Basrah Journal for Engineering Sciences

Over the past years, researchers have been focusing on development the robotics and actuation due to increase demand for these applications like industrial engineering, oil industry, healthcare, aerospace … etc. This work involves the design, construction and control of the Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuator. The industrial actuator has many characteristics able to be measured, which have an impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of the actuator while the execution of its tasks. The most important measurable characteristics are repeatability and accuracy. The current system typically is using Nitinol (Nickle Titanium Naval Ordinance Lab), which is one of the Shape Memory Alloy that contract when applying specific heat on it, and it can be used as an actuator. This work presents SMA in the shape of a spring to operate and control the accurate position of the 2-D system which containing four SMA springs, two SMA springs for the x-axis and two SMA springs for the y-axis. The theoretical design and calculations for SMA springs have been presented to collect information about the SMA springs. In a practical manner, the SMA spring characteristic like force and displacement were collected by a test bed that was designed and constructs before making the final rig.
The setting shape of the SMA spring was presented and done as per the theoretical calculations. In the rig, each axis works as a two-direction actuator, the actuator is not prone to precise position points due to hysteresis and temperature variation.
The SMA spring exhibited hysteresis and imprecise pointing, for that employing PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) with tracking mode controller to compensate the hysteresis. PID control system is played a decisive role with tracking mode model that achieves the aim behind the construction of the experimental rig. Good results have been obtained presented in three cases of drawing different shapes.

This paper demonstrates experimental and numerical studies to investigate in perforation pipes with a phasing 180° and perforation densities 9 spm in a horizontal wellbore. The experimental study was conducted to investigate the phasing angle 180° in a horizontal wellbore. The wellbore has an inner diameter of 44 mm, as well as the length of the pipe is 2 m. For this purpose, a simulation model was created in the wellbore using the ANSYS FLUENT simulation software by using the standard k-???? model and applied to the (CFD) with changing the axial flow from (40 - 160) lit/min and constant inflow through perforations from range (20 - 80) lit/min. Concerning the findings of this study, it was noticed that the total pressure drop (friction, acceleration, mixing) goes high as the total flow rate ratio increases. As well as, an increase of the inflow concerning the main flow rate ratio leads to an increase in the total pressure drop and a decrease in the productivity index. Furthermore, the percentage error of the total pressure drop between the numerical and experimental results in test 4 is about 5.4 %. Also, the average velocity goes high with increasing the total flow rates and the velocity keeps increasing along the length of the pipe until it reaches its maximum value at the end of the pipe due to the effect of the perforations. It was concluded that there are the numerical and experimental results reflected a good agreement concerning the study of the flow-through perforations at 180° angle in terms of pressure drop and apparent friction factor, etc.

A numerical study of mixed convection inside a horizontal channel with an open square cavity that includes an adiabatic rotating cylinder. The bottom wall of the cavity is heated at a constant temperature, and the remaining walls are adiabatic. The flow is incompressible, laminar and steady state. The equations of continuity, momentum and energy are solved numerically using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the commercial software package FLUENT 2019 R1. Reynolds number values of 50, 100 and 150, the Richardson number (0.1 ≤ Ri ≤ 10) and the angular velocity (ω) of cylinder is (0.5 ≤ ω ≤ 4) rad/sec with direction counter clockwise. Prandtl number for air flow is (Pr = 0.7). The results are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, and the average Nusselt value is given over the heated bottom cavity. The combined effects of natural and forced convection in and out of the cavity were obtained. The results showed that at low Richardson values, Ri = 0.1 the effect of buoyancy force is neglected. The effect of increasing the cylinder speed is clearly noticeable at low Reynolds values, Re = 50. Average Nusselt values increase with increasing rotational speed of the cylinder for all Richardson values.

Concerning commercial and residential buildings, one of the major parts related to water supply systems is the water storage tanks. For gravity-fed buildings, the tanks must be installed on the roof. In Iraqi summer, the temperature of water in storage tanks reaches above 50 °C due to high solar intensity, which makes it inappropriate for domestic usage. One of the proposed solutions to overcome this problem is feeding the hot water into an earth-water heat exchanger (EWHE) which consists of a set of buried pipes installed underground level to reduce its temperature. The storage tank and the earth-water heat exchanger were studied experimentally and theoretically by using ANSYS 20/FLUENT software to estimating the water temperature in the storage tank and the temperature of the water leaving the EWHE. The most important results obtained theoretically and experimentally that when using pipe length, pipe diameter, and mass flow rate of 100 m, 0.016 m, 0.7 LPM respectively, at a depth of 3 m, the water temperature decreases by about 15 °C. Also, the results have shown a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical works. One can conclude that an earth-water heat exchanger is an effective way to decrease the temperature of the storage water to an acceptable level for domestic usages.

Evaporative cooling is a widely used energy-saving and environmentally friendly cooling technology. Evaporative cooling can be defined as a mass and heat transfer process in which the air is cooled by the evaporation of water and as a result a large amount of heat is transferred from the air to the water and thus the air temperature decreases. Evaporative cooling is mainly used in many cooling technologies used in buildings, factories, agricultural in addition to it is used industrially in cooling towers, evaporative condensers, humidification, and humidity control applications. Evaporative cooling is divided into direct evaporative cooling and indirect evaporative cooling, as well as water evaporative cooling and air evaporative cooling. This paper reviews the most important developments and technologies in evaporative cooling that lead to lower energy consumption and provide suitable cooling comfort.

An energy-harvesting hydraulic regeneration suspension system is described in this article, which includes a hydraulic motor, a spool valves, and a hydraulic cylinder. Regenerative actuators are built using a hydraulic transmission system as their inspiration. The proposed regenerative actuator is implemented in the vehicle's non-linear suspension system for a complete model. MATLAB Simulink is utilized to generate and simulate the entire vehicle's regenerative suspension system, which has force properties which are nonlinear with hydraulic actuators equations with energy harvesting from regenerative actuators. During the mathematical simulation, the effect of pressure differential on the spool valve's operation is also taken into account. The quantity of captured energy is compared to the energy expended on the active actuator and the energy generated with the electromagnetic actuator at three distinct input signals at three different pressure level (10, 30 and 50 bars) (random, sinusoidal, and square). The energy generated in the regenerative hydraulic actuator at three pressure levels behaves the same as the active actuator in terms of response, plus the highest pressure of 50 bar is closely comparable to the active system in terms of energy harvest and gradually decreases as the output pressure drops in addition to the behavior of the electromagnetic and its comparison with the wasted energy of the active system.

This paper presents the effect of fiber orientation angle on the stress intensity factor SIF for carbon epoxy composite plates with single-edge, center, and inclined cracks of varying lengths under tensile load. The stress intensity factor and shape factor were calculated individually for each case, with nine different fiber orientation angles computed using the extended finite element method XFEM concepts. It is found the stress intensity factor increases with increasing crack lengths while the shape factor decreases. In the case of single edge cracks, the SIF increases in the average value reached (173 %) for composite plates with different fiber orientation angles, while in the case of the center crack, the average value of SIF reaches (81 %). It was observed in this study that the increases in stress intensity factor and the decreases in the shape factor with different crack lengths were more stable in the composite plate with a fiber orientation angle of 75°. The higher values of SIF at an angle of 75° are because of the high probability of fiber slippage at 75° due to induced shear stresses in addition to the tensile stresses at the fiber-matrix interface. As a result, the crack tip has a high-stress intensity factor.

The functionally graded beam is a wide field of research, which attracts great interest today in the field of engineering, science, and medicine society. This type of beam is made from functionally graded material that is characterized by several properties one of them is the high strength to weight ratio. In the current years, this beam has witnessed great developments in the mechanism of its composition and the materials used in its manufacture. This research provides an overview of the properties, types, advantages and challenges, and applications of the functionally graded materials. In addition, this paper review provides a summary of the analysis of bending and buckling that occurs on the functionally graded beam with and without crack effect from (2008-2021) year. Through this review, the following was noted: Firstly, a small number of researchers have worked experimentally, and the properties of a beam in most of the research are gradual towards thickness using the mixing rule. Secondly, the crack has a very severe effect on the behavior of both bending and buckling for the graded beam. This critical review can be considered a milestone in future analyzes of the graded beam and is also beneficial to designers and researchers working in this field.

This paper presents a compact, low-cost reconfigurable bandpass filter (BPF) for WiMax, 5G, and WLAN applications. The BPF consists of a half-wavelength resonator folded as C-shaped by a pair of symmetrical PIN diodes and a central quarter-wavelength resonator to form an E-shaped stub-loaded multiple-mode resonator (SL-MMR). The feed line is made of two subsections separated by a gap which acts as a fixed capacitance and allows the filter to have bandpass behavior. The proposed filter is modeled using the even and odd mode analysis to predict the locations of the resonant frequencies. The simulation results show that the filter covers the frequency range (3.38-3.95) GHz with a center frequency of 3.52 GHz at the ON state of a pair of PIN diodes. On the other hand, the BPF covers the frequency range (4.7-5.93) GHz with a center frequency of 5.2 GHz, at the OFF state of the diodes. The results also show a small insertion loss at the filter passband with two sharp transmission zeros at the stopband.

In this paper, a compact ultra-wide band (UWB) printed patch antenna is designed and optimized using four biologically and plant inspired optimization algorithms. These algorithms are the newly adopted Moss Rose Optimization Algorithm (MROA), Runner Root Algorithm (RRA), Sunflower Optimization Algorithm (SFOA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). These algorithms are modified in an optimizer software, which merges the attributes of the design of electromagnetic environment of CST Microwave Studio with those of the technical programming environment of MATLAB. A compact (12 × 21.5) mm2 printed patch antenna has been proposed and simulated over the whole UWB frequency range using these four optimization algorithms. The simulation results show the superiority of the antenna design using MROA, which has the widest covered frequency range, the lowest reflection coefficient and the lowest standing wave ratio.

Shatt Al-Arab river has been used as the raw material for the drinking water, irrigation and fish purposes in Basrah city. Concurrently, this river has been polluted by domestic, farming and industrial waste. Three main factories lie on the bank of Shatt Al-Arab river: Al-Hartha Paper Mill, Hartha Power Station and Al-Najibia Power Plant. All these consume water from the river and return their wastewater back to it. The aim of this study is to assess the water quality of Shatt Al-Arab river and its suitability for drinking, irrigation and aquatic life through physicochemical analysis temperature, pH, EC, Total Dissolve Solid (TDS), Cl−, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, HCO3 total hardness, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). BOD5 concentration near factories showed polluted water, unsafe and requiring costly treatment to use for drinking water. Sodium concentration is a key factor for irrigation, which represent by SAR and SSP. As SSP exceed 75.73 % in water near these factories, this could breakdown soil structure and can damage agriculture area. The high concentrations of BOD5 and COD could pose a threat to aquatic life and fishes. As Shatt Al-Arab river is used for different purpose, the result in this study showed polluted water near industrial areas. Therefore, it is recommended to have regular data on water quality for this river near these areas.

The reason for the widespread use of steel box girders is that they have high structural efficiency due to the high bending, high torsional stiffness and rapid erection. For bottom flange of the girders, the buckling behavior during production and erection due to compression strength can be a problem. The compression plate with longitudinal stiffeners typically renders an economic. The optimal design of longitudinal stiffeners is discussed. The results are based on 3-D FEA (ANSYS19.2) of many stiffened compression bottom flange models, the moment of inertia requirement of bottom flange longitudinal stiffener is investigated by studying the effect of many parameters as longitudinal stiffeners numbers, stiffener sections, plate aspect ratio and compression flange thickness. Also, the stiffeners effect on the compression panel plate stresses were studied by modeling girder with and without longitudinal stiffeners. The finite element method is useful as they can be used to study the plate with stiffeners in an economical way, and we don’t need experimental and laboratory tests.

Although estuarine locations provide natural safety and protection for the construction of harbours and other infrastructure, they are prone to natural filling due to sediment settlement. As a result, dredging is required regularly to keep navigation channels and harbours safe and functional. A numerical model has been developed in this study to compute annual sediment load in Khour Al-Zubair Port, South of Iraq, setting up a MIKE 21 FM model. MIKE 21 FM was developed by the Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) where provides the capability of simulation of a hydrodynamic model (HD) coupled with the mud transport model (MT). The model operates with an unstructured mesh of triangles and quadrilateral elements of different sizes. Field and experimental data were provided during two periods (Neap and Spring) for calibration and verification process. According to the sensitivity analysis results, it is clear that the settling velocity is an essential parameter. Based on the results of the calibrated model, there is annual sedimentation of 1220500.64 tons/year. The primary deposition took place in the meandering of the Khour Al-Zubair estuary and behind the piers.

This study investigates the shear strength behavior of two-layer reinforced concrete beams consisting of two different types of concrete. One of the layers made of lightweight concrete (LWC) and the other was normal weight concrete (NWC). A total of 16 shear deficient reinforced concrete beams were fabricated and cast with NWC, LWC, and two-layer beam of both material with different configuration. All the beams were tested under four-point loading after 28 days. The variables of the experimental program include the ratio of thickness of the lightweight concrete layer to the overall depth of beam (hLW/h), and concrete compressive strength. Experimental results which include load-deflection response curves along with failure modes for NWC, LWC and two-layer beams. The results showed that all beams failed in a similar mode, due to diagonal tension shear crack. Based on the experimental results it can be also concluded that the shear load is governed by compressive strength of lower layer of the concrete when the shear span to overall depth (a/h) of the beams is 2.75 or more. While for the a/h 2.375 and 2.00 the two-layer beam has a significant reduction in the shear capacity compared to the NWC beams and increasing compared to LWC beam. The ratio of experimental shear stress divided by the root square of concrete compressive strength (vexp⁄√(f_c^' )), which demonstrates the diagonally cracked concrete's ability to transfer strain and shear was maintained for all configurations greater than 0.17, which is the minimal value recommended by ACI318-19.

Recently, methods have emerged to assess the vulnerability of groundwater to pollution, which has been adopted by many countries that depend on groundwater as an important and supportive resource for surface water to protect groundwater and monitor and control its pollution. Assessment methods adopt vulnerability maps and compare them with the real-life pollution map of the region. The study was conducted in Al-Teeb area, which is located in the northeast of Missan province, south of Iraq. This area is about 2450 km2. This study applied four models DRASTIC, GOD, SINTACS and Modified DRASTIC of vulnerability maps are analyzed using GIS technique and compared with the reality map which represent the nitrate concentration map as a basic comparison map; in order to choose the closest one with respect to the realistic acting. The results showed that 80.29 % of study area is classified under low vulnerability in DRASTIC method and moderate vulnerability in GOD, SINTACS and MD-DRASTIC which are covered 54.12 %, 83.18 % and 72.35 % of study area respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to compare the four methods with the nitrate concentration map, where the correlation value for DRASTIC, GOD, SINTACS and MD-DRASTIC was 73.05, 49.79, 83.23 and 87.94 %, respectively. So, the MD-DRASTIC is represented the best technique for evaluating vulnerability map in the study area which can be recommended.