Basrah Journal for Engineering Sciences

The rotor unbalances and misalignment in rotary machines are two major sources of vibration. rotor unbalance and misalignment
is omnipresent in all rotating machinery widely used in many industrial applications, posing a serious threat to machine life and operation.
The present work is an attempt to investigate the vibration characteristics (Amplitude, FFT, and time waveform) of a rotating mechanical
system, which has an unbalanced rotor and misalignment. Vibration signals are acquired using an accelerometer mounted on the bearing
housing nearer to the rotor. The FFT analysis of the acquired data revealed the response of an unbalanced rotor under operating conditions.
Numerical analysis of the system using ANSYS portrayed the modal frequencies and mode shapes. Transient Structural analysis illustrates
the response of the system to different mass unbalances. The results revealed that the magnitude of vibration characteristics significantly
increases with excitation frequency and exciting force.

Mixed convection heat transfer of air in a horizontal channel with an open square cavity is studied numerically. At the center of
the cavity, it is an insulated rotating circular cylinder for enhancing the efficiency of heat transmission, the location of the inner cylinder is
changed vertically along the centerline of the cavity. Heat is applied to the bottom wall of the cavity at a constant temperature, and the other
walls are adiabatic. The flow is steady-state, laminar, and incompressible. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the commercial
software program FLUENT 2019 R1, the equations of continuity, momentum, and energy are numerically solved. The angular velocity of
the cylinder range is (0.5 ≤ ω ≤ 4) rad/sec in a counterclockwise direction, the Richardson number range (Ri = 0.1,1, 10), Reynolds number
is 100 and the cylinder location is (C = 70,50,30) mm. The airflow Prandtl number is taken as (Pr = 0.7). The effect of various positions
of the rotating cylinder has been examined through the visualization of streamline and isotherm contour, as well as the distribution of the
average Nusselt number of the heated surface. The results indicate that the flow field and temperature distributions inside the cavity are
strongly dependent on the rotating circular cylinder and the position of the inner cylinder.

Due to the extremely complicated thermal cycle for the welding process , the fusion zone and heat-affected zone (HAZ) produce irreversible elastic-plastic deformation and residual stresses. The differential heating of the pipes caused by the weld heat source causes a residual stress as a result of welding process. However, the strength and lifetime of the component are also decreased as a result of residual stresses in and around the weld zone. The objective of this research is to analysis the residual stresses created during the welding process and selection best welding parameters that give lowest residual stresses in 316SS pipes with 50mm diameter and 4mm thickness that were manually welded by used (316) welding wire and using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) in a single-pass butt joint with the various values for each of current (58,68, 78, 88) amperes and voltage (22, 23, 24, 25, 26) volts. The shielded metal arc welding process involves heating, melting, and solidifying the parent metals and a filler material in a localized fusion zone by a transient heat source to create a junction between the parent metals.
The welding process free from preheating and heat treatment will be obtained. ANSYS Finite Element methods are used to calculate the welding residual stress distribution. The mechanical and thermal models were used to carry out the theoretical analysis.
In general, the numerical study found that the residual stress distribution at the weld zone's center is continuous, rising, and has a value of about 1738 MPa. Additionally, the residual stress at the boundary between the heat-affected zone and the weld zone climbs to a maximum value of around (3799.6 MPa). On the other hand, the magnitude of the residual stress in the heat-affected zone of the weld reduces significantly and achieves a minimum value at position of (20 mm) with a value near to zero.

This article provides an overview of the studies that have been conducted on the characteristics of epoxy resins containing various types of silica nanoparticles and microparticles, as well as their performance in the industrial application of functionally graded materials (FGMs). Silica nanoparticles and microparticles are used to create epoxy resins in order to improve the various properties, such as thermal stability, adhesiveness, electrical conductivity, strength, modulus, and toughness. This review examines the literature that has been published in the last decade, compares the results, focuses on the mechanical and thermal properties, and discusses the changes that have resulted in improvements in those properties. Previous experimental findings are presented and contrasted to demonstrate the extent to which silica filler content contributes to improving the properties of composite materials. The findings reveal that the characteristics of epoxy compounds can be improved by adding a particular amount of silica particles. There is a correlation between an increase in the silica amount and an increase in the Young modulus of epoxy compounds; this correlation becomes stronger as the silica amount increases. Additionally, the tensile strength of epoxy compounds increases to a certain limit as the amount of silica nanoparticles increases. In contrast, the hardness of the material increases as the silica amount increases. The density of the material also increases steadily as the silica amount in the material increases. According to thermal analysis results from calorimetric research on epoxy–silica systems, the glass transition temperature increases as the silica amount increases.

Bearing fault diagnosis is essential for the maintenance, durability, and reliability of rotating machines. It can minimize economic losses by removing unplanned downtime in the industry due to the failure of rotary machines. In bearing fault detection, developing fault features extraction techniques that can successfully applicable for various fault severity and different operating conditions is still a critical issue. In the current work, the feature extraction technique is a combination between pre-processing algorithms and envelope analysis method. In the pre-processing stage, the autoregressive (AR) model is used to filter the original signal and remove the deterministic vibration sources, as well as maintain the signal representing the condition of the bearing without contaminating noises. Then, the most suitable frequency band is selected based on the spectral kurtosis (SK) analysis. This band contains the signature frequencies of the roller bearing. After that, envelope analysis is employed for detecting faults at different severity. Finally, the features represented the peaks at fundamental fault frequencies are automatically selected from the envelope spectrum. By analyzing all diagnoses results, it is found that the presented method effectively extracts the features at calculated resonance bearing frequencies and proves the significance of the enhancements in a pre-filtering stage in the overall detection performance. Also, it can benefit from these features in the fault classification fields at different speeds because it is independent of speed variation.

Co-Cr alloys are widely used in dental and medical equipment since the development of the first cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy. This is due to its high mechanical properties and high resistance to wear and corrosion. This research aims to study the effect of the fabrication method (Investment Casting and Selective Laser Melting SLM by 3D printing) and heat treatments on the mechanical and tribological properties of Co-Cr-Mo alloy. It was found that the Selective Laser Melting method in general increases the ultimate tensile strength, strain and hardness compared to the Investment Casting method. Also, solution treatment and aging reduce the strength and strain values of the SLM samples and have no obvious effect on the casting samples. The wear test shows that wear rate of casting samples is lower than that of SLM samples.

In this proposed study, all environmental factors affecting the aboveground and buried pipes, such as solar radiation and temperature, and soil temperature, have been studied on the characteristics of flow inside the aboveground and underground pipelines by building a mathematical model using MATLAB based on energy balance equations. From the mathematical model, the effect of solar radiation on the aboveground section of the pipeline is significate. During March and an inlet temperature of 34 °C, the pipeline outlet fluid temperature will rise to 50 °C. Other parameters affecting the aboveground section of the pipeline, such as ambient temperature and wind speed, have a much smaller effect on the fluid temperature, and the temperature difference is approximately 4 °C between the highest and lowest pipeline outlet fluid temperature. The result for the underground section of the pipeline showed that the main affecting parameter on the fluid temperature is the burry depth of the pipeline, the deeper the pipeline depth the lower the temperature variation and the lower fluid temperature can be seen, at 1 meter of bury depth the minimum and maximum fluid temperature was 18 °C and 36 °C respectively, and at 5 meters of bury depth, the minimum and maximum fluid temperature was 26 °C and 31 °C respectively. This study also checks different process parameters. Some of these are fluid flow, pipe diameter, and pipe material. The effect of the fluid flow and pipe diameter has a similar impact on the fluid temperature (while fixing all the other parameters), the higher the fluid flow or the smaller the pipe diameter resulted in a better heat transfer and more considerable temperature difference, and vice versa. The final process parameter, pipe material, had little to no effect on the fluid temperature variation.

Fracture mechanics approach is important for all mechanical and civil projects that might involve cracks in metallic materials the purpose of this paper is to determine a crack tip opening displacement fracture toughness experimentally, also study the effect of thickness on CTOD fracture toughness of low carbon steel and study the effect of Wire Electrical Discharge Machine (WEDM) to have a pre-crack, instead of fatigue pre-crack by using a CT specimen of low carbon steel with a thickness of (8,10, and15 mm), a width of 30mm, crack length of 15mm, and pre-crack of 1.3mm for all samples, this dimension according to ASTM-E399-13, by pulling the specimen in a 100 KN universal testing machine at a slow speed rate of 0.5 mm/min, the load applied on the specimen is generally a tension load. The crack tip plastically deforms until a critical point PC at this moment a crack is initiated. The computer-controlled universal testing machine gives the value of the load and the displacement transducer gives a crack mouth opening displacement. Critical crack tip opening displacement CTOD is found with the plastic hinge model (PHM) method. The result showed the stress intensity factor KI increases with increased loading in the elastic region and the thickness effect refers to the effect of the plastic zone at the crack tip on the stress intensity factor, In a thin specimen, a plastic zone is large at the fracture tip leads to a high-stress intensity factor at the fracture tip but in the thick specimen, on the other hand, has a small a plastic zone and a low-stress intensity factor around the crack tip. The fracture toughness is found to increase with an increase in the thickness of specimens.

The mechanical properties of low alloy steel are significantly influenced by retained austenite (RA). Consequently, using the X-Ray diffraction (XRD) measurement method, the retained Austenite volume fractions in AISI4330 alloy steel have been assessed in this article. The specimens underwent heat treatment at various heating temperatures (800 ֯C, 900 ֯C,1000 ֯C) and cooling rates (Water and Oil). The findings demonstrate that retained Austenite formation rises with rising heating (Austenitizing) temperatures for the same quenching media as well as with rising cooling rates. The specimens were heated to a temperature of 1000 °C and then quenched in water, yielding the highest amount of retained austenite (7.733 wt%), and the lowest amount (1.977 wt%), which was obtained when the specimens were heated to a temperature of 800 °C and quenched in oil. The Vickers method was employed to conduct micro-hardness testing, and the results demonstrate that hardness values are reduced as heating temperatures increase. Optical microscopy was used to investigate the effects of retained austenite on the microstructure. The results show that bainite and/or martensite phases with a small amount of retained austenite dominate the microstructure at low cooling rates, whereas martensite and retained austenite phases dominate the microstructure at higher heating and cooling rates.

This review focuses on the experimental and numerical studies of sweeping impingement jets that serve in cooling of hot surfaces. It is known that the impinging jets produce high-localized heat transfer coefficient. The sweeping jet covers a wider area on a hot target to improve the heat transfer rate, they could be used to increase the cooling rate of the impingement surface by disturbing the boundary layer. To display a readable survey, the current review was partitioned to four groups based on engineering configurations. The review shows that the sweeping nozzle gives better efficiency in heat transfer, improved Nusselt number and uniform target surface temperature, compared with the conventional normal jets. The current review reveals that the sweeping-jet mechanism can be achieved either by fluidic oscillator or by exciting a flexible wall forming an oscillating jet. Most of the fluidic oscillator researches are conducted experimentally (27%), while the researches that use flexible wall are about 24%.

The discovery and identification of damages in engineering structures is very important in the field of engineering maintenance, as it is a great challenge in presenting new methods in measuring vibrations and discovering damages with the development in the field of automation and high accuracy in discovering damages. In this study, natural frequencies and mode shapes of transverse vibration for damage detection in structures are investigated. The study is performed for various crack depth and crack location. And suggested a new technique based on Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and Convolution Neural Network (CNN). The comparison will be done by simulating the oscillations of a cantilever steel beam with and without defect as a numerical case. The proposed new technique proved to outperform classical methods and has achieved a100% accuracy in the identification of defect position for the data studied.

A household refrigerator represents an essential device for all houses nowadays. The electric energy consumed by the refrigerator and the fluctuation of the temperature inside the fresh food cabin is the main two problems affecting its performance. Incorporating phase change material (PCM) inside the refrigerator is one of the solutions for the previous mentioned problems. In the present study, a water PCM is added to the cabinet of 220-litters double door refrigerator. The PCM (0.5 ml of water) is added at three different locations, touch the front of the evaporator part inside the cabin, touch the rear of the evaporator part in the cabin, and far away from the evaporator part inside the cabin. The location of the PCM determines how much energy is released and stored from the evaporator. The use of phase change material (PCM) touch to the evaporator increases the rate of heat transfer due to the conduction method being used throughout the whole heat transfer process from the evaporator to the phase change material (PCM), which raises the refrigeration system's COP (coefficient of performance). The experimental test period is 24 hours for each day. Firstly, the refrigerator is tested without using PCM, and the power consumption, the temperatures at different points for the refrigerator, suction pressure, discharge pressure, the ambient temperature, and the time on period and time off period of the compressor are measured. Secondly, for same testing period all previous parameters are measured with using PCM at different locations inside the refrigerator. The results show that, adding the PCM (water) behind the evaporator led to increase the COP by 21.97%, increase the compressor off time by 73 minutes, reduction in power consumption of 14.4%, decrease of exergy losses of the system by 8% and temperature fluctuation reduced inside the fresh food cabin, that enhance the quality of stored food. Adding the PCM front the evaporator improve the previous parameters but less than that of the first case. The third location, adding the PCM far away from the evaporator has no improvement on the refrigerator's performance.

Alienation is a broad concept, conveying a bunch of cognitive issues, such as Language, Philosophy, Sociology, and Psychology in addition to Architecture as well. Society is affected by a group of factors, reflected by various phenomena giving rise to making a change in society in all different aspects.
There exist various concepts, such as estrangement, weirdness, and place, which must be distinguished from alienation in all its forms and categories. These are spatial alienation, social alienation, and psychological alienation. In this respect, spatial alienation means the break of continuity of Man from the place he/she belongs to due to the defragmentation in the urban fabric it can affect its architectural components. In addition, it created some sort of discrepancy and mess between the physical components of the city and its worn-out urban voids. Consequently, this creates a weakness in the social and functional interaction, as well as a divergence of the urban landscape of the urban fabric of the port cities from the cultural and civilized legacy and the identity of the place as well.
This research entails concepts relating to alienation, study, and analysis of the urban form of the port cities. AL-Ashar city has been chosen to be the model of the study sample. The research has come to findings that there exists alienation between urban voids and the physical elements within the urban fabric leading to weakness in the continuity and affiliation to the identity of the place and the city’s architectural heritage. Thus, the research includes two axes: first, the theoretical concepts, while the second is the field study followed by a descriptive approach, then we introduce the outcomes, the most important conclusions, and recommendations.

Wastewater lagoons have proven to be an economically and environmentally beneficial alternative to traditional methods for treating sewage because of their unique properties, which include simplicity of use and inexpensive construction, energy, and maintenance costs. It is a natural wastewater treatment process that exploits the interactions between bacteria, algae, and other microorganisms and their surroundings to remove pathogens, organic matter, suspended particles, phosphates, ammonia, and nitrates.
Stabilization lagoons are widely used throughout the world as they have proved to be a perfectly acceptable and satisfactory treatment system, the effluents produced in tertiary lagoons have been used for irrigation and aquaculture in many countries, indicating the high quality achieved during treatment in these units.
This aim of this research is to overview the literature on lagoons' classification, design, and historical development. It also includes a set of relevant pilot and laboratory-scale experiments. As well as a comprehensive review of factors affecting lagoon performance, including sun's light, DO, pH, temperature, and nutrients. The relationship between these factors and their use in efficient contaminant removal is also discussed.

This study is to investigate the effect of partially replacement of coarse aggregate by waste plastic and using the paper sludge as additive material at concrete, on the hardened concrete properties and its impact on structural behavior of the reinforced concrete members (slab, column, and beam). Plastics and paper are widely used in daily life in huge amounts. Both incineration and landfilling are options for disposing of plastic and paper waste, but either one could be harmful to the environment. Therefore, reducing waste or increasing its value can reduce pollution and reduce disposal costs. The variables of the experimental program include the ratio of waste plastic and paper sludge, the used ratios for plastic and paper were (5%, 10%, and 15%) by volume. Hardened concrete properties were investigated for concrete include: flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and splitting tensile strength. For each structural reinforced member, the (Load – Deflection) curve has been extracted. The study shows that the plastic waste negatively affects most of concrete properties. The research indicates that using waste plastic in reinforced concrete members with percentage of (5% and 10%) by volume as a partially replacement of coarse aggregate giving acceptable results. However, when adding (5%) by mixture volume of waste paper in reinforced concrete members, the load-deflection behavior and ultimate load-bearing capacity have been improved. In general, using waste plastic and paper sludge in concrete mixtures lead to reduction in ultimate load ranging between (4.62%-10.82%) for slab under point load, (4.85-18.99%) slab under distributed load, (3.72%-12.21%) column, and (1.78%-7.16%) beam specimens respectively.