Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences

The study included two separate practical tests. The first one was conducted in laboratory and the second in pots. These experiments aimed to investigate the influence of three concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 50 and 100Mu), with three irrigation periods : continuous irrigation, once every four days and once every six days on physiological characters for maize plant after six weeks of seeds germination. The increasing concentrations of sodium chloride and irrigation periods led to a significant decrease in most of the studied features of the plants while they led to increase of the Proline concentration in the plant’s leaves and the percentage of cell membrane damage in comparison with the treatment’s control . The highest and the lowest value of Proline was in the irrigation every six days and the treatment’s control (41.85 , 5.91 micro mol. gr-1) respectively. While concerning cell membrane damage in the concentrations of (100 Mu) of sodium chloride reached its highest value which was( 60.48 )and its lowest value (21.10) in the comparison treatment. The combination of salt at (100 Mu) and irrigation every six days was the most negatively effective in all physiological parameters.

The current research includes a study of some characters of pollen grain for four cultivars of chickpeas that grown in Iraq during the years 2012-2013. This study was conducted in the Department of Biology at the College of Education / University of Mosul in 2012-2013 for certain varieties of chickpeas. These are the: Turkish, Iraqi, Moroccan and Indian. This study concentrates on the pollen grains that was taken from the mature anthers of the flowers which were stored in 70% ethyl alcohol that flowers were taken from the field. Each mature anther was taken as a soft or dry sample after it was boiled for 30 minutes and then placed on the watch glass and drops of sofranine-glycerine dye was added. The pollen grains were swapped by a special dropper for each type, placed on a glass slide, and then a cover of the slide was gently placed on it, and examined under the microscope. The measurements were taken for (25) pollen grains and each cultivars and the dimensions of each pollen grain were taken in the polar axis and the equatorial axis.
The results of this study indicated that the chickpeas cultivars included in this study were differed significantly at the level of 5% probability in many properties of the pollen grains.
It is clear from this study that the characters of pollen grains are important in the diagnosis and isolation of the four cultivars of chickpeas studied. It was found that the pollen grains in the four studied cultivars were triangular holes and grooves and noted that there are cultivations in form and distance in the Equatorial and polar axes.

This work includes a survey of some morphologic properties of the leaves and flowers for 4 cultivars of chickpeas that implanted in Iraq at years 2012-2013. This work was carried on at the Biology department in the College of Education / University of Mosul. Certain cultivars of chickpeas were used including the: Iraqi, Moroccan, Indian and Turkish. This study included the length of the last internode of the stem, the dimensions of the leaf, the dimensions of the leaflet, the number of leaflets per a leaf, the number of stipule and the length of the flower peduncle.
The flowers study included: the dimensions of the flag leaf of the petal leaf, the Androecium System, the Gynoecium System (using the anatomic microscope and the compound microscope (the ophthalmic lens)) for 25 readings for each of the studied traits.
The results of this work showed that the chickpea cultivars involved in this work were significantly differed in many morphologic characters, including length of the last internode of the stem, the length of the leaf, the length and width of the last leaf, as well as in the number of leaflets found in the last leaf, the length and width of leaflet in the last leaf, and the length of the stipule. In addition; significant differences were found between the four cultivars of chickpeas in the characters of the length of the flower peduncle and the details of both of Androecium and the Gynoecium Systems in the studied cultivars.
This study indicated that the characters of the leaves and flowers are substantial in the diagnosis and separation of the four cultivars of chickpeas studied

The experiment was conducted during the growing season 2011 at College of Agriculture and forestry, Mosul University (Iraq).The aim of present study is control Water Hyacinth by using glyphosate and 2,4-D herbicides at different rate ,methods and frequencies of application and with different times between application. The experiment was set out as factorial experiment in randomization complete block design with three replicates .The experiment included three factors: 1-the type of herbicide with different doses methods of application, 2-the frequency of application and 3-the period of times, to study the effect of herbicides application on characters after spraying and ropewick technical .The results showed that Glyphosate was more effective than 2,4-D in reducing fresh weight of plant and the percentage of regrowth up to 17.59. Moreover it was observed that use rope-wick wiper technique of herbicide application was more satisfactory in reducing contamination in the water, and gave same result with spraying in different period specially when use glyaphosate in rate ( 1:10)and(1:5) (herbicide : water )concentrations .Moreover, it was observed that the period between two application 15-30 days more favorable for controlling water hyacinth plant in which it gives a 92.13% control when using glyphosate at dose of 450 g/donum when applied as foliar spray and repast the tremens twice after 50 days.

This experiment was conducted at Grdarasha Research Station of Agriculture College- Salahaddin University, Erbil/Iraq, during winter season 2013-2014 to determine the influence of row and plant spacing with flax cultivars and their interactions on yield and quality. A factorial experiment was used based on randomized complete block design, with three replications, three row spacing; 10, 20, and 30 cm, three plant spacing within row; 4, 6, and 8 cm in addition to two cultivars; Local and Polish (Thorshansity 72). Plants cultivated at 30 cm row spacing recorded the highest values of plant height (77.2cm), stem diameter (2.78mm), number of primary branches/plant (6.4), number of capsules/plant (39.1), seed yield (2.107 t ha-1) and oil content (22.8%). Plants cultivated at 4 cm and 6 cm between tplants recorded the highest seed yield (1.981 t ha-1) and oil content (22.4%) respectively. Thorshansity 72 cultivar produced the highest stem diameter (2.74 mm), number of primary branches/plant (7), number of capsules/plant (35.8), seed yield (1.782 t ha-1), and oil content (22.7%). The best dual plant densities are (10 cm × 8 cm) and (20 cm × 6 cm) which produced the highest seed yield (2.240 t ha-1) and oil content (23.3%) respectively. Thorshansity 72 cultivar produced the highest value of seed yield and oil content (2.188 t ha-1 and 24.0%) respectively when planted at 30 cm row spacing, the same cultivar produced the highest oil content (24.1%) when was planted at 6 cm plant spacing. Thorshansity 72 cultivar produced the highest seed yield (2.402 t ha-1) when planted at (10 cm × 8 cm), while the same cultivar gave the highest oil content (26.8%) when planted at (20 cm × 8 cm). Flaxseed cultivars yield and oil varied greatly in response to different plant densities with two and three-way interactions of factors.

A study was conducted of the winter season 2012-2013 in Kifri city-Kurddistan Region- Iraq to study role of plant growth regulators IBA and NAA in reducing flower dropping two cultivars of faba bean (Local and Spanish).and its effect on seed yield and protein percentage. Split split plots design was used with three replicates. The main plots included the cultivars(Local and Spanish).While sub plots were the plant growth regulators(IBA and NAA).The sub-sub plots represented four dates of plant growth regulators application: Control (No application),Soaking of seed sowing in the solution of IBA (150 ppm) and NAA (150 ppm). spraying the plant at branching stage and beginning of flowering. Results indicated superior Spanish cultivar with NAA in the beginning of flowering in leaf content from total chlorophyll reached (12.25 mg/g dry weight) and lowest percentage of dropped flowers by(68.1%)and higher seed yield/plant reached (21.3gm).The local cultivar treated with IBA in the same stage gave higher leaf area index by(0.86) While Spanish cultivar treated with IBA at branching stage gave highest seed content percentage of protein by(20.63%).

The study was conducted at Erbil Governorate/ Iraq at the agricultural season 2015 on Cress ( Lepidium satirum) and Aloe ( Aloe vera). Factorial experiment with two factors: Humic acid (H) with three Levels: H0 (without Humic acid addition), H1 (drench with 1 ml.-1 of Humic acids , H2 ( spraying with 1ml. L.-1 of Humic acids). Second factor was sea algae extracts (S) with four Levels: S0 (without spraying), S1(spraying with 1.5ml. L-1 of seaforce1 sea algae extract), S2 (spraying with 1.5 ml. L-1 of seamino, sea algae extract), S3 (spraying with a mixture of 1.5 + 1.5 ml.L-1 of seafore1 and seamino sea algae extracts). Experiment designed with RCBD,for three replication.Results showed that, Addition of Humic acid and sea algae extracts to the Cress and Aloe Vera causes to significant increase in the whole vegetative growth characters.
The Interaction between Humic acid and sea algae extracts caused significant increase in the whole vegetative growth characters; the Garden Cress that were sprayed with Humic acid and a mixture of seafore1, seamino gave highest values of plants high (16.31cm.), leaves number per plant-1 (57.86)lef.plant-1, plant Branches number. (9.30) orenh plant-1 , Leaf area (3.82 cm2), Dry weight (3.10 g. plant-1) and Chorophy1l(36.80SPAD) as.
Whereas with Aloe vera, the interaction between spraying Humic acid and sea algae extract caused significant increase in the whole vegetative growth characters, they gave a highest value in all vegetative growth characters, they gave a highest plant high (28.80cm), leaves number (12.93) leaf. plant-1, leaf width (2.86cm), leaf thickness (1.06 cm), Dry weight (14.62g. plant-1) and chlorophyll (34.33), compared with the lowest values in control plants.

The study includes (30) local cows from Al-Alam in the east of Tikrit city, which distributed into three groups, first group included (10) cows aged (1-1.5 years), second group included (10) cows aged (5-7 years), while the third group was included (10) cows aged (10-12 years) in order to study the effects of progressing of age on some physiological parameters. The results showed that all of the (Erythrocyte RBC, Hemoglobin HB and Packed cell volume P.C.V) increased significantly (p≥0.05) in the second group in comparison with first and third group of the study and the lowest value in the third group, while platelets increased gradually and significantly with progressing in age. In addition, WBCs increased significantly in the second group in comparison with first and third group and decreased significantly in the third group while the percentage of eosinophil and neutrophils showed significant increase in the third group and the lowest in the first group, lymphocytes showed a gradual significant decreasing with increasing in age in the studied groups. Monocytes increased significantly in the second aged group but there was no significant difference between the small aged and old aged groups, basophil revealed significantly increased in the second aged group and the significantly decreased in the older aged group. In this study, it has concluded that with age-progress has a negative effect on the blood components represented by the reduction of both red blood cells and white blood cells on the Physiological criteria in the local cows.

This experiment was conducted in the poultry field / collage of Agriculture - University of Tikrit, for the period 8 weeks, at age 43 -99 day. Was used in the study, 240 birds of birds quail, it was distributed randomly on the 10 treatments each treatment included six replicates and each replicate included the four birds (1 male +3 females). This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of adding Bee propolis powder or Bee Pollen powder to the diet in performance of Japanese quail layer. The results showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in egg production percentage and the cumulative number of eggs rate and total egg weight rate and the total egg mass rate and total feed intake rate and feed conversion rate.

This work was conducted to determine the microbial contamination in soft cheese processed in laboratory. Pure yoghurt starter culture consists of Lactobacillus ‎bulgaricus‏ ‏and Streptococcus thermophillus and domestic starter of ‎yoghurt were used in making of soft cheese in laboratory. Both ‎starters were individually added to raw and pasteurized cheese milk before adding ‎rennet. Samples of manufactured soft cheeses were stored at 7°C for 1, 7, 14 and 21 days. The results showed an increase in the total aerobic count in all treatments to which the starter cultures were added. Yeasts & molds count was lower in pasteurized milk cheese compared to raw milk cheeses. Coliform count was observed to increase more rapidly in raw milk cheese in comparison with pasteurized milk cheese. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureas were not found in pasteurized milk cheese, in contrast with raw milk cheese in which their counts rose rapidly during storage especially in control raw milk cheese. Influence of pure yoghurt starter culture was higher on microbial load in soft cheese compared to domestic starter.

The level of contamination with microorganisms in domestic soft cheese in the governorate of Salahuddin made mostly by rural families and sold in nearest towns and cities was investigated. Eighty-four random samples of domestic soft cheese commercialized in some towns of the governorate “Tikrit, Samaraa, Tuz and Balad” were collected from various local market places in sterile and cold storing conditions and examined for microbial counts and some chemical tests. The average total plate count, yeasts and molds, psychrotrophic, thermophilic, spore forming bacteria, lipolytic, proteolytic, coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus counts calculated as Log10 were: 9.26, 6.08, 5.72, 4.28, 3.72, 6.08, 5.92, 6.11 and 5.93, respectively. In addition, Salmonellae was identified only in eight samples out of 44 (15.91%). Chemical analyses revealed no consistency in main contents of the tested cheese samples. The results showed the critical risks of the domestic soft cheese, and suggest inflexible hygienic measures must be followed.

The study carried out to investigate the effect of orally feeding from each Nigella sativa aqueous and alcoholic extracts at 50 and 100 mg/kg concentration of animal body weight lipid profile and Glucose parameters in male rats for 21 days. Randomly divided in to (5) groups, each group included (5) animals. The results showed a sinificant decrease (p<0.05) in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, VLDL-C, Glucose levels and significant increase (p<0.05) in HDL-C level, with the increased concentration of aqueous extract, when compared with the same values in control group. While orally feeding with The alcoholic extract at 50 and 100 mg/g concentration, led to a significant decrease (p<0.05) in concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, VLDL-C, Glucose and significant increase (p<0.05) in HDL-C levels, with the increased concentration of extract, when compared with the same values in control group. The study concluded that, the Nigella sativa aqueous extracts greater effect than the alcoholic extracts in decreased lipid profile and Glucose parameters in male rats.

Study of the chemical composition of whole rice bran, and defatted rice bran for Iraqi rice cultivar Yasmine, which was obtained from province of Najaf, showed that the moisture, ash, fat, carbohydrates and protein were 15.8%, 7.9%, 23.5%, 41.1% and 11.7% respectively, for full bran, and 20.9%, 11.2%, 5.5%, 44.25% and 18.15% respectively, for defatted bran. The results of this study showed that the best conditions in the preparation of protein extract from defatted rice bran were by extraction with distilled water after equalized pH to 11 with a ratio bran: water of 1:4 (w : v ) for 60 min at agitation speed of 600 rpm.min-1. At these conditions protein percentage were 59.4%. This study revealed that of solubility, emulsifying activity, emulsion stability and foaming capacity and stability of the protein extracted from the defatted rice bran, were highest at pH 11, compared with other pH values with the values of 74.8% , 0.637, 68.8 min and 47% respectively, while the lowest was at pH 4 with the values of 19.3%, 0.057,21.1 min and 7% respectively. The study also showed that the holding capacity of water and fat of the protein concentrate from defatted rice bran was 2.3 ml water . g -1 protein and 2.1 ml oil. g -1 protein respectively.

This study was conducted in the field of sheep at the college of Agriculture-University of Tikrit from 4/11/2012 until 19/1/2013 (77days). 20 Awassi Lambs were used in this experiment, they were bought from local market aged 4-5 months and average weight of 22.770.36± . These lambs were divided in to five groups according to their weight , each group had four lambs , then distributed the treatments randomly on groups .
In this experiment individual feeding system was used which included five rations with different levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP) to
undegradable protein (RUP) . Statistical analysis results showed that there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in the final weight , for the four and five groups compared with one and two and three groups . and showed a calculated increase in the daily weight and total weight gain for the four and five groups compared with one and two and three groups. Also the results showed that there was no a significant differences in the rumen PH for all groups.

The aim of this work was to study the effect of acetic acid on growing of local isolate of Aspergillus flavus which contaminated stored corn and on produced the kojic acid and aflatoxin B1 , The acid were added with 0.5 , 1 , 3 , and 5 % compared with other control treatment of no added acids to stored corn . Samples were stored in closed room and the temperature was measured each month. Moisture percrnt , pH value, total count of fungus and concentration of kojic acid and Aflatoxin B1 in all treatments at the beginning and at the end of the month were measured . Results indicated that moisture content did not significantly change through different treatments with different concentration added of acid and at three different period of storage, The moisture percent in corn was ranged between 17.0 to 18.25 % . pH values were decreased in corn with added of acid, The value was decreased from 6.7 at the beginning of the storage to lowest level ( 3.64 ).
Growth of A.flavus was inhibited and its count was decreased in corn of treatment with the above acid comparing with control treatment , The total count was ranged between 0.75 – 0.95 × 104 CFU / g when acid added with 0.5 % and this less than the number which found in control treatment , The growth of fungus decreased by 100% in case of addition of 1 , 3 and 5 % of acetic acid . Production of kojic acid and aflatoxin B1 by A.flavus in stored corn inhibited with addition of acetic acid , The concentration of the two substances ranged between 11.6 – 13.3 g / Kg and 29.5 – 47.5 µg / kg , respectively after using the acid with 0.5% , and this less than the levels in control treatment. Addition of acetic acid with 1% or above inhibited the production kojic acid and aflatoxin B1 by A.flavus complete .

This study was conducted to investigate the background concentrations of total S, Mo Gd, Ge, Hf, La, Sc, Th, and Y in the soil, and vertical distribution of these elements through profile depths of Sulaimani governorate, Kurdistan of Iraq. Soil samples were taken from seven different pedons in different locations; five pedons were dug from forest sites. The pedons 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7 from Cypress forest, Olive forest, Pine forest, Oak forest, and Pine forest, respectively. While the two others pedons (pedons 3 and 6) were dug from grassland sites. Soil samples were taken in each horizon. Forty-three soil samples were taken to the laboratory for this study. Soil samples were finely ground and dried at 105°C for 2 hours. Then S, Mo, Gd, Ge, Hf, La, Sc, Th, and Y were determined by ICP-OES. Principal component analysis was used to express the data in a more relevant form and to predicate a high degree of interrelations among a set of variables, also used for obtaining the most interpretable linear combinations within the dataset of total elements in the soil profiles. Results for total values of REE were La ND – 274.16, Y 15.96-32.24, Sc 10.66 -17.63, and Gd 1.10 – 6.45 mg kg−1, respectively. Average total element concentrations in soil samples were in the following order: S > La > Y > Sc > Th > Ge > Hf > Gd > Mo. There are no specific pattern distributions of the studied elements in the profile depths in studied locations.

This study was carried out to test the effectiveness of two chemical pesticides Folio gold 537 SC and the mixture of Bravo50 SC) + (Valbon71.75 WG and the two Bio control agent fungal Trichoderma harzianum and bacterial Bacillus subtilis individually against the fungus Alternaria solani the causal agent of Early Blight disease, laboratory study was conducted to test the effectiveness of chemical and biological factors in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungus, The results showed an antagonism property activity of bacterial bio-control agent. B.subtilis against the pathogenic fungus A.solani in the media culture , B.subtilis has caused complete inhibition in the growth of pathogenic fungus mycelia reached 100% at at dilution of 5.4 × 8-10, also fungal bio-control agents T.harzianum showed a high ability of antagonism to the growth and development and reproduction of the pathogen A.solani. Results indicated a high compatibility between the fungal and bacterial bio agents T.harzianum and B.subtilis with no any antagonism effect of the bacterial bio agent B.subtilis in the growth and development of biological control fungus T.harzianum. Results showed that the fungicide Folio gold 537 SC achieved a complete inhibition 100% of pathogenic mycelial growth in all tested concentrations (RD -50) (RD) (RD + 50), and the mixture of (Bravo + Valbon) has achieved A significant inhibition for pathogen mycelial growth by of pathogen at 81.46 and 92.22 and 96.23% for the three concentrations respectively.

Industrial water systems produce enormous volumes of effluent wastewater. Properly controlled and managed reuse can provide significant additional resources of good quality water for arable agricultural purposes. Evaluation of using treated wastewater for watering were carried out through the study of accumulation of heavy metals in plant. Four treatment methods, (dilution, filtration, chemical, physico-chemical) were used in treated wastewater effluents with adjusted pH value (5.5, 6.5 and 7.5). The concentrations of Zn, Mn, Cu and were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) depended on APHA standard Fe method. The result shows methods using (Physico-chemical, chemical using 20 mg/L (Al2(SO4)3 and dilution at 25% ratio methods, with adjusted pH value at 7.5 showed reduction in concentration of heavy metals in seed and fruit planted plants with treated effluents with limited maximum levels residue in fruit depended by World Health Organization The minimum allowable accumulation in plants approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) compared with other treatments. In conclusion treated effluents proud beneficial aspects for ability and potential in using for agricultural purposes.

Training needs assessment and cognitive option crop growers in greenhouses in Samarra / Salah ad Din district. As well as finding a correlation between training needs and knowledge of farmers and factors independent as (Age, educational attainment, annual income, the standard of living, contact sources of information, willingness to change and determine the regression between training needs and knowledge to farmer's crop option in greenhouses and inter independent factors.
Research community included all option growers in the district of Samarra, officially registered in the Agriculture Division of Samarra , totaling (127) farms , and after the initial exclusion of the test sample of ( 30 ) agricultural farms became subject to search ( 97) farmer . data collected by questionnaire included two parts the first part included independent factors , while the second part has included a number of paragraphs spread over areas of research of different research filed ( management greenhouse , preparing the ground, time and manner of Agriculture, fertilization, irrigation , patching and slippers , agricultural pest control , harvesting ) .
used a number of statistical methods for the analysis of the study data most important (range, arithmetic mean Pearson, Law, Spearman, Law, ( t ) test , regression analysis ( .
The results showed that (% 86,60 (of the respondents are with the needs average height to middle ,As the results showed a correlation significant positive between training needs and ( income and prepare to change). as results also showed a correlation significantly negative between training needs and the following factors: (age, educational attainment, contact information sources ).
Researcher concluded that the need for training and extension activities in research area The researcher recommends that the extension center in the province of Salah al-Din for extension and agricultural training to prepare training courses in the district of Samarra. And activate the role of agricultural media through radio and television in the province

Soil crusts are formed at soil surface due to the impacts of raindrops and break of aggregates, resulting in reduction of seedling emergence, reduction soil infiltration rate and increasing of runoff which induces soil erosion. In order to reduce the negative effects of crusts, an experiment was conducted under natural rainfall to determine the effect of adding Phosphogypsum (PG) on the formation and development of soil surface crust and its effect on the wheat yield. Two soil textures from two different locations, clay and silty clay were used. Three levels of PG (0, 5, and 10%) added on the surface of each soil and sown with wheat seeds. The results showed that thickness, penetration resistance and bulk density of the crust were decreased, in addition to decreasing of fine soil fractions in the crust, when PG levels were increased.
The results also showed that the above characteristics of the crust were increased with increasing of rainstorms duration. Finally, the results showed that the wheat crop characteristics, such as plant height, the number of grains in the spike, seed weight and dry weight were increased by increasing of PG added levels.

A new species of comb-clawed beetles, Mycetochara erbilensis sp. nov. was described, illustrated and compared with other related species from the region. The distinctive characters of species are, thread like antennae. Combed nails of the hind tarsi that show fine teeth.

Two concentrations (0.1, 0.05 Mg/L) of chemical insecticides Lambda cyhalothrine were used in combination with Castor oil (Ricinus communis) in mixtures of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 ratio of insecticide: castor oil for their effect to the mortality of larvae and adult of confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum (Du Val) which exposed to different surface substrates (aluminum, cardboard, and wood surfaces). The mortality data were recorded after 24 and 48 hours. The calculated mortality in aluminum surfaces were 53.00%, 56.00% and 62.00% in 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 mixing ratio, respectively, after 24 hours, in adults. With the cardboard treatment, the mortality were 43.00%, 56.00% and 57.66% in 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 mixing ratio, respectively, in the same treatment time. Whereas in wood surface the mortality were 56.33%, 58.00% and 61.00% in 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 mixing ratio, respectively, in the same treatment time. The results showed that 1:3 mixing ratio had the higher mortality ratio and the 1:1 mixing ratio had the least mortality against T. confusum. The results also revealed that all tested mix ratios are more efficacies on aluminum surface followed by cardboard and wood surface, respectively. In general, efficacy was the best on non-porous surfaces compared with more porous surfaces.

The study aimed to identification the ToMV virus in some Salah aldin governorate fields from locally infected plants using RT-PCR technique, which gave clear bande at 318 bp and 512bp. It also the study including the use of Spirulina platensis and Ganoderma lucidium, and their interaction (Ga. +S.P.). Their effect on stimulating the resistance against ToMV virus and some characteristics of growth also studied. The treatment showed that S.platensis and G.lucidum with highest rate in stimulating the production of peroxidase enzyme at 4.8 and 4.6 unit/ ml respectively, while for the treatment without infection it was 2.2 unit / ml for both treatments. The intraction treatment (Ga +S.P.) increased percentage of the fruiting and dry weight was (85.4%, and 80.97 g respectively, compared to control treatment (62% and 39.35 g respectively), while the treatment with S.platensis gave an increase in the height of pepper plants reached to 22.2 cm compared to control treatment 16.8 cm.

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency treatments namely the pesticide Tervigo 20SC and some bio control fungi Trichoderma harazianum , Paecililomycis lilacinus and Nematron formulation and pomegranate peel powder compared with nematicide Vydate10/L against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp under greenhouse conditions in September 2016 in Kirkuk governorate. The results showed efficiency of all treatments in reducing the symptoms of the root-knot nematode and improve the growth characteristics of cucumber, Tervigo was the superior in reducing root nodes and nematode population 61.37% and 80.48% compared with control treatment, while T. harazianum was the least 43.19% and 52.58% . The effect of bio control fungi and plant organic formulation were similar effective. All treatments positively contributed in improvement of shoot system for infected and non-infected plants, Nematron , pomegranate peel powder and Tervigo were achieved highest increase in plant length, Tervigo and Nematron were the superior in increase rate of fresh and dry shoot weight and weight of fruits resulting in 54.24 and 33.11% for non-infected plants and 345.45 and 311.91% respectively, for infected plants compared with control treatment. All treatments had a positive effect in increase root system length except, Vydate which had a negative effect by 0.46% , Which led to reduced fresh and dry root weight for infected plants, except Nematron, which increased the rate of fresh and dry root weight compared with control treatment .

Two beneficial microorganisms Glomus intraradices and Trichoderma harzianum were tested for their ability to suppress Fusarium wilt of Pepper caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. capsici. The results showed that G. intraradices and T. harzianum controlled the wilt disease reducing disease incidence to (28 ,19.6% and 23 ,14,6%) compared with control (38.3 ,25% ) in the two verities of pepper plant California Wonder and Local verity respectively . This pathogen significantly reduced plant growth as measured by dry root weight and dry shoot weight . Overall, T.harzianum and G. intraradices caused significant increasing in phenol amount (91.3,118.7 and 80.3,104.4 µg g-1 FW) , chlorophyll contents ( 28.3,31.7 and 23.7, 26.4 mg/g FW ), % Carbohydrate (1.63,1.82% and 1.39,1.53% ) compared with control (63 ,81.9 µg g-1 FW ,18.4,20.55 mg/g FW and 1.08, 1.19% ) in the two verities of pepper plant California Wonder and Local verity respectively .

The target of this research is to study the marketing efficiency of some vegetable crops in Al-alam in terms of science because they are important in nutrition-ally and health of humans and their high nutritional value as it occupies an important position in the national economy. It was necessary to study these crops in terms of marketing. (75) farmers from vegetable producers in. The information was collected using a questionnaire for farmers. Information on wholesalers was collected from wholesale markets in the field of science using (8) questionnaire forms, and (54) guestionnair to Special form Retailer. The survey showed that the profit of the retailer was higher than the Salahaddin Province /AI- Alam district profit margin. It was ranked as the average of the total studied crops (about 41.5%) of the absolute marketing margin between the price of the product and the consumer price. The second place was occupied by the relative importance of the costs borne by the producer. (29.1%). The third place was the relative importance of the total costs borne by the retailer, with an average of absolute marketing margin (17.1%). The fourth place was the relative importance of the wholesaler's profits which reached an average of 10.1% Pain (71.7%, 69.9%, 67.1%, 68.8%), respectively. The relative importance of the costs of the wholesaler was estimated at an average of about 1.4% , While the marketing efficiency of the vegetable wholesaler (tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants, peppers) was high (97.9%, 98%, 97.7% and 98.2%) respectively. The marketing efficiency of the vegetable crops retailer (Tamata, cucumbers , Eggplant, pepper) were high (77.1%, 81.7%, 79.8% and 81.9%), respectively, indicating that the marketing efficiency of the wholesaler was high followed by efficiency The marketing for the retailer and marketing efficiency of the product.

The floating fish culture projects have great importance in the fish production in Iraq. The presence of such projects in the province of Babylon as one of the leading provinces in the country because of the clear impact in achieving food abundance and self-sufficiency, which made these projects one of the infrastructure of the national economy.For its obvious impact in achieving plans for sustainable development in the future. In order to apply this study, scientific principles have been followed to ensure the typical use of available resources and to develop plans to reach an optimal investment decision, maximize the benefits and minimize the risks surrounding these projects by using evaluation criteria that can be used as a source for evaluating performance through obtaining scientific results economic feasibility of such projects.
The results of the commercial profitability account showed a simple return rate of 105% and variable capital productivity is (1.407) ID, and floating cage recovery of investment costs (0.703) years about nine mounths. The economic feasibility of investment in these projects was proved by profitability guide, which has (1.306) ID as for the overall risk was low, the production safety ratio reached 81.24% and the break-even reached (425.682) tons. The results of the monetary evaluation criteria showed the success of these projects in the national income through value added,which reached (2395980680,2689992680,2395980680)ID,and achieved productivity of the capital invested (1.451) ID and thus contributed to the creation of a value added.
The study recommended that to allow investment in these projects and encourage them through the provision of government support in the field of lending and subsidis of production inputs on a regular basis to farmers.

Research aimed mainly to identify the knowledge level sheep breeders of the most important scientific recommendations on the breeding of sheep in -Alam district Salah al - Din governorate, as well as in each area of breeding sheep level ( sheep management , production of sheep , sheep breeds , breeding sheep , sheep disease) , ll the study has arranged the attitude of cognitive level , according to their importance and to identify the level of knowledge of sheep breeders in each paragraph of the test areas, as well as to determine the correlation between the level of knowledge of sheep breeders with the all of the following independent factors (age , education level, the number of family members , the annual income of raising sheep , agricultural expertise , animal , herd size , the attitude towards .raising .sheep
, the sources of information_on the breeding of sheep),_as_well to determine the relationship regressions between the level of knowledge of sheep breeders and among independent factors and also identify the problems facing breeders of sheep In the search region .
The study has included the 130 sheep breeders in the field of Alam district . After excluding the exploration sample of (30) breeders, the number of respondents (100) was established and a questionnaire was used in the data collection consisting of two parts which were prepared to measure the knowledge level of the breeders After verifying its face& content. validity .
The results showed that the level of knowledge of sheep breeders In Alam district is the average tends to rise .The level of knowledge was first and foremost the field of sheep production, with a percentage weight of 52.25 Recent management sheep weighing a percentage of (41.66) showed the results also showed significant correlation between the level of knowledge of sheep breeders and all independent factors studied . The results also showed that among the studied factors involved in the analysis may be interpreted amounted to also results showed a number of problems facing the breeders of sheep.in the area of research. and the most_important_(increase in production_costs_compared to production for sheep ).
And Based on the results the researcher recommends, it is necessary to increase the efforts of agricultural extension agents in the research area. The researcher recommends so conducting research and other studies to identify the factors affecting on the cognitive level of breeders.

This research aims mainly to identifying the obstacles of agricultural extension communication from view of the agricultural employees in Kirkuk governorate. As well as classification according to the destination of the obstacles , finally finding the correlation between the constraints of agricultural extension communication in the province of Kirkuk and each of the variables (age, academic achievement, administrative position). The research included all agricultural employees in the Directorate of Agriculture of Kirkuk governorate (113) agricultural workers then the exclusion of the pilot sample (30) respondents. (50%). After that, the number of respondents in the research sample was (41) respondent. The research data were collected by a questionnaire. The first part included data on agricultural personnel. The second part included measure to measure the obstacles of agricultural extension communication consisting of (30) obstacles. The reliability and the reliability was calculated by the half-way distribution and the reliability coefficient was 0.80. After wards classification of the data, a number of statistical methods were used to Analyzed its, The results also indicate the high degree of constraints of the first words in the first rank and their numbers, where the most obstacles fall within this rank. The frequency of obstacles (20) was handicapped as well as the second rank where the number of obstacles that occurred within this rank (6) obstacles. The results of the research also showed that the obstacles of agricultural extension communication are divided into four sections: (4) Very large and significant obstacles, agricultural communication communication obstacles related to the communication channel and (3) very large obstacles, obstacles to agricultural extension communication related to the communication environment. (5) Obstacles are very large and large) The results of the study also showed that there is a significant correlation between the constraints of communication from the point of view of the respondents and the variables (age, achievement) and the absence of a significant correlation between the obstacles of communication from views of respondents and position unclear reached a number of conclusions and suggested some recommendations.

The aim of this study was determine the level of rural women knowledge in general in the field of cattle breeding in Dhuluiya district And the level of knowledge of rural women in each of the hubs of cattle breedingwhich one correct cattale breeding or raising the hub of the establishment of the barn, the axis of administration and breeding, the center of nutrition, the center of health care.
The relationship between the level of rural women knowledge in the field of cattle raising and the related independent variables as (age, social status, purpose of breeding, sources of information attitudes to cows' raising ) and finally the most important problems faced rural women In the field of cattle breeding.
The research sample was collected using a questionnaire form specifically designed to determine the level of knowledge. It included two parts : The first included the personal, social, communication and economic characteristics of the respondents. The second part included the scale of level rural women Knowledge in the field of cattle raising, and the number of paragraphs as final (40) paragraph (to determine the loed 40 paragraphs of rural. Women knowledge
A number of statistical methods were used as (range, arithmetic mean, simple correlation coefficient Pearson, sperman correlation coefficient) .
The results showed that the level of knowledge of the rural women in the field of cattle breeding in the research area is low, and the results showed a significant correlation between the level of knowledge and a number of variables studied.
It was found that the problem of lack of veterinary campaigns is one of the most important problems experienced by rural women in the research area.
The researcher concluded that domestic cattle breeding need to increase their knowledge, especially in the nutrition axis, and concluded the weakness of veterinary services in the research area.
The researcher recommends increasing the veterinary services in the research area and working to solve the problems of rural women in the cattle breeding field .