Kerbala International Journal of Management and Economics

The idea of the current research was to explore an analytical knowledge framework of the nature of the exchange rate and its dynamic changes and its impact on the pricing of ordinary shares for a selected sample of companies operating in the two sectors (communication, industry) for the period from 2010-2021 by using testing the relationship between variables and analyzing them statistically and quantitatively according to the time data analysis method. CT (fixed effects model and random effects model). As the research problem was based on the existence of an impact of the exchange rate of the US dollar against the Iraqi dinar on the prices of ordinary shares of the sample researched as an investment field for many internal and external investors, and what is the impact of this in the short or long term. The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which was the existence of a weak relationship between the exchange rate and stock pricing, and that relationship gradually improved in the long term, after the test results suggested the necessity of relying on the fixed effects model of sample data and testing hypotheses on the basis of its results after intellectual inference from the results of analysis, measurement and testing.

The research seeks to show the impact of marketing quality management practices in enhancing the dimensions of customer satisfaction in the Trade Bank of Iraq. In order to enhance and apply the dimensions of customer satisfaction (satisfaction with procedures, satisfaction with employees, satisfaction with the services provided), and to achieve this goal, the researcher has relied on the descriptive and analytical approaches for the purpose of analyzing the research model and hypotheses and determining the logical relationships between the study variables, if the research considered marketing quality management practices. An independent variable (Integrated Marketing, Internal Marketing, Social Marketing, Relationship Marketing) based on (David, 2000:343), (Kotler, 2009:54), (Michael and Hadam, 2005:9) and the dimensions of customer satisfaction were adopted as a variable It is based on a number of writers and researchers in this field, including (Haq & Muhammad, 2012:2), (Al-Obaidi, 2014:71), (Kotler, 2005: 616).
The Trade Bank of Iraq TBI in Karbala governorate was chosen to test this research through the questionnaire as an essential tool in collecting various data on the field side, and included (48) individuals from bank managers, departments and units, as well as a group of bank customers.
The correlation coefficient (R) was used to measure the correlation between the variables, the test (Z) to test the significance of the relationship, multiple regression analysis, and the test (F) to neutralize the significance of the regression equation, and (R2) was used to explain the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable.
One of the most important conclusions reached by the study is that the practices of marketing quality management have an active and fundamental role in enhancing and achieving customer satisfaction with the services provided by the bank, and consequently its superiority in the field of the banking industry and as a result of a strong and significant impact of the independent variables of marketing quality management practices (integrated marketing). Internal marketing, social marketing, relationship marketing) in the dimensions of customer satisfaction.
The study concluded with a number of recommendations, including:
- The necessity that the main axis around which the marketing policies revolve is the customer, because customer transactions are repeated, such as withdrawals, deposits, requesting loans...etc.
- It must be emphasized the need to continue to pay attention to the quality of products and services provided by the bank, the research sample, and also to continue the advantages and pace of the bank with regard to the speed in providing service and the quality of the method of dealing with customers.
- Interest in exchanging personal opinions, proposals and new ideas by employees and providing them with sufficient knowledge about the nature of work within the bank.

The purpose of the research is to identify the role that Ambidextrous leadership can play in achieving strategic entrepreneurial. The teaching staff in private schools in Najaf Governorate were selected as a research community to show the extent of their agreement on the importance of the influence of Ambidextrous leadership in achieving strategic entrepreneurial, as they are the relevant category. In this field, the research relied on two dimensions in measuring the independent variable Ambidextrous leadership, which are (open leadership behaviors, closed leadership behaviors), and the research adopted three dimensions to measure the dependent variable strategic entrepreneurial, which are (risk acceptance, Innovation, competitive advantage) and the research sample included 59 A teacher in two private schools in Al-Najaf Governorate, and the questionnaire forms were distributed to them, which included the measures of the research variables. . The research reached a set of conclusions that showed that Ambidextrous leadership behavior is one of the prominent and important factors in achieving strategic entrepreneurial in the surveyed schools.

The current study aims to measure the effect of brand sacredness on Brand fidelity by the customers of Al-Kafeel Company for Food Products The study used the variable of Brand sacredness as an independent variable based on the model (Das and Mandal, 2016)., And on the variable of Brand fidelity as a dependent variable, which is represented by (Forgiveness (performance), Forgiveness (price), cognitive Interdependence (CI), Derogation from alternatives (DA)) based on the model (Grace and Ross, 2020), This prompted the researchers to build a hypothetical model for the study that included a set of main and sub-hypotheses. A sample of (250) customers from Al-Kafeel Company for Food Products was selected. The researchers used the questionnaire to collect data. The statistical program (SPSS) was relied upon to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which was a high level of customer sacralization for the Al-Kafeel food products brand. And in the light of these conclusions, a set of recommendations were formulated, the most important of which was investing in the customer’s readiness to provide oral propaganda for the company’s brand, the possibility of influencing potential customers, and opening effective communication channels, which is a powerful and free tool that contributes to winning new customers, maintaining the relationship with existing customers, and motivating them to continue in Improving the company's image and reputation.

This research aims to shed light on the importance of organizational justice and the ability of its dimensions in dealing with the passion of obsessive work. Obtained using IBM SPSS 25.0. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to determine the nursing staff's opinions regarding organizational justice and work passion. In addition, correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were performed to evaluate the hypotheses formulated in this research, and the results obtained indicate that organizational justice in its three dimensions has a positive effect on addressing and reducing the levels of passion for obsessive work among individuals, and the organization should focus on Achieving organizational justice by providing equal opportunities for employees, open communication between management and employees, and applying clear and fair standards to achieve organizational justice. Which leads to positive results on the performance of employees and the organization as a whole. Based on these results, a set of recommendations were formulated, most notably the need to develop and increase awareness of organizational justice among employees by meeting their needs and improving the work environment and organizational procedures. These, in turn, help address issues related to obsessive emotion at work.

The purpose of this research is to study the impact of entrepreneurial marketing on marketing capabilities between the dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing (the independent variable) represented by (proactivity, risk orientation, utilization of resources, focus on opportunities and growth, innovation and creativity, total focus on the customer (customer density), and creating value) and marketing capabilities (the approved variable) according to its dimensions (market sensing capabilities, brand management capabilities, and customer relationship management capabilities). The research was conducted in a group of banks in Karbala Governorate, as the necessary information was obtained through the questionnaire prepared for this purpose. Where the opinions of 103 bank employees and managers were surveyed, the research sample used a number of statistical methods, both descriptive and inferential, and the research reached a set of conclusions and recommendations.

The research aims to study the knowledge foundations of each of total Practices quality management and customer satisfaction as a priority consistent with the various environmental variables, so that products and services can be provided that can meet the needs and desires of customers better than competitors, and the dimensions of total quality management are (employees participation, continuous improvement , employee training, customer focus, senior management support (either the dimensions of customer satisfaction are (expected value, perceived value, conformity or non-conformity). The conclusions were the most important of which TQM became the main issue in organizations to achieve customer satisfaction in order to compete in global markets in light of the many changes that accompanied the modern manufacturing environment. Purchase at all times, low marketing costs, and continuity of the relationship between the company and the customer.

The research aims to study the role of big data analysis capabilities in enhancing organizational effectiveness. The dimensions of the big data analysis capabilities variable were identified (data-based culture, organizational learning, technical skills, administrative skills, technical infrastructures for big data analysis), while the organizational effectiveness variable was Its dimensions were determined by (achieving goals, competitive values, adaptation), and to conduct the research, EarthLink Internet Services Company (Baghdad main site) was chosen because the nature of its work requires dealing on a daily basis with big data. An intentional sample of (65) was chosen. Of the employees of the company within the functions of analysis, big data, and the questionnaire was adopted as a tool for data collection, as (65) electronic questionnaires were distributed to the research sample, and they were fully retrieved. Both (weighted average, response intensity, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, correlation coefficient, and influence were used as statistical methods for analyzing The sample answers, and a number of conclusions were reached, the most important of which were:

This research aims to identify the role played by sustainable environmental performance practices with its dimensions (economic performance, environmental performance, social performance) on developing the company's reputation with its dimensions (quality of service, company leadership, corporate social responsibility, corporate governance), and a statement of the impact relationship Operations and sustainable environmental performance practices are linked to the company's reputation. The methodology dealt with a group of paragraphs, the most important of which is the research problem, the importance of the research, and the objectives of the research. The research problem was identified in several questions centered on the form and nature of the relationship between the research variables, and a set of main and sub-hypotheses emerged from it. Achieving the aforementioned research objective and answering research questions and testing the validity of its hypotheses, the study relied mainly on (questionnaire), which is the main tool for collecting data and information and adopting the descriptive approach. Horizon Road for Tourism and Travel in Al-Najaf Governorate, which is represented by the number of workers in it, amounting to (40) workers, and 40 questionnaires were actually distributed in it, and the questionnaire form was used as a basic tool for collecting study data. After evaluating and testing the credibility and reliability of the research measurement tools, data analysis and hypothesis testing were conducted using advanced statistical tools and analyzed through statistical programs (SPSS. Ver. 25.) The results showed the validity of the study hypotheses and based on them a number of conclusions were formulated. The study concluded with a number of proposals for further future research.

The research aimed to demonstrate the impact of some banking risks that vary in degree of seriousness from one bank to another according to the nature of the activity practiced by the bank on the credit capacity of a sample of banks listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange, as the research community is represented in the Iraq Stock Exchange, while the research sample was in (10) banks listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange, represented by (Commercial Bank of Iraq, Bank of Baghdad, Middle East Bank, Iraqi Investment Bank, United Investment Bank, National Bank of Iraq, Sumer Commercial Bank, the Gulf Commercial Bank, Ashur International Bank, Bank Al-Mansour Investment) for the period (2011-2020), the independent variable was represented by liquidity risk, while the dependent variable was represented by indicators of credit ability, which are ratio of non-performing loans to total loans, provision for loan losses, ratio of loans to total deposits, and to analyze and test the research hypotheses, the statistical program SPSS was used to identify the correlation and impact relationships between the variables the research was conducted through tests (F, T, R2), the research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was the weak interest of bank administrations in the process of identifying and measuring risks that might be exposed to, the bank as a result of practicing its various activities in a way that enables it to reduce the impact of those risks on its credit capacity, and the research also recommended the need for banks to pay attention to activating the role of risk management departments in a way that contributes to reducing the impact of risks and avoiding losses that the bank may be exposed to.

The research aims to determine the role of strategic awareness as an independent variable in achieving sustainable banking development through its determinants , represented by (reflection, systemic thinking, orientation towards learning, reformulation). The Sustainable banking development was expressed in its dimensions (economic sustainability, social sustainability, environmental sustainability .(
The research has tried to answer several questions, including is there a correlation and an impact for strategic awareness in achieving sustainable banking development? For the purpose of identifying the nature of the relationship between the variables, the research has adopted a set of main and sub-hypotheses emanating from them, and for the purpose of testing the research hypotheses, they were applied to two banks (Mosul Development and Investment Bank, and the Commercial Bank), and the analytical descriptive approach was adopted through the questionnaire prepared for this purpose. The number of the sample reached (60) people, they included departments, divisions and units managers in the two banks. The research also relied on a number of descriptive statistical methods to reach the results related to the research objectives using the statistical program (Spss-v26) and a number of descriptive statistical methods including (weighted arithmetic mean, coefficient Alpha-Cronbach, Pearson correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation, standard deviation, coefficient of determination (R2), test (F), test (T)).
The research most importantly concluded that the knowledge about strategic awareness is varied amongst the bank managers of the research sample and this is an indication of the bank managers' realisation of a need to adopting strategic awareness in achieving sustainable banking development.

The research aims to know how to predict financial crises that business companies may encounter, and the extent to which financial sustainability indicators can be used as standard tools for predicting financial crises. The research hypothesis about the possibility of using indicators of financial sustainability to predict financial crises. Among those indicators that can be used to measure financial sustainability, the Z-score indicator was relied upon, as it focuses on showing the risks of the cost of debt on the one hand, and on the importance of companies’ efficiency in using their assets and operating efficiently to achieve returns. The research relied on selecting (21) companies operating in the industrial sector as a research sample among the companies registered in the Iraq Stock Exchange (the research community) for the purpose of measuring the extent of their financial sustainability and knowing the possibility of using their indicators to predict financial crises. As the period between 2009-2019 was relied upon as a temporal limit for the research, and from the results of analysis and measurement it is clear that the research sample companies vary in the degree of their financial sustainability. There are (7) companies within the industrial sector companies in the research sample, i.e. 33.34% of the sample size only. It has a high financial sustainability rate, which indicates that it is not exposed to future financial crises, which enables it to survive and continue in the labor market compared to the rest of the companies in the industrial sector. It is clear from the results that it is not financially sustainable, which may indicate the possibility of its exposure to future financial crises, which is also confirmed by the results of the high financial risk that it was exposed to through the high standard deviation, in addition to the low percentage of ownership rights over the total assets, which means its dependence on External financing is more than internal, which raised the risks of exposure to financial crises, which is also confirmed by the results of some of them due to interruption in time series, which was reflected in the results of both the return on assets value and the deviation a For my benchmark return on assets,

This research sought to diagnose and measure the effect between the two study variables represented by the independent variable, market risk, and the dependent variable, banking stability. The mathematical and statistical method was used to calculate the value at risk by relying on the (JP. Morgan) model in measuring the market risk of the hypothetical trading portfolio that is exposed to the risk of foreign exchange rates And then prove its impact on banking stability through the statistical program (SPSSv.26). The results of the standard deviation of the average returns of the stock portfolio showed that the National Bank of Iraq is the highest risk (0.177) in the hypothetical trading portfolio.

The subject of financial analysis is of importance in the field of business administration, especially for banking institutions that carry out their activities by providing many banking services in the light of the modern banking industry that relies on the principle of comprehensive banking, and therefore they are exposed to various risks and try through their financial management to evaluate their performance to identify on its strengths and weaknesses in order to take appropriate action, The financial analysis aims to study and analyze in detail the data contained in the financial reports of banks and through indicators that reflect the reality of the banks’ work environment and compare the results of those indicators with standard standards approved by the competent departments and interpret them and benefit from them in order to correct deviations, if any, The research adopted a statistical community, and a deliberate sample was chosen, represented by the Rasheed Bank and the Iraqi Trade Bank, as they represent a high relative importance to all operations and services performed by commercial banks, and data related to the approved indicators were collected by analysis from the financial reports of the banks , The data related to the indicators approved by the analysis were collected from the financial reports of the banks , Eight financial ratios covering most of the banks’ operations were adopted and the actual values for them extracted for the period 2014-2020 , The benchmark has also been adopted for comparison with it, as imposed by the monetary authority, The evaluation of performance using evaluation grades was used to evaluate the performance of banks, which we did not find from the research that dealt with this method, except very little , The research came out with a number of conclusions, the most important of which , It is that the performance of the Trade Bank of Iraq was close to good, as it obtained an average score of (69.55 degrees) the public administration must continue to maintain this level of performance , As for Al-Rashid Bank, it had a moderate degree, as it obtained an average score of (62.24 degrees). It is imperative for the public administration to review, analyze and study its low performance and take appropriate measures to raise performance.

The strength and development of the banking sector indicates economic stability and reflects its capability for gaining either domestic or foreign deposits. Based on the principle that deposits comprise the principal source and essential origin for banks. Besides, that banking system is the main pillar of the economy. From this, the study objective is to test the effect of banking density as an independent variable by its dimensions namely (number of branches, number of bank accounts, number of electronic cards, number of ATMs, and number of point of sale machines) in enhancing volume of bank deposits as a reliable variable through its dimensions represented by (Total deposits, current deposits, fixed deposits, and saving deposits). Study problem is represented by the unwillingness of depositors to deposit their money in banks because of weakness of attractions from banks. The importance of study came from the role of deposits growing as a largest source of financing, which is fewer costs than other sources of financing, while meeting the requirements of developing and increasing efficiency of banking sector. Which leads to promote the trade and economy of country. To achieving the study objectives, the collected data was based on monthly observations for years 2017-2021. Which were processed by MS. ECXEL software, and formulation of hypotheses were tested by statistical packages of (EVIEWS10, SPSS V.23).

The research aims to highlight the role of financial discipline rules to reduce recurring financial crises, which have become one of the most important concerns of many countries and economic policymakers around the world. Especially in light of the emerging crisis of the Coronavirus, the increase in the volume of sovereign debt in many countries around the world, and the low levels of production, in a highway. In addition to high unemployment rates and low investment volume, and then low levels of aggregate demand. Also, many world governments today prefer to use modern technology to improve the effectiveness of national public financial management in achieving its goals by developing more efficient mechanisms for receiving and disbursing public funds to achieve the goals of fiscal policy. Not adhering to the rules of financial discipline. There are large debts that were borrowed without a strategic plan that achieves good financial sustainability, but rather increased the deficit, not relying on oil revenues, rationalizing public expenditures, and avoiding wasting public money.

This study sought to analyze the indicators of owned financing, and in order to achieve this, four indicators were relied upon (the ratio of owned capital to total assets, the ratio of capital to deposits, the ratio of indebtedness, the rate of return on equity). The possibility of measuring and analyzing the indicators of the funding structure of the Iraqi banks in question, as the research used the descriptive analytical method to reach results, and the research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that self-financing is the main source for financing the bank’s various operations, and deposits constitute the largest part in financing activities, as a certain percentage must be kept From these deposits to protect the money of depositors, and the possibility of verifying the financial health of banks using indicators of proprietary financing, which will enable them to avoid financial crises through analyzing indicators to face changes and taking the necessary precautions to face emergency conditions, and the research recommended the need for a comprehensive understanding of the bank’s long-term goals and verify Management efficiency to accurately achieve the financial stability of the bank in the future, as it is considered a useful tool for the financial analyst to make decisions and Answering many inquiries raised by investors or any party interested in the bank.

The borrowing of the government through treasury bills may be one of the reasons for the failure of the banking sector to push the investment movement towards the various economic sectors and then reach what is known as banking laziness. The government tends to borrow from the Central Bank indirectly by offering bills that support the government in the financing process. cash in order to fill the deficit that occurred in the general budget in the short term with the least risk. The study aimed to analyze government borrowing through treasury bills and to know the effect of government lending in maximizing bank laziness, and the study sample consisted of a group of data obtained from Iraqi banks between 2016 until June 2022 Spss and Excel programs were used to analyze and measure the results, and the most prominent findings of the study are the failure of the relationship in the short and long term between indicators of government borrowing as independent variables, treasury bills with banks, and the indicator of cash credit provided to public institutions granted by commercial banks, i.e. In other words, there is a direct relationship between government borrowing and maximizing banking laziness in Iraqi financial institutions.

Tracing the importance of this research from the need to take note of the study, understanding and knowledge of the work of Islamic banks and their transactions and their contribution to the financing of medium and small projects. And they dealt with its origin, development, resources, and operations in the field of employment and investment, and the standards and controls that depend on it in all of this. The researchers also focused on defining small and medium enterprises, their characteristics, and their importance. . Some conclusions and recommendations were reached, the most important of which are:
Weakness in investing the amount of the Iraqi Central Bank's initiative to reduce unemployment by Islamic banks.
Weak investment of funds in the agricultural and industrial sectors by Islamic banks.
Among the most important recommendations were the following:
Enhancing the competitive capabilities of the productive sectors in general and the manufacturing industries in particular through modern methods, thus contributing to building a well-established and developed program to confront competitive industries inside and outside the country.
Encouraging small and medium enterprises and giving priority to productive projects that most use the labor component while providing an appropriate environment by reducing restrictions and decisions, raising the efficiency of the banking system and activating the bank's role in supporting institutions.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the financial structure and financial performance, ie (knowing the impact of the financial structure on financial performance) in the Iraqi private commercial banks listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange. The importance of the study stems from the primary goal pursued by commercial banks, which is to maximize their profitability and raise their financial performance, and through financial decisions related to choosing the optimal financial structure composition. A sample of (10) commercial banks registered in the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period from (2004- 220) To measure this effect or the relationship between the financial structure as an independent variable, the following financial ratios were used: (The financial leverage ratios are represented by : the ratio of total debts to equity, by the ratio of total debts to total assets, the ratio of total deposits to total equity, and a ratio representing Ownership structure represented by: the ratio of owned capital to total assets، the ratio of owned capital / total deposits, Owned capital/total risk-weighted assets and financial performance were measured by: liquidity ratio, profitability ratio ). The study concluded, according to the results of the financial analysis ratios, that the financial structure in the Iraqi banks, the study sample, and during the period under study depends on the financial leverage represented by the total debts to the total assets by a greater percentage in raising the financial performance compared to the internal funding sources. The study also concluded that liquidity in Iraqi banks constituted the largest proportion compared to profitability as a result of these banks retaining a large percentage of deposits or capital without investment, based on the decision of the Central Bank Board of Directors, which stipulates the adoption of a liquidity ratio of not less than 80% in order to raise the capacity of banks To meet its obligations in the short and medium term, and that the percentage of profits that were achieved from the main banking activity represented by credit facilities, especially granting loans, constituted a limited and small percentage of the total profit, while these banks relied in achieving their profits mainly on their other activities represented by the currency auction In addition to investments in stocks, bonds, clearinghouses,leases,andothers.).

The research aims to diagnose the nature of the relationship between the entrepreneurial orientation and sustainable performance in the Ur company in Dhi Qar. Adopting the dimensions of the entrepreneurial face, for this purpose, a set of hypotheses were formulated through which the validity of these hypotheses is confirmed, and the research relied on a questionnaire that was distributed to (80) individuals working in the researched company, and (70) correct forms were relied upon, A number of descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the data, including the Ackronbach alpha test, the arithmetic mean, the standard deviation, and the Pearson correlation coefficient to test the hypotheses. Efforts and attention by the management and officials of UR Company in the pioneering direction of creativity, adoption of risk and proactivity in order to keep abreast of developments and changes that occur in the business environment and the world.

The study aimed to test impact of quality work life as an independent variable through its dimensions on innovation work behavior of employees as a dependent variable. Its problem was represented in weakness in providing a quality work environment that supports implementation of tasks required of workers, as well as weak interest of university leaders in providing an encouraging environment for creativity in workplace. The importance of study stems from role played by adopting dimensions of quality work life in meeting requirements of higher education sector and advancing level of services provided to various related parties by nature and in a creative and innovative way that distinguishes them from rest of their counterparts in their business environment. In order to achieve this, some of faculties of University of Karbala were selected as an applied field for the current study through a questionnaire prepared for this purpose in which dimensions of (quality work life with innovation work behaviors) are integrated according to solid foreign standards and by (190) respondents from members of college councils, the sample of study and directors of study. Departments, divisional officials, and scientific, administrative, technical and engineering units. The obtained data were analyzed and processed statistically, as current study relied on a number of statistical methods to reach related results, most important of which are (confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha test to test stability and credibility of study scale, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson) to test correlation hypotheses, and modeling structural equation to test hypotheses of effect, as well as the descriptive analyzes represented by (weighted mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation) and using statistical programs (SPSS, V.25; Amose, V.21).The study reached a set of conclusions, most important of which is (there is a significant correlation and effect of dimensions of quality work life in enhancing innovation work behavior of employees in some faculties of University of Karbala). The study came out with a set of recommendations, most prominent of which is that university leaders should increase their awareness of role and importance of the quality work life in providing a innovation environment to carry out tasks entrusted to its employees.