Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences

After conventional diagnosis, laboratory experiments were done to assess the effect of griseofulvin and terbinafine on the growth of three isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes which belong to the genus Trichophyton using agar dilution method. Statistically, results of this study revealed significant difference between the effect of terbinafine and that of griseofulvin both against growth of T.mentagrophytes isolates where the tested fungi were resistant to griseofulvin in spite of increasing the used concentration and giving means of diameters 21.00 mm and 19.33 mm under effects of 5µg and 60µg concentrations respectively while it revealed more response to terbinafine giving means of diameters 10.6 mm and 0.0 mm under effect of 0.25µg and 2µg respectively.The mean of colony diameter for each concentration of griseofulvin was still same statistically showing no decrease while in case of terbinafine ,the mean of colony diameter differ according to each concentration reaching to complete inhibition.

This study has been performed in College of Agriculture / Kirkuk University. The aim of this study was to study the antifungal activity of the extracts of three kinds of leaves of forest trees (Olea Europea, Cupressus sempervirs L., Thuja oreintalis ) with three concentrations ( 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 ) gm/100ml of media of on the growth of two pathogenic fungi ( Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer ) .
The results revealed that all leave’s extracts of three kinds of forest trees investigated in this study have an inhibition effect on growth of the two pathogenic fungi . The study showed that minimum average of fungal growth when used 0.5 gm/100ml of media for the extracts of leaves of ( Olea Europea ,Cupressus sempervirs L , Thuja oreintalis ) was ( 2.2, 2.1, 2.3 ) cm (Install growth rate = 72.8 , 73.4 , 69.3 ) % respectively against Rhizopus stolonifer and ( 1.6, 0.9, 1.9 ) cm ( Install growth rate = 80.2 , 89 , 76.7 ) % respectively against Aspergillus niger. The other concentration showed different effect against the two fungi, the extract of Cupressus sempervirs L. showed higher antifungal activity compare to Olea Europea and Thuja oreintalis extract with no significant difference at the two level of probability 0.01 and 0.05. The results showed that Aspergillus niger was the highly sensitive to Cupressus sempervirs L. extract of concentration 0.5 gm/100ml of media with average growth of ( 0.9 ) cm.

The study was included the experiment aimed to assay the Biological and quality characterizes efficacy of Agaricus bisporus when supplementation with 1, 3 and 5% from each starch, sucrose and glucose, adding at casing period. The results were indicated for a significant (p<0.05) increased in total production and biological efficiency for the treatment of 1% from starch, and became at 26.41 kg / m2 and 88.03% respectively and with 5% of starch at 22.81 kg / m2 and 76.03% respectively, comparison with control treatment, which at 21.68 kg / m2 and 72.26% respectively. Treatment 1% of starch was also recorded earliest production reached at 15 days after casing than controls at 18 days. The qualitative traits of 3% starch has recorded higher of total antioxidants contents at 1772 µg/ g dry weight comparison with control traits, which at 1572 µg/ g dry weight, as well as recording the 5% sucrose as a higher protein contents 33.07% compared to the control treatment at 22.36 %.

The study was conducted to estimate the concentration of benzoic acid in samples of some juices in Iraqi markets and determine the impact of concentrations at rates of 250 and 500 mg/kg/day in some growth and biochemical and enzymatic parameters after they are added with the drinking water for 21 days, as well as their impact on microbial balance in the intestines of animals, after adding the Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei, also attempted to determine their effect of two types of Lactic acid bacteria in decreasing the effect of Benzoic acid to the according to the above-mentioned criteria.
The results Showed The presence of benzoic acid at concentrations ranging from 3,76 to 877, 4 mg/l in samples of Iraqi origin Raubi brand juices and mark Sunquick Danish origin respectively. Also that the effect of concentrations of Benzoic acid in drinking water animals led to significant reduction in the body weight of animals with increasing the concentration of those materials, as the biochemical parameters for each of the Total protein, Albumin and Globulin did not vary significantly. A highly significant different has been got in the values of each of the Uric acid, Creatinine and Urea with increase in the concentration of Benzoic acid. Values of each of the enzyme ALP, ALT and AST had been significantly increased with the increase concentration of benzoic acid. It also found that the effect of Benzoic acid in drinking water led to a balance in the numbers and types of microorganisms in the rat's intestines, the addition of this materials led to sovereignty of pathogenic in large intestinal, Jejunum and Duodenum. The addition of two types of lactic acid bacteria Lb. casei and Lb. acidophilus led to decreasing the negative effect of all additives and contaminants on the values of all the parameters determined.

The study was conducted in order to determine the concentration of Bisphenol-A in some samples of canned meats in Iraqi markets and the effect of oral administration with 5 and 10 µg/kg from Bisphenol A with drinking water on growth and biochemical parameters in laboratory rats after 21 days.
The results showed the presence of Bisphenol A in samples of chicken meat Arizan at 1.04 µg/kg, in beef marked Nutrition at 2.52 µg/kg, and in fish meat marked Founty at 4.65 µg/kg. while when adding the Bisphenol A at 5 and 10 µg/kg with drinking water caused in significant reduction (P<0.05) in the body weight of animals with increasing the concentration of those Bisphenol A. While the values total protein and albumin were not affected by the increased from this material. The values of the globulin, uric acid, creatinine and urea, further the activity of each enzyme ALP, ALT and AST were significantly increased with increased of Bisphenol A concentrations, It also found that the addition of Bisphenol A led to increased the total counts of pathogenic bacteria and decreased the total counts of lactic acid bacteria in animals intestinal.
The addition of two types of lactic acid bacteria Lb. casei and Lb. acidophilus led to decreasing the negative effect of Bisphenol A on the values of all the parameters determined.

Twenty water samples were collected from ten shallow house wells adjacent to their house septic tank with 3 to 10 m in between, in Baiji city – Salah Aldeen Governorate. Two repeated sample were taken from each well during the period between July to Dec. 2013 .Biological tests were done for these water samples. These tests were represent the total aerobic and non-aerobic bacteria ,Coliform and Staphylococcus bacteria and the detection of rotaviruses. Identification of aerobic and non-aerobic bacterial colonies. Results showed that water well samples contain variable microbial content that reach up to 162×104cfuml .Most of the samples have coliform and Staphylococci bacteria with a numbers of 169×103 and 110×104cfuml respectively. The results also showed that total bacterial number congenitally reciprocal with the distance between the well and septic tank. Identification for aerobic bacteria revealed that there are four enteric bacterial species in addition to Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus . However, the identification of anaerobic bacteria result with nine different species distributed variably through the samples. The Rotaviruses indication test result positive in 10 % of the samples .These results indicate that these well water have potential unsafeusage for various human consumption activities.

Three species of lactic acid bacteria namely, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. bulgaricus ATCC 118 and Bifidobacterium bifidoum, which in preliminary experiments showed ability to produce α-galactosidase and β-glucosidase in laboratory media, were used in soymilk fermentation for biotransformation of isoflavones and degradation of oligosaccharides. In the first experiment, lactic acid bacteria were used in the biotransformation of glycosidic isoflavones to aglyconic bioactive compounds in soymilk. Results indicated the ability of the selected bacteria to convert the glycosidic isoflavone genistin, as its concentration reduced gradually during fermentation. L. bulgaricus ATCC 118 was the best and reduced this compound by 0.158mg/ 100ml after 48hrs of fermentation. On the other hand, the concentration of the aglyconic isoflavones daidazein and genstein were gradually increased as fermentation proceeded up to 48hrs. For daidazein, L. rhamnosus and L. bulgaricus ATCC 118 were the best and they increased the concentration of the compound by 0.295mg/ 100ml, while for genistein, L. bulgaricus ATCC 118 was the best and increased its concentration by 0.386mg/ 100ml. In the second experiment, lactic acid bacteria were used for the hydrolysis of the oligosaccharides that cause digestion disturbance and flatulence, raffinose and stachyose, in soymilk. Results indicated that the bacterial strains were effective in reducing their concentration. For raffinose, L. rhamnosus was the best and reduced raffinose concentration by 1.87mg/ 100ml, while L. bulgaricus ATCC 118 was the best in reduction of stachyose as its concentration was reduced by 2.83mg/ 100ml, after 48hrs of fermentation.

Two concentrates of protein plant from soybean and sesame was used in the subsidized of processed cheese 5, 10, 15 % from weight of curd. Cheese was storage at room and refrigerator temperature, chemical properties was study during the period of storage adult month as well as observed decrease of moisture and fat with increase of rate replacement in all treatment and storage temperature. Also observed increase in ash ,total protein and dissolve protein with increase of rate replacement. This increase was high in cheese subsidized by soybean concentrates compared with cheese strength by sesame. Increase of total and dissolve protein was highly in room temperature compared with refrigerator temperature.

The experiment had been done in plastic house complex - college of agriculture - Tikrit University (2014 - 2015). It includes two factors, the first is three American hybrids melon (Halawa, Muna, Sukkara) and the second is four cultivation distances (20, 30, 40, 50) cm. the experiment has been designed according to (split plot design) by random sectors (R.C.B.D) and three replicates in order to study the impact of variety and cultivation distances on yield & fruit characteristics of melon plants in unheated plastic houses. More important results can be summarized as follows: Halawa variety is significantly by a number of fruit plant, fruit diameter and pulp thickness for comparing it with others. Muna variety is significantly by total sugar. While distance factor of cultivation, the distance 50 cm is significantly of fruit number /plant, production of one plant and fruit hardness. The productivity of plastic house the distance 20 cm is significantly for other distance. The Product Halawa in distance 50cm is significantly in fruit number/plant, fruit weight rate and rigidity ratio while variety with distance of 30cm in fruit length and plup thickness. And overlap between Sukkara in distance 30cm is significantly by one plant crop (8230.9 gm/plant) and rigidity ratio of fruit for other else. By overlap between product Muna and distance 50cm is significantly by T.S.S. The plastic house crop the product Halawa is significantly by distance 20cm for other else (11.92 ton/plastic house).

The experiment has been done in plastic house complex - college of Agriculture - Tikrit University (2013 - 2014). It includes (16) treatment consists of overlap among four varieties of cucumber (Datis, Silyon, Reem, Sayaff) and four dates of planting (30/12/2013, 15/1/2014, 1/2/2014, 15/2/2014). The experiment has been designed according to (split plot design) by rando sectors (R.C.B.D) and three replicate in order to study the impact of variety and date of planting on growth and yield of cucumber under unheated plastic house condition. More important results can be summarized as follows:
Silyon variety is significantly by weight, length of fruit and production of one plant. Datis variety is significantly by number of fruits per plant and rigidity ration of fruit. Sayaff variety is significantly by T.S.S. no difference between Datis, Silyon and Sayaff for diameter of fruit while Reem variety gave a low value. The first date of planting significantly by weight, length, rigidity, and T.S.S of fruit compare the other date of planting. The second date of planting significantly by number of fruits per plant and production of one plant while no difference between planting dates by diameter of fruit. The overlap between Silyon variety and second date of planting significantly of number of fruits per plant and production of one plant, the overlap between Silyon variety and fourth date of planting significantly of length of fruit. Sayaff variety is with first date of planting significantly for fruit weight and rigidity of fruit. Sayaff variety is with second date of planting significantly for T.S.S comparing it with another result. Reem Variety is with fourth date of planting significantly for diameter of fruit.

An experimental land conducted inside a lath house belong to kardirash farm / college of Agriculture / Sallah al-ddin university (20/10/2010 to 27/2/2011) with Three factors: Cutting places ( basal and Middle ), plant hormones using three concentrations of seradax (IBA) (0 , 1000 , 2000 ppm) and three mechanical treatments (without , wounding and ringing of cuttings ). CRD used in this experiment with Duncan's multiple range test at 5% probability as comparing and the result fellows;-
1. The 3 factors or some of them affect apart of result ant not affected other.
2. The second interactions were significant affected on most parameters and not affected others.
3. The third interaction was significant the basal ring cuttings with 1000 ppm of IBA gave a highest length of roots (19.23 cm) compared with a basal cuttings without any treatment (0.733 cm). the basal unringed unwounded cuttings treated with 2000 ppm of IBA gave a highest number of roots (32.0 root/cutting) compared with a lowest number of root in ringed basal and hormone untreated cuttings (1.0 root/cutting) also there are no significant differences in the root dry weight and vegetative shoot number. While there are a significant differences in the vegetative dry weight by the un wounded cutting , middle cutting treated with 2000 ppm of IBA (0.520 gm) compared with (0.116 gm) in un wounded cutting with no hormone. Also the un wounded ring middle cutting treated with 2000 ppm of IBA gave a highest percentage of rooting (53.33%) compared with a lowest percentage in the ring basal cutting treated with 1000 ppm of IBA and the middle wounded and ringed cutting treated with 1000 ppm of IBA (6.67%).

A field experiment was conducted through Agriculture season 2012-2013 in Horticulture department . Agriculture college of Tikrit University to study the effect of growth regulator organic fertilizer and soil kind flowering growth and rhizome yield of Cala plant . The study in clouded three factors .The first four levels of growth regulators and control treatments , Cytokinin Cppu (KT-30) 20 mg.l-1 conc , Rizhom soiled in Gibberellin , Organic fertilizer with three levels in addition to control treatments Goat fertilizer 6T/ Don , cows fertilizer 6T/D . The third factor the type of soil calic soil, Gypsum soil . The experiment was in Completed Randomized Block design within split split plot results showed, significant different growth regulator the treatment of cytokinin 20 mg.l in most study characters so the leaf fresh weight was 8.70 gm . Sheep residue fertilizion and superior effect on most characters compassed with cows residue gave 6.39 leaf / plant at flowering end . These were significant effect in related with the soil kind in leaf area so these were superiority to calic soil in compared with Gypsum soil. The interaction between the these treatments had significant differences in same studied characters the treatment cytokinin and without organic fertilizer in calic soil gave the highest flower about 2.90 flower / plant.

Study structure of fish assemblages at Al-Tharthar Lake during the period between October 2012 to September 2013. Fifity fish species were recorded, belonged to the Four family. the species Cyprinidae and (11) species, Siluridae Tow species, Mugilidae and Poeciliidae One species. the total number of individual fish collected were (490) with a total weight (203968.99) g. The Cyprinus carpio was dominated collected species by number and weight, with116 (23.67) % of the total catch, and weight 80211.3 g. (39.33)% of total weight. The percentage of the number of each species were varied with months.Similarity index shows that the maximum value (90.91) % between (February and March) and (August and September) in the first station, and by with 100 % similarity between (October and June) and (May and July)in the second station. Values of diversity indexes were ranges as follow: The values of richness (D): with mean 1.34,diversity (H): with mean (1.33) and for Hn for with mean (0.41), relative diversity (HR): HRb for with mean (0.36) and for HRn for with mean ( 0.81) and evenness (E): En for with mean ( 0.81) and for with mean ( 0.14).

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of flaxseed and soybean oil (Omega-3 sources) and mix of them on embryonic development, fertility and hatchability traits of broiler breeder eggs and maternal immune of hatched chicks. This study was conducted in the TaqTaq privet hatchery of Kosar company in Erbil, 1800 eggs were collected from the broiler breeder (Ross-308) which fed four productivity diets that added to: T1- (control) 3% sunflower oil, T2- 3% flaxseed oil, T3- 3% soybean oil and T4- a mix of (1.5% flaxseed oil+1.5% soybean oil), eggs for treatments were incubated and hatched in trays each separately.
Results shows added flaxseed and soybean oil and mix of them in some embryonic development qualities at the 7 days incubation of embryos age no significant increase (P<0.05) at the percentage of embryos weight and amnion fluid in T2, also significantly higher (P<0.05) at the percentage of chorio-allantoic and sub-embryonic fluid in T2, T3 and T4, but a significant decrease (P<0.05) at the percentage of albumin in T2 and T3, so decreased significantly in yolk sac and its membrane in T4, thus significant decline (P<0.05) in the treatments of omega-3 added as compared with control. At 14 days of incubation was found significantly higher (P<0.05) in the percentage of the embryos weight and the yolk sac membrane in T2, while, significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the percentage of albumin, chorio- allantoic in T2, T3 and T4 compared with control, also observed a significant decrease (P<0.05) at the percentage of yolk sac in T2 and T4 compared with T1 and T3. While, showed non-significant differences among all treatments at the percentage of amnion fluid, sub-embryonic fluid and the eggshell weight. Observed a significant increase (P<0.05) at the percentage of fertility, hatching to total eggs and hatched chicks weight in T2, T3 and T4, while, found a significant decrease (P<0.05) at the percentage of early dead embryo (1-7) days and late dead embryo (15-21) days and total dead embryo (1-21) days in all treatments added omega-3 compared with control. Also found a significant decrease (P<0.05) at the percentage of medium dead embryo (8-14) days in T2 compared with T1, thus found a significant decrease (P<0.05) in disable-chicks in T3 and T4.
The results of maternal immunity for hatched chicks by ELISA test significantly increased (P<0.05) in all treatments that added omega-3 to their diet as compared with control T1.

Pots experiment was conducted during 2013-2014 growing season at the Agriculture college field /University of Tikrit to investigate the effect of shoot extract of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus.L) and corn(Sorghum bicolor) on the ,yield and its components of wheat variety Sham-6 were added to pots one day before planting .the experiment was laid out in CRD with three replications. the in pots experiment, maximum germination percentage, vegetative and reproductive markers were in loam soil compared to gypsiferous soil in addition , the concentration (4%) of both tested extracts was superior on other treatments. The interaction between T.harzianum and 4% of sunflower extract (TF4%) gave the highest germination percentage (95.03%) compared to 87.36% in control. The inhibition effect of pathogenic fungi F.oxysporium and R.solani were reduced by T.harzianum and both concentrations of sunflower extract (2 and 4%), the highest germination percentages were 61.17 and 34.4% in present of 4% of sunflower extract compared to 41.67 and 24.31% in present of pathogenic fungi F.oxysporium and R.solani respectively. The highest vegetative characters were recorded in loam soil treated with (T.F4%), the highest plant length, leaf area, stomata number in upper and lower epidermis, flag leaf chlorophyll and total chlorophyll were 68.56cm, 40.4cm,119.33mm-1 ,83.22 mm-1 ,45.53 spad and 42.73 spad, respectively, the maximum rates of this characters were also recorded in T.C4 treatment resulting in 71.07cm,36.59cm, 118.55 mm-1,183.88 mm-1, 46.6 spad and 43.1 spad,respectively. The increases of vegetative characters were reflected in increase in productivity characters, the results showed that highest spike length, active tillers plant-1, grains number and 1000 grains weight were 6.92cm,4.5, 36.8 and 48.99g in T.F4% and 7.78cm, 4.33 ,36.42 and 47.33 g in T.C4%, respective.

A field experiment was conducted in the fields of field crops research station/Agriculture college-Tikrit University during the summer season of 2013 in order to study the effect of organic matter ,date and duration of picking in growth characters and the amount of some of medicine effective compounds in Datura leaves (Datura stramonium L). The experiment included three levels of organic matter( 0, 4, and 8 tonne.donum-1 with three levels of duration of picking the vegetative parts( 40, 80 and 120 days) from sowing until picking time. The experiment was layout as factorial according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replicates. The accumulation of effective compounds in leaves during morning and evening were measured The level 8 ton.donum-1 of organic matter was superior in all growth characters: plant height (145.90 cm), number of branches (22.42 branch.plant-1), leaf area (36751 cm2.plant-1) plant dry weight (607.4 gm.plant-1) chlorophylls average (chl. A, chl. B and total chlorophyll(18.56, 11.72 and 30.28 mg.cm-2) respectively and the percentages of N, P and K( 1.84, 0.60 and 1.71%) respectively.The duration picking (120 day from sowing) was significantly superior in all growth characters: plant height (164.52 cm), number of branches (26.39 branch.plant-1) leaf area (33115 cm2.plant-1), and the percentages of N, P and K were (1.59, 0.49 and 1.44%) respectively. The two way interaction (8 ton.donum-1 X 120 days from sowing until picking time) was significantly superior over all other two-way interactions in all growth characters and the effect was consistent with the effect of individual factors in all growth characters. HPLC techninege results showed superiority in the interaction (8 tonne.donum-1 X 120 days from sowing until picking time) in morning and evening times, however it gave highest amount of diagnosed total alkaloids in Datura leaves (Atropine, Scopolamine and Hyoscyamine)which were( 356.48, 369.24 mg.L-1,) while plants without addition of organic matter (control) and were picked after 40 days from sowing date least amount( 165.91 and 152.79 mg.L-1 )for both times Morning and evening .

The aim of this research was to study effect of the slope aspect in some soil physo-chemical, optical and biological properties. The research was included three different stages. The field work stage which involve delineating and choice of study location and collecting soil sample and recorded some of field formation. The lab work stage which including prepared the soil sample, then the sample divide to two parts, first part used to determine soil texture, bulk density, moisture contents, porosity, soluble ions, pH, EC, organic matter and calcium carbonate, in addition to bacteria and fungi count, and second part used to express from soil colour and spectral reflectance as digitals. Office work stage which include on the spectral and geometric correction for image satellite and composing of the digital elevation model maps, analysis aspect, NDVI map and calculate vegetation indicator (NDVI, VI, SAVI, IPVI, CI, CMFI, BI, WI). In addition, used of images which acquired by digital camera in calculating spectral reflectance and primary colour value (RGB) for soil by using a program groups (ERDAS Ver. 9.3, ENVI Ver. 4.1, Global Mapper Ver. 10.1, arcGIS Ver. 9.3). The results shows a clear different as result to slope effect, there are dominate sand content, calcium carbonate and decrease of clay content, moisture content, organic matter, soluble ions and bacteria and fungi count in medium of slope for south aspect, whereas observed increase in indicators (NDVI, VI, SAVI, IPVI, CI) and decrease of indictors (CMFI, BI, WI) in north aspect.

This study aims to estimate production function crop option in Salahuddin province, and through the use of function Cobb Doglas and derivatives economic to find quantities optimization of labor and capital that must be used by the farmers of the crop in the province to check sizes of the various production at (break-even point, production size of the sample, the optimal size of production, production size of maximization profit) and the closeness of these quantities with the actual quantities used by farmers in the crop, and the study found that the size of production at the break-even point is 1960 kg/don and the amount of work that achieved are 8 man/day and the capital needed for this size is 90472 dinars, while the actual size to produce a sample 4004 kg/don and the amount of work that achieved amounted to 50 man/day and the capital needed for it amounted to 282350 dinars, while the optimal size of the production, which minimization costs amounted to 4684 kg/don and optimal quantity of work necessary to achieve amounted to 25 man/day and the amount of capital optimization necessary to achieve the 565497 dinars, while the volume of production bulks for-profit stood at 6063 kg / don This is in line with the logic of economic theory, and the optimal quantity of work that maximizes profit amounted to 57 man/day, and the optimal quantity of capital that maximizes profit amounted to 657718 dinars, and found that the largest net profit achieved by farms as if produced at the size bulks for-profit reached in the study 977836 dinars, while reached at the optimal size of the production of 884454 dinars, whereas when the production volume of the sample 499500 dinars, while values replacement rate technical stood at the breakeven point 28369.02 and at the optimal size of production amounted to 9078.08 and when the size of the production of the sample amounted to 4539.04 while the when-sized maximization profit 3966.64, showing values as positive and decreases as the expansion of production and it shows that the production in the second phase .

We have been developed a new computational technique by using the language of MATLAB software algorithm .we were using the statistical system SAS in phenotypic measurements for rates reduction , the length, and width of the wings of the front and rear of the space P. americana L. impact of sub-lethal concentration of the three types of insect growth inhibitors (Fytomax 1EC, Runner 24 EC , Match 50 EC) on the last nymphs age. The results showed superiority growth inhibitor Match reduction in space , length and width of the wings Americana cockroach, which amounted to 35.33, 25.35 and 14.77%, respectively ratios, followed by the growth inhibitor Runner rates reduction amounted to 28.59, 20.35 and 4.81% on the respectively, while the lowest rates of reduction achieved by the product formulation Fytomax amounted to 0.88, 3.06 and -6.65% respectively.