us to review the way we think and how We manipulate the beliefs of others and run things through them.
The research aimed to identify immoral manipulation and personal responsibility and the differences in manipulation and personal responsibility according to the gender variable (male-female) and the relationship between the two variables among media professionals.
The sample consisted of (204) male and female media professionals in the Iraqi satellite channels from the Baghdad governorate. The researcher adopted (Dahling Whitaker 2009) scale for immoral manipulation, and he prepared a scale of personal responsibility (2021) based on the theory (Glasser.1999). and previous literature.
And he used statistical means Test T-for one sample and Test-T for an equal sample and Pearson correlation coefficient and statistical freedom for social sciences (SPSS)) and after collecting data, most of which are statistics, the results showed the existence of immoral manipulation, and their parents are personally responsible. There were no statistically significant differences in immoral manipulation and personal responsibility according to the gender variable (male-female) and marital status (married-unmarried) and the existence of a correlation

هدف البحث الى بناء برنامج تعليمي قائم على وفق انموذج التصميم الشامل في تحصيل مادة المنهج و الكتاب المدرسي لدى طلبة كليات التربية وتعرف اثره البرنامج قائم على وفق انموذج التصميم الشامل في تحصيل مادة المنهج و الكتاب المدرسي لدى طلبة كليات التربية.ولتحقيق اهداف البحث صيغت الفرضية الصفرية الاتية:لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى دلالة (0.05) بين متوسط درجات التحصيل في الاختبارين القبلي والبعدي ولصالح الاختبار البعدي لطلبة المجموعة التجريبية التي تدرس وفق البرنامج التعليمي القائم على وفق انموذج التصميم الشامل . اعتمدت الباحثة المنهج الوصفي لبناء البرنامج القائم على وفق انموذج التصميم الشامل في تحصيل مادة المنهج و الكتاب المدرسي والمنهج التجريبي لتحقق من اثر البرنامج القائم على وفق انموذج التصميم الشامل في تحصيل مادة المنهج و الكتاب وتحدد مجتمع البحث بطلبة المرحلة الثانية في كليات التربية للعلوم الانسانية /اقسام العلوم التربوية والنفسية العام الدراسي (2022-2023) وبلغت عينة البحث (50) طالب و طالبة.ولتحقيق اهداف البحث قامت الباحثة ببناء الاختبار التحصيلي لمادة المنهج والكتاب المدرسي و تم التحقق من الخصائص القياسية للاختبار من حيث الصدق والثبات،ولمعالجة البيانات احصائيا استعملت الباحثة الوسائل الاتية :الاختبار التائي (T-test) لعينة مترابطة ، واظهرت النتائج ماياتي : وجود فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى دلالة (0.05) بين متوسط درجات التحصيل في الاختبارين القبلي والبعدي ولصالح الاختبار البعدي لطلبة المجموعة التجريبية التي تدرس وفق برنامج تعليمي قائم على وفق انموذج التصميم الشامل .وفي ضوء نتائج هذا البحث توصلت الباحثة الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات و التوصيات والمقترحات.

These days and during the current circumstances in light of the Corona virus pandemic, Electronic propaganda is spreading in an amazing and frightening way, And what is more than that is the speed of its spread with this huge amount of wide openness in the field of cyberspace, Scientific progress and information technology…, With the acceleration of events, the difference in visions and trends, And the complexity of life’s demands, human tensions and anxiety increased in his struggle for survival... In times of crises, since acts of war, disasters, And epidemics are all disturbing and destructive in themselves, but their destruction intensifies if propaganda is added to them and interacts with them. With it, The electronic propaganda accompanying the Corona pandemic crisis and the subsequent curfew and social distancing imposed as a result of the pandemic’s preventive measures had psychological and social effects, as it spreads fear, panic, and tension in the souls of individuals. Psychological tension increases in occurrence during critical periods of a person’s life to confront danger, and it is considered one of the psychological phenomena that They constitute a threat to the lives of individuals and groups in the modern era..
Despite the many studies on this deadly virus, we did not find a psychological study that addressed electronic propaganda and its relationship to psychological stress in light of the circumstances of this pandemic, according to our knowledge, and this is what the study targeted for a sample of employees at Al-Nahrain University in Baghdad, which consisted of (110) respondents. The results were: The sample members... accept electronic propaganda related to the disease, and suffer from psychological tension…
And several recommendations and suggestions were presented

The woman is an essential element in the society . she is responsible of developing and settling the life.
She is the effecter and the producer of the new generation that build the society and her sitnation is effected by the social conditions, cuitural circum stances and the enconomic systems according to the society she livesin.
Historically, woman's work was related to her position in her society.
So we can say that the woman's work, education , social lif demands, traditions and principles in the community qualified her to get out of her home and engaged in work.

The purpose of the ongoing study is to identify the effect of the self-reward strategy in mathematics academic achievement of the first graders- intermediate.
To fulfill the goal, the researcher had written the mentioned bellow hypothesis:
There was no statistical significance difference at (0.05) through the mean of the experimental group whom conforming the self-reward strategy and the mean of the control set students who taught mathematics in the ordinary approach in the academic achievement.
The researcher had chosen Saida fundamental school of the masses to be the study field of the ongoing research. Group (1) to be the group of the experiment who shall taught mathematics by using to the self-reward strategy; and group (2) to be the control group that will learn math. Using the ordinary method.
The sampling is 47 pupils, 24 students for the group of the experiment and 23 students for the other group (the control group).
The experimenter tested the mentioned variables (old age counted by months, parents academic achievement, and cleverness).
The researcher exercised a standardized tool to scale the academic achievement of the pupils of the two above mentioned groups. He wrote a test of 25 questions, verifying its validity and stability, as well as conducting statistical analyzes of the paragraphs of the test (discrimination, difficulty coefficient, and impact of false alternatives).
After collecting the scores and answers of the students the researcher started the process of correcting the answers and after subjecting the data statistically, the results showed:
There was statistical significance difference between the group of the experiment and the control group in the mathematics academic achievement test and the advantage for the experimental group. This means that the self-reward strategy was better taught than normal

People need to study philosophy, especially at the present time, as it gives us an answer about searching for everything that exists, and explains to us the problems and nature of the universe. Social justice is one of the philosophical topics that need an answer when studying it. Through the researcher’s feeling and his work as an educational guide in one of Baghdad’s schools, he found the need for the importance of studying such a topic, as it is absent. In educational research, in addition to the need in the educational field, the infinite analysis is dead, working on fire and bringing about a change in the educational process.Articles and access to his educational applications. It is believed that Al-Ghazali has a scientific wealth that can be benefited from and employed in what serves the educational process in his schools, as he is considered one of the most important Muslim philosophers who worked. He strives to enrich Islamic philosophical thought, which works to serve the Islamic community, implement social justice among members of society, and give everyone his right. The research included three main sections, and the researcher used the descriptive, historical, and analytical approach, as it suits the nature of the study. The researcher concluded tbat justice is the basis of Judgement, and Islamic law is derived from the Qur’an and Sunnah, and attention must be paid to raising children morally and cognitively. The researcher recommended conducting a similar study that includes other Muslims philosophers

Dangling modifier is a problematic phenomenon that could highly leads to confusion and misunderstanding in writing and / or speaking on the part of learners of English. Learners sometimes use modifiers in such an inappropriate way that would make their written or spoken sentence grammatically and semantically unacceptable. This study provides a syntactic and a semantic analyses of dangling modifiers to find out their effect on the grammatical structure and the meaning of the sentences that contain them.